Section 1
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Date created
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Cards (70)
Section 1
(50 cards)
pueblo
home built of adobe by Native Americans (Cliffdwellers).
Bartholomeu Dias
Portuguese explorer sailed around the southern tip of Africa. Named the tip the Cape of Good Hope.
First Crusade
Turkish Muslims took over Jerusalem and banned Christians from entering the city. European Christians waged a war against Muslims for control of Jerusalem.
Hunter-Gatherer
People who hunted animals and gathered plants for a source of food. They frequently moved from place to place following herds of animals. This describes the lifestyle of early humans in the Paleolithic Era. Later humans practiced agriculture in the Neolithic Era.
Leif Eriksson
Norse (Viking) explorer who discovered North America and set up a settlement called Vinland. He was the first European to discover North America.
Black Death
Plague that ended feudalism. Killed one-fourth of the European population. It originated in China and was spread to Europe by traders.
Monarchs
ruler or head of a country. For example - a King or Queen
Montezuma
Ruler of Aztecs at the height of their power. Liked to be surrounded by riches and honor. Was disliked by many Aztecs. Overthrown by the Spanish invader Hernan Cortes with the help of locals conquered by the Aztec.
Feudalism
system where land was granted to people in return for service.
African Empires
Ghana Mali - has the city of Timbuktu Songhai - largest of the three empires Remember our mnemonic device - give me soda or great mind set
Aztec
located in central Mexico. Tenochtitlan (present day Mexico City) was their capital. - farmed on floating gardens. - city of Tenochtitlan had causeways (raised highways) and aqueducts (raised waterways) - cities contained large pyramids used for religious purposes
Portugal's Goals
- Find a water route around Africa to Asia. - Find a source of Gold in Africa. - Spread Christianity
Renaissance
Means rebirth. Period of renewed interest in learning, knowledge, and the arts.
What were the two major Native American cultures living in the present-day United States 2,000 years ago?
- Mound Builders (Adena, Hopewell, Mississippians) -Cliff Dwellers (Anasazi)
Prince Henry
Prince of Portugal. - Established a School of Navigation. - Helped to make Portugal a leading sea power by building its navy - Led Portugal into the Age of Exploration
Beringia
Land bridge connecting Asia to North America. Hunter-gathers from Asia followed herds of animals and inadvertently, or accidentally, crossed into North America via this land bridge.
Middle Class
This was a new social class that developed at the end of the Middle Ages. Class made of merchants, lawyers, doctors, and government officials.
Maya
located on the Yucatan peninsula, Mexico. - farmed on terraces - cities contained large pyramids uses for religious purposes
Christopher Columbus
Italian navigator who sailed west from Portugal and landed in the Bahamas - North America. He discovered North America in 1492. Approximately 100 years after Vikings.
Manor
Large area of land owned by a lord. Often contained a castle and was ruled like a tiny kingdom.
Specialization
those who do only one type of work. For example, a jewelry maker. A surplus of food allows for this to occur.
Inca
Located in South America. - farmed on terraces - conquered subjects by mostly peaceful means. -was the largest of the Southern Empires.
Lords
large land owners. Their land was called a manor. They raised their own armies, collected taxes, and fought other lords.
Cliffdwellers
built houses on the walls of canyons and on the under hangs of caves.
Maya Achievements in Science
- Made accurate maps of the star groups. - Created two calendars. One was a 365 day calendar, the other was used for religious ceremonies.
Middle Ages
period from about 500-1500 with the fall of the Roman Empire. Feudalism replaced centralized government. Europe broke into hundreds of kingdoms.
Leonardo da Vinci
Italian Renaissance painter, architect, inventor, and student of all things scientific. Is known for painting the Mona Lisa and the Last Supper.
Age of Exploration
Occurred during the 1400s and 1500s during which Europeans sailed the oceans and mapped the world more accurately than had ever been done. Portugal led Europe into this age.
Michelangelo
Italian Renaissance artist known for painting the Sistine Chapel. Think "angel"
William Shakespeare
English Renaissance author of many famous plays. For example, Romeo and Juliet.
Similarities Among Native American Nations
1) Spoke the same language 2) Had several leaders to make decisions for the entire group 3) The most important division is the clan (groups of families with a common ancestor)
Civilization
a highly developed culture with a system of writing, organized government, religion, and social classes.
Mound Builders
Early Native American culture that settled in the present-day midwestern United States 2,700 years ago. Received their name from the monuments of dirt and earth that they built. These monuments were mainly used for burials and religious ceremonies. Groups include: the Adena, the Hopewell, the Mississippians.
Maya Achievements in Mathematics
- Developed system of numbers. - Created symbol for the number zero.
Marco Polo
At the age of 17 went with his family to Cathay and met the Khan. Traveled throughout Asia and wrote a book of his travels. This book inspired Europeans to know more about the world. Influenced the Renaissance.
Inca Method of Conquering
Mostly peaceful. They sent an ambassador to ask if they wanted to join the Incan Empire. If they refused, they would wage war to conquer them.
How did the Aztec become wealthy and powerful?
- Conquering - Trading. Conquered people would have to pay a tribute (tax).
Iroquois League
Band of Iroquois nations set up by Hiawatha., formed a powerful league/confederation in present-day New York.
Vasco de Gama
Portuguese explorer who headed south along the coast of Africa. He rounded the Cape of Good Hope and made it to India.
Tribute
A tax that conquered people would have to pay.
Monopoly
Having complete control over a market or good. ex. being the only company that makes a certain product.
Technology of the Age of Exploration
Compass - instrument containing a magnetized pointer that shows the direction of the magnetic north. Astrolabe - used to find the position of the sun or the north star. They then consulted tables to find out their location in the ocean. Caravel - Sturdy, fast ship. Its triangular sails allowed the ship to sail against the wind
Cliffdweller Group
Anasazi
Native American Beliefs
1) No one owned land 2) There are spirits found in nature
Summary
The first Americans had a very different environment and lifestyle from humans today. Environment: The Earth was in the grip of an Ice Age. An Ice Age is a period of global cooling. This caused glaciers to cover much of the North. Landbridges formed... A landbridge called Beringia connected Asia to North America. People from Asia followed herds of animals across this land bridge and ended up in North America. These were the first Americans. Lifestyle: People during this time were hunter gathers. They hunted animals and gathered whatever plants they could find. These first Americans would become Native Americans. Different cultures developed. There were two main Native American cultures: - Mound Builders (Adena, Hopewell, Mississippians) built monuments of earth. - Cliff Dwellers (Anasazi) built homes out of adobe called pueblos. Over time more and more cultures existed... This created a variety of Native American tribes/nations. There are similarities among Native American nations: 1) Spoke same language 2) Believed spirits were in nature 3) No one person owned land 4) Several leaders made decisions for the nation 5) Important division was the clan The Iroquois were located in New York. Hiawatha formed this powerful alliance of nations called the Iroquois League. A civilization is an advanced society with systems of government, writing, education, and specialization. There were three great Native American civilizations further south: - Maya - Aztec - Inca (they had the largest empire) Maya: Location - Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico Achievements - Scientific achievements included making maps of the star groups, two calendars. Mathematic achievements included developing a system of numbers and a symbol for zero. Aztec: Location - Central Mexico. Their capital was Tenochtitlan. Achievements - They gained their wealth from conquest and trade. Conquered people had to pay a tribute. Decline: Montezuma was the unpopular ruler during the Aztec decline. Hernan Cortez conquered the Aztec Empire. Inca: Location - South America. Capital was Cusco. Achievement - They peacefully convinced neighboring nations to join their empire. If they did not join, then they went to war and conquered them forcibly. The Inca empire became the largest of the three southern empires. At around the same time across the ocean... Europe was in its Middle Ages, or a period of decline, after the fall of the powerful Roman Empire. Some groups, such as the Vikings, thrived though. Middle Ages - period from 500-1500 where feudalism was dominant. Trade, education, and the arts declined. Europe was made up of many Kingdoms, or small countries, ruled by monarchs. Monarch - King or Queen. Feudalism - a system where land is granted to people in return for service or goods. Manor - was a large piece of land owned by a Lord. Vikings did well during the Middle Ages because European was divided into smaller kingdoms after the fall of the massive Roman Empire. Vikings often raided these kingdoms. Vikings were also expert shipbuilders and sent out ships to explore the world. The Viking, Leif Eriksson, was the first person to discover North America. During the Middle Ages a terrible disease, called the Black Death/Plague, devastated Europe. 25% of Europe's population perished. The Black death helped to end Feudalism. A wealthy middle class emerged. These people were merchants, lawyers, and doctors. Trade began to increase. Causes of Increased Trade: - Marco Polo - Crusades Marco Polo, a member of a middle class merchant family, went on a voyage to Asia. He learned much about the culture and goods of Asia and he brought this information back to Europe. This caused interest in Asian goods and trading increased. The Crusades were a series of religious wars between Christians and Muslims. They fought over the holy land of Jerusalem. When European soldiers went to Jerusalem they came in contact with new Asian goods and brought them back to Europe. People became very interested in these new goods and trade increased. Italian merchants gained a monopoly on Asian goods. This means they completely controlled the trading of these goods. Increase of trade led to an interaction of cultures and it sparked a desire to learn. Europe began to emerge from the Middle Ages into a golden age called the Renaissance. The Renaissance was a period of increased trade, learning, wealth, art, and science. Famous individuals of the Renaissance: Michelangelo - Italian artist. One of his achievements was painting the Sistine Chapel. Leonardo da Vinci - Italian Renaissance painter, architect, inventor, and student of all things scientific. Is known for painting the Mona Lisa and the Last Supper. William Shakespeare - English writer. Known for famous works such as Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, etc. The increased trade and demand of Asian goods during the Renaissance encouraged explorers to find better trade routes. Portugal led Europe into the Age of Exploration, a period where Europeans explored and mapped the world. Using technology such as the compass and caravel, explorers found a trade route to Asia. Bartholameu Dias - traveled to the southern tip of Africa and named it the Cape of Good Hope. Vasco de Gama - sailed around Africa and arrived in Asia. He discovered a water trade route to Asia! Other nations in Europe joined the Age of Exploration. Spain hired Christopher Columbus to find a water route to Asia. Christopher Columbus believed that he could reach Asia by sailing West from Europe. In 1492 Christopher Columbus sailed the ocean blue and landed in the Bahamas on an island called San Salvador. Columbus "rediscovered" North America. Columbus' arrival in the Americas led to an exchange of ideas and goods between the "Old World" and the "New World." This exchange of goods was called the Columbian Exchange. After discovering the rich resources of the Americas... Countries began to create colonies in the Americas. These colonies existed to make the home country rich. Spain was the most successful at claiming land and creating colonies, or lands ruled by the home country, at first. Spanish colonies were mainly located in Central and South America. Spanish conquistadors, or conquerors, defeated the Aztec and Inca Empires. They were aided by their superior technology and the spread of disease. Hernan Cortez - defeated the Aztec. Francisco Pizarro - defeated the Inca. The Spanish had a bad relationship with the Native Americans due to the encomienda system which forced Natives to work for landowners. France claimed a large area of land and set up their colony in present-day Canada, North America. Jacques Cartier - claimed the land for the French. Samuel de Champlain - established Quebec, created a great relationship with the Natives, and explored the Great Lakes. He is known as the Father of New France for these achievements. The French and the Native Americans had a good relationship. The French and Native Americans were partners in the profitably fur trade. The fur trade was France's main source of riches in the colonies. The Dutch became interested in the fur trade and set Henry Hudson to claim land for the Netherlands. The Dutch established their colony in present-day New York and created a settlement on Manhattan Island called New Amsterdam.
Ice Age
Period of time, 2 million years to 10,000 years ago, where large sheets of ice called glaciers covered the northern hemisphere. This caused the ocean levels to drop, exposing land bridges such as Beringia.
Mound Builder Groups
Groups include the Adena, the Hopewell, the Mississippians.
Aztec Decline
The Spaniard invaders allied themselves with locals who were conquered by the Aztecs. With their help, the Spanish defeated the Aztecs.
Hernan Cortez
Spanish conquistador who overthrew Montezuma and conquered the Aztec Empire.
Causes of Increased Trade
1) Crusaders brought back new goods. This created a demand for these goods. 2) Merchants helped to end wars to make trade routes safe.
Section 2
(20 cards)