Section 1
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Regression
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Last updated
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Date created
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Cards (111)
Section 1
(50 cards)
Regression
retreating to a more infantile psychosexual stage
Sir Francis Galton
- NATURE - intelligence inherited
Edward Titchener
Structuralism (Cognitive Psych) - break consciousness down into basic elements
Innate
Brain is the seat of mental precesses and ideas are from the mind
Chromosome
A threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus.
Erik Erikson
Father of lifespan development - first to study from birth to death
Tay-Sachs
- destroys neurons in brain & spinal cord - affects motor and eyesight (@ 3 months --> coma) - recessive gene
reaction formation
switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites
Repression
keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious
Defense Mechanisms
unconscious reaction to protect against feelings of anxiety and guilt
Social Cognitive Theory
observational learning, conscious cognitive processes, social experience, self-efficacy, and reciprocal Determinism
Displacement
emotional impulses redirected to a weaker object
Rene Descartes
- NATURE - mind-body interactions
Nurture
- environmental causes of development - experiences
William James
functionalist
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
the material that makes up genes, which bear our hereditary characteristics
genetic inheritance
transmission of traits, opinions, and so forth from parents to offspring via genes
Jean Jacques Rousseau
- NATURE - "Genetics: One is inherently born good and with knowledge"
Charles Darwin
- NATURE - Agoraphobic - natural selection
Aristotle
- NURTURE - heart is center - males = genetic provider
reciprocal determinism
personality result of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental interactions
Sex-Linked Gene
- Carried on X chromosome only - R/G colorblindness, muscle dystrophy, and hemophilia
John Watson
Father of behaviorism - Baby Albert - OVERT (observable) behaviors
Ecological Systems Theory
- Urie Bronfenbrenner - development occurs within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the environment
Margarent Washburn
1st women Psychology Ph.D.
Jean Piaget
cognitive development - "at every life stage human beings share a hunger to learn and mentally grow" - schemas, assimilation and accommodation, children
Cooley's Syndrome
- migraines and infections from underproductions of hemoglobin - physical problems - recessive gene
Burrhus Frederick Skinner
Father of modern behaviorism - ENVIRONMENT determines behavior - positive reinforcement - operant conditioning
Sublimation
energy displaced to activities valued by society
Recessive Gene
Sickle cell hemoglobin SS anemia, PKU, Tay-sachs, & Cooley's syndrome
Nurture/Nativists
-innate/genetic
Dominant Gene
Huntington's (Chlorea) and Achondroplasia
Rationalization
reasoning away anxiety-producing thoughts
Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalysis - Psychosexual stages - structures of personality - defense mechanisms
Ivan Pavlov
discovered classical conditioning; trained dogs to salivate at the ringing of a bell
Achondroplasia
- dwarfism - dominant gene
Wilhelm Wundt
Father of psychology - psychology = "scientific experimental study of conscious experience"
Sickle-Cell Disorder
- AKA Hemoglobin SS - prevalent with people from Africa - oxygen in red blood cells --> crescent shape of cells - recessive gene
Projection
reducing anxiety by attributing unacceptable impulses to someone else
Abraham Maslow
Humanist - Pyramid of basic needs - physiological=most important - not genetic
Plato
- NATURE - mind governs body but's separate - innate
John Locke
- Tabula Rasa = blank slate - NURTURE
Huntington Disease (HD)
- muscular disorder of motor, cognitive, and psychiatric disturbances - dominant gene
G. Stanley Hall
- 1st developmental psychologist - Started American Journal of Psychology
Leta Hollingworth
Adolescent Psychology - "gifted"
Genetic Terms
1. display/have disorder 2. carriers: only carry the disorder but considered affected (sex-linked & recessive) 3. affected: display or carry
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
- no conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine (urine) - Diaper test - recessive gene
denial
Refusing to accept reality
Mary Calkins
First female president of the APA
Self-efficacy
belief people have about their ability to meet demands of a specific situation - beginning of cognitive behaviorism (bobo)
Section 2
(50 cards)
Gene
A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait
Fetal Period
- 9th week --> 38th week -developed body - light sensitivity - sleeping patterns - viability at 7 months
Embryonic stage
- 14th day --> 9th week - most critical period of development - organs form - 95% body part differentiation at 4th week - visible features (eyes, ears, etc.) - digestive & blood cells producing
Cephalocaudal
growth from head to toe
proximity-seeking behavior
a survival response activated by threats occurring at any age
Behaviorists
Those who support a more open organizational structure where roles and responsibilities are loosely defined - Watson
Eating
amazing changes occur during infancy
Med's for circumcision
Ga State neonatal pain affects life-long threshold for sensitivity for pain
Konrad Lorenz
imprinting and attachment formed & critical period after births - fetus can hear by 5 months
Tools of Discovery
ultrasound, 3D ultrasound, CVS, amniocentesis
Habituation
decreasing response to repeated stimulus
Malnutrition
a state of poor nutrition - Undernutrition: lack of adequate food - Stunting: excessively short stature caused by chronic inadequate nutrition
Ethologist
Lorenz - evolutionary - biological attachment - imprinting
Visual Preference Method
a method used to determine whether infants can distinguish one stimulus from another by measuring the length of time they attend to different stimuli
Germinal or Zygote stage
- conception --> 14th day - placenta forms - trip to uterus
Teratogene
Environmental agent that causes or raises the incidence of a malformation in a population - drugs, caffeine, radiation, smoking, age, etc.
SIDS
"back to back" to reduce - touches, verbal talk, & eye contact 20x a day
Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)
if neonate shows Physio or Psych stress
Birthing Pioneers
- Grandly Dick Read, Frederick Leboyer, & Fernand Lamaze - increased birthing info w/ intention to reduce fear/pain - NO ANESTHESIA
Bowlby
Studied attachment in human children - Orphanage - children DO form attachments other than parents
Prenatal Assessments
amnioentesis, ultrasound, chorionic villus sampling/cvs, test tube screening
Proximodistal
growth from middle to outside
Social-Interactionist
Infant Language - interactions between babies and caregivers - social function of language - Noam Chomsky
Harry Harlow
- Contact Comfort - nurturing more important than feeding
Attachment in the Making
4-7 months - slight preference to caregivers - Oxytocin: hormone released by mother = attachment
Organogenesis
- formation of organs - cell to body part systemization
Little Scientist Stage
Exploratory stage of infants
Infancy Stages
Clear-cut, focused attachment
7-8 months - stranger-anxiety - separation anxiety - social referencing
Pre-attachment
0-6 weeks - reflex dominated - social smile natural at 2 months
Crying
- lifetime peak at 5 weeks - vital - Colic: frantic, continual crying during 1st 3 months - Hold close to body - pacifier
infant-directed speech (IDS)
the distinctive mode of speech that adults adopt when talking to babies and very young children
APGAR
- birth assessment - HR, respiratory effect, body color, reflex irritability, muscle tone
Mass to specific sequence
- large structures appear before finer details - large movements appear before finer movements
Harry Harlow
Studied attachment in monkeys with artificial mothers - developmentalist
Plasticity
the brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience
Interventions: what makes a baby self-soothe?
- put baby to bed with love - Erikson and Bowlby say that you should be sensitive toward crying, but behaviorists disagree - Co-sleeping bad
human chromosomes
23 pairs, 46 total
Reflexes
T. Berry Brazelton - Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale - automatic responses - sucking, rooting, grasping, etc.
Breast Milk
- protects from diseases & strengthens immune system - it's your choice if you choose to breast feed
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
the unexplained death of a seemingly healthy baby - Reduce Risk by: > sleep on back > no cigarette smoke > no co-sleeping > no pacifier
Myelination
the formation of a fatty sheath around the axons of a neuron
prenatal development
DO NOT divide pregnancy into trimesters, only stages
Telegraphic Speech
early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—"go car"—using mostly nouns and verbs.
Hearing/Smell/Taste
- womb: tones - infants prefer breast milk smell - bitter will make infants stop sucking and prefer sweet solutions
Sleeping
- Newborns: 18 hrs/day - Lifelong patterns set in 5th month - 6 months: 6 hrs/night - 1 year: 12 hrs/night w/ naps
Twinning
Monozygotic: share a placenta, identical/fraternal - hereditary
Reflexes
rooting, babinski, swimming, and startle
Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development
Synaptogenesis
formation of synapses
Section 3
(11 cards)