Section 1
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Active Transport
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Last updated
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Date created
Mar 1, 2020
Cards (67)
Section 1
(50 cards)
Active Transport
transport of a substance (as a protein or drug) across a cell membrane against the concentration gradient
diffusion
the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
Peer Review
scientists share their findings with the scientific community by publishing articles - scientific papers are reviewed by anonymous, independent experts
Ribosome
are small particles of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm in all cells - they turning out proteins on orders that come from the DNA
Ionic Bonds
chemical bond formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another
Heterotrophs
organisms that obtain food by consuming other living things
Plant cells
1) have cell wall which is essential for protection of the cell and maintenance of the shape and water balance. 2) have chlorophyll/chloroplasts which is essential for photosynthesis. 3) large central vacuole which are compartments in the cytoplasm that act as places for secretion, excretion and storage.
Metric System
is a decimal system of measurement whose units are based on certain physical standards and are scaled on multiples of 10
Golgi Apparatus
modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials from the e.r for storage in the cell or release outside cell
osmosis
diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
ATP
main energy source that cells use for most of their work
Homeostasis
all living organisms expend energy to keep conditions inside their cells within certain limits
stroma
fluid within a chloroplast that contains enzymes involved in the synthesis of carbohydrates during photosynthesis
Prokaryotes
unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus
Grana
stacked membranous structure within a chloroplast that contains the chlorophyll and is the site of the light reactions of photosynthesis
Hydrogen Bonds
weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom
Passive Transport
the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell
Atom
the basic unit of matter
Covalents Bonds
type of bond between atoms in which the electrons are shared
Isotope
one of several forms of a single element, which contains the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons
Mitochondria
- convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cells to use
Robert Hooke
an Englishman who used an early compound microscope to look at a nonliving thin slice of cork - used the terms cells
Cell Theory
states that all living things are made up of cells - cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things - new cells are produced from existing cells
Antony van Leeuwenhoek
when examining pond water, his mouth and other things saw organisms which we now call bacteria
Cell Wall
most prokaryotes produce a strong supporting layer around the membrane
Catalysts
substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
Matthias Jakob Schleiden
a German botanist which said that all plants are made up of cells
Nucleus
the organelle that contains the DNA and controls the processes of the cell
Scientific Method
a series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions
endocytosis
the process by which a cell membrane surrounds a particle and encloses the particle in a vesicle to bring the particle into the cell
Solution
type of mixture in which all the components are evenly distributed
Enzymes
protein catalyst that speeds up the rate of specific biological reactions
Vacuole
large sac-like, membrane - enclosed structures - stores materials like water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates
Animal cells
cells that contain mitochondria,small round or rod-shaped bodies found in the cytoplasm of most cells. The main function of mitochondria is produce the enzymes for the metabolic conversion of food to energy. This process consumes oxygen and is termed aerobic respiration.
Cytoskeleton
helps the cell maintain its shape and its involved in movement
Autotrophs
organism that is able to capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds
Solute
substance that is dissolved in a solution
Solvent
dissolving substance in a solution
Chlorplast
capture energy from sunlight and convert it into food that contains chemical energy
exocytosis
the process by which a substance is released from the cell through a vesicle that transports the substance to the cell surface and then fuses with the membrane to let the substance out
Lysosome
are small organelles that break down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell or cleanup - are involved in breaking down organelles that have outlived their usefulness
Products
elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction
Rudolf Virchow
a German physician that concluded that concluded that new cell could be produced only from the division of existing cells, confirming a suggestion already made
Acids
a compound that forms hydrogen ions in solution - a solution with a pH of less than 7
Theodor Schwann
a German biologist that stated that all animals are made of cells
Cell Membrane
all cells are surrounded by a thin, flexible barrier
Bases
a compound that produces hydroxide ions in solution - a solution with a pH of more than 7
ER
can be both smooth and rough can release proteins an internal membrane system
Reactants
elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction
Eukaryotes
organism whose cells contain a nucleus
Section 2
(17 cards)