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Decks by Mia T (0)
Human Bio and ChemistryScience Inquiry:
• Extension Only: Oxford Chapter 1: 1.1, 1.2,
- 1.1
o The scientific method involves developing a plan to test a theory or hypothesis that arises as a result of a ‘what if’ question.
o A hypothesis should be tested in an objective way. The variables in an experiment are the factors that will affect the results in some way.
o The number of times you repeat an entire experiment is referred to as repetition. The greater the number of times an experiment is repeated and the results are averaged, the more likely it is that the results are reliable. The sample size refers to the number of subjects being tested or used in the experiment. The greater the sample size, the more reliable the results will be and the stronger the evidence available to support the conclusion.
o The observations, or data, that you make during your experiment are written down as the results. All observations should be what you actually see and not what you expect to see. Data can be organized into a table format and a graph to make it easier to understand.
o A conclusion should answer the initial question asked about the experiment. It should provide evidence that supports or refutes the hypothesis. Any further investigations that may need to be done can be outlined here.
- 1.2
o A reading error can result when guesswork is involved when taking a reading.
o A parallax error occurs when the eye is not placed directly opposite the scale when the reading is being taken.
o A zero error happens when an instrument has not been correctly adjusted to zero or the reading has not considered the weight of empty containers.
Human Biology
• Oxford Chapter 3
- 3.1: Receptors detect Stimuli (Q: 1, 2, 3, 4)
o Stimulus: Any information that your body receives that might cause it to respond
o Stimuli change in our environment and within our bodies (examples):
Environment 1: Bright lights
Environment 2: Loud sounds
Internal 1: Hunger
Internal 2: Thirst
- PowerPoint: 1. Stimulus and Receptors
Sense organs
o Five main senses: Sight, hearing, taste, smell and touch
o Specialised to receive stimuli from the environment
Stimulus
o Any information that the body receives that causes the body to respond
Receptors
o A structure that detects a stimuli or change in the normal functioning of the body
- 3.2: Nerve cells are called neurons (Q: 2, 3, 4)
o Name and describe the features of a neuron that enable it to carry messages
o Where are the sensory neurons that detect: smells, tastes, sounds, touch, sights
o What is the role of the myelin sheath?
- PowerPoint: 2. Nerve cells are called neurons
Motor Neuron, Inter/Relay Neuron, Sense Neuron
o Sensory Neurons are sensitive to various stimuli, collecting information from wither the body’s internal environment or the outside world.
o Motor Neurons carry messages from the central newvous system to the muscle cells throughout the body, which then carry out the response
o Interneurons link sensory and motor neurons, as well as other interneurons. They are the most common neuron in the body. They only make connections with other neurons
Dendrites, cell body, axon, myelin sheath, axon/synaptic terminal, neurotransmitters, synapse
o Dendrites- nerve endings that branch out from the cell body, they are highly sensitive, thin branches that receive information and form contacts with the axons of other neurons, allowing nerve impulses to be transmitted
o Cell body- the main part of a cell that contains the neurons/genetic material
o Axon- the part of a neuron that promotes the growth off new shoots
o Myelin sheath- a fatty layer that covers the axon of a nerve cell
o Synaptic terminal- the small, bulb-like structures found at the end of an axon, responsible for transmitting information from one neuron to another by releasing chemical messengers called neurotransmitters
o Neurotransmitters- a chemical messenger that moves across the synapse between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron
o Synapse- a small gap between two neurons that must be crossed by neurotransmitters
Direction of impulse along a neuron
o Only one direction
o The impulse transmission is dependent on synaptic transmission, which happens because nerve cells only have one transmission site, and the receptors also work in one direction. The impulse travels down the axon in one direction only, to the axon terminal where it signals other neurons. The nerve impulse works on the principle of depolarization and repolarization.
- 3.3: The nervous system provides fast control of the body (Q: 1, 2, 3)
o Define:
Stimulus
Receptor
Effector
Response
o What is the stimulus response model of regulation?
o Is the brain involved in a reflex reaction? Explain.
- PowerPoint: 3. The nervous system provides fast control of the body
Stimulus response model
o
Stimulus response vs reflex arc
o A reflex is a rapid, involuntary response to a stimulus. A reflex arc is the pathway travelled by the nerve impulses during a reflex.
o
- 3.4: The central nervous system receives information from the peripheral nervous system (Q: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
o Which two parts make up the central nervous system?
o What is the peripheral nervous system made up of?
o Scientific diagram of the brain that shows the 4 lobe, labelled with the functions
o How do the peripheral nervous system and central nervous system work together? Use an example
o Explain why, if you slipped and hit the back of your head, everything might go black
o What is the difference between the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system?
- PowerPoint: 4. The central and Peripheral nervous system
Central nervous system
Brain (temporal lobe, occipital lobe, frontal lobe, parietal lobe, thalamus, cerebrum medulla, brain stem, cerebellum)
Peripherical nervous system
Somatic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system (Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous system)
- 3.6: The endocrine system is slower but more sensitive to change (Q: 1, 2, 4)
o What is the name of the system in your body responsible for hormones?
o What is meant by the phrase “fight or flight” and how does it relate to hormones?
o How is a hormonal response different from a nervous response? Name one advantage for each system
- PowerPoint: 5. The Endocrine System homeostasis
Endocrine system
Endocrine glands
- 3.7: Homeostasis regulates through negative feedback (Q: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
o What is homeostasis?
o How does your body respond to cold weather?
o What happens to your blood sugar levels when you eat?
o How does your body respond to low blood sugar levels?
o How does a mammal maintain a constant internal body temperature when the environment gets too hot?
- PowerPoint: 5. The Endocrine System homeostasis
Homeostasis
- 3.9: Pathogens cause disease
- PowerPoint: Pathogens and Disease definitions
- 3.10: the immune system protects our body in an organized way (Q: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
o What is the body’s major first line of defense?
o In what other ways can the body prevent pathogens from entering?
o Describe in your own words how the non-specific immune response works
o What are the different types of immunity?
o What is the difference between a vaccination and a vaccine?
o What might a vaccine contain?
- PowerPoint: Pathogens and Disease
First, second & third line of defense
- Chapter Review Questions pg.66-67 (Q: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15)
o Write the definitions of: Stimulus, homeostasis and pathogen
o Describe three different ways the human body can receive a stimulus from the environment
o Name two glands in humans that produce hormones
o Explain why the nervous system and the endocrine system are both communication systems
o How are hormones transported in the body?
o What are the major features of the body’s first line of defense?
o What is an antibody?
o Why do you think it is important to have certain vaccinations before travelling overseas? Give two examples of diseases you may need to be vaccinated against
o How does the specific immune system remember pathogens for the next time you are infected by them?
o Explain what a feedback mechanism is and give an example
o Complete this sentence by inserting the missing words. A person with diabetes as a problem with the hormone ___________, which is secreted by the ___________.
Chemistry
- 7.2: Atoms are made of subatomic particles (Q: 5)
o Describe Thomson’s plum pudding model of the atom
- PowerPoint: 2. Subatomic particles
Atoms, elements, molecules, compounds
Atom structure (nucleus, protons, neutrons, electrons)
- 7.3: Atoms have mass (Q: 1a, 1b, 1c, 3, 4, 6)
o What subatomic particle is not found in the nucleus of the atom?
o The atomic number of a nitrogen atom is 7 and the mass number is 14. How many electrons are in this atom?
o Is there always the same number of neutrons as protons in an atom? Explain your answer with an example
- PowerPoint: 2. Subatomic particles
Atoms, elements, molecules, compounds, mixtures
Atom structure (nucleus, protons, neutrons, electrons)
Atomic mass number (protons + neutrons)
Atomic number (protons and electrons)
Metals, non-metals
Using a periodic table (period, groups)
- 7.4: Electrons are arranged in shells (Q: 1, 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d, 4)
o In the Bohr model of the atom, what is the maximum number of electrons that the second electron shell can contain?
o A potassium atom contains 19 protons. What is the electronic configuration of a potassium atom according to the Bohr model? How many electrons are in the valence shell of a potassium atom?
o What could be done to potassium atoms to make electrons jump into the fifth shell?
- PowerPoint: 5. Electrons are arranged in shells
Electron configuration (2, 8, 8, 8) and electrons shells diagrams
Valence electrons
- 7.5: Ions have more or fever electrons (Q: 1, 2, 3a, 3b, 3c, 4a, 4b, 4c, 5)
o What is a cation?
o Use an example from the periodic table to explain how an anion is formed
o What are the patterns in the names of negative ions, the electronic configuration of the ions and the differences between metals and non-metals
o Predict the charges of the following ions. Potassium (atomic number 19), Aluminum (atomic number 13) and Nitride (produced from nitrogen atoms with atomic number 7)
- PowerPoint: 5. Ions
Ions (metals and non-metal bonding) (atoms gain (negatively charged ion) or atoms loose (positively charged ion) electrons)
Ionic bonding and formula writing (swap and drop)
Ion formula naming (metal then non-metal with -ide at the end)
- 7.6: Isotopes have more or fever neutrons (Q:1, 2, 3)
o A student wrote that all the atoms of an element are identical. Is this correct? Why or why not?
o Explain the meaning of “mass number” and how this name arose. Use an example to assist your explanation
o Explain why the atomic number of an element is always a whole number but the relative atomic mass of an element is often not a whole number
- PowerPoint: 4. Isotopes
Isotopes
No relative atomic mass calculations
- Extension Only: 7.7: The half-life of isotopes can be used to tell the time (Q:1)
o Explain the meaning of: Isotope, Radioactive decay, Radionuclide, Half-life
- PowerPoint: Applications of half-life, dating techniques and uses in medicine
Radioisotopes
half-life
- Extra:
Covalent Bonding (non-metals sharing valence electrons)
Covalent bonding naming
- Chapter Review Questions pg.152-153 (Q: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14)
o What does the “2” in the formula CO2 represent?
o Where are each of the particles found in the atom and what are their charges?
o When an atom is uncharged, what is true of the number of protons and electrons present?
o Explain why the mass numbers of isotopes are exact whole numbers but the relative masses of most atoms are not exact whole numbers
o Titanium is element 22 in the periodic table. It has five naturally occurring isotopes. What will the isotopes of titanium have in common and in what way(s) will they be different?
o What does it mean if a substance is radioactive?
o 23892U is an isotope of uranium that is used in nuclear reactors. In an uncharged atom, how many protons are present, neutrons are present, and electrons are present?
o Only 0.7% of the uranium atoms in naturally occurring uranium exist as uranium-235. The other isotopes present are uranium-234 (0.01%) and uranium-238 (99.3%). Write the symbols for these other two isotopes.
o According to the Bohr model of the atom, the electronic configuration of the uncharged atoms of a particular element is 2,8,8. What is the atomic number of the element? What element must it be? What will be the electronic configuration of the next element on the periodic table? State your reasoning.
o Sketch a radioactive decay curve for a substance that starts with an activity of 1600 counts per minute and has a half-life of 2 hours.
o If a radioactive substance decays from 400 counts per minute to 50 counts per minute in 9 hours, what is its half-life?
o Tellurium is element number 52. It has a relative atomic mass of 127.6. The next
o element, iodine, has a relative atomic mass of 126.9. Write the symbol for the isotopes of tellurium-127 and iodine-127. Explain why the atoms of these two
o different elements can have the same mass number.
- 8.2: The rearrangement of atoms in a chemical reaction can be shown using a balanced equation (Q: 5)
- Video: balancing chemical equations.
Balancing equations
- 8.4: Acids have a low pH. Bases have a high pH (Q:1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
o list the main properties of acids.
o list the main properties of bases.
o What ph would indicate a strong base? What about a strong acid?
o What type of substance would have a ph of 7?
o What colour is litmus paper in a solution of: an acid? a base?
o What is the difference between a strong acid and a weak acid?
- PowerPoint: 8. Acids and Bases
Acids
Bases
pH scale
Indicators (universal indicator, litmus paper)
- 8.5: Acids can neutralise bases (Q: 1)
o What are the two products of a neutralization reaction between an acid and a base?
- PowerPoint: 9. Acids can neutralize a bases
Acid base reactions
Balancing Acid base reactions
- Extension Only: Acid carbonate reactions from acid reactions worksheet
- 8.8: Combustion reactions need fuel and oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water (Q:1, 2, 4, 5)
o What gas is essential for combustion reactions?
o What 2 elements are present in hydrocarbons?
o What is the main hydrocarbon that is burnt in natural gas?
- PowerPoint: 11 Combustion reactions need fuel and oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water
Combustion equations
Balancing combustion equations
- Chapter Review Questions: (1, 2, 3, 13)
o What is an acid?
o Name 2 acids and 2 bases
o true or false?
A. reactants are the substances made in chemical reactions.
B. oxygen is a fuel.
C. Bushfires are endothermic reactions.
D. hydrocarbons require oxygen to burn.
E. sulfur dioxide will dissolve in water to form an alkali.
o Consider the following equation: potassium hydroxide + sulfuric acid → potassium sulfate + water
A. name the reactants and the products in this reaction.
B. What type of reaction is this?
C. What could you add to the reaction mixture to show whether all of the acid has been used up in the reaction?(0)(0)(0)
