Section 1
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Receptors
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Last updated
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Date created
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Cards (164)
Section 1
(50 cards)
Receptors
Special structures located on the membranes for hormones that allow living organisms to sense the conditions of their internal or external environment
Phospholipid hydrophobic or philic?
-Fatty acid tails = hydrophobic -PO4 head = hydrophilic -Makes the phospholipid bi-layer
Amine
NH2
Saturated Fats
-All C bonded to H -Max number of hydrogens -No double bonds (C=O) -Straight and long -Solid at room temp
Membrane transport
Are used for active transport, electron transport, facilitated diffusion
Polymer
Long molecules built by linking repeating building blocks in a chain
Blood clotting
Fibrin and Thrombin are used for blood clottin g
Unsaturated fats
-Double bonds (C=O) -Liquid at room temp -Bent
Monomer of protein
Amino acid (20 diff amino acids)
Condensation Reaction
Take out water in order to build a compound
Lipids
-fats (nonpolar) -phospholipids -steroids
Cholesterol
High level in blood may contribute to cardiovascular disease
What is cholesterol used for?
-Cell components -Animal cell membranes -Precursor of all other steroids
Lipid Function
-Long-term energy storage -Cushions organs -Insulates body
Estradiol
Uterus lining thickness, egg formtation
Hormones
Chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues (insulin)
Sulfhydryl
SH
Properties of the combinations of Carbon and Hydrogen
-Nonpolar -Not soluble in H2O -Hydrophobic -Stable
Organic molecules
Molecules of life and are built around chains of carbon
Carbonyl
C=O
Glycogen
-alpha glucose -highly branched -helix 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic linkage -quick release -storage in animals
Catabolism
The breaking down of complex molecules into simpler molecules (requires enzymes, and releases energy)
Packing of DNA
During mitosis
Phospholipid Structure
Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + PO4 (negative charge) -Makes the cell membrane
Disaccharides
Maltose (glucose + glucose) Lactose (glucose + galactose) Sucrose (glucose + fructose)
Steroids
4 fused C rings + (depends on what comes off the steroid) different functional groups to rings
Protein Functions
Catalysis, cytoskeleton, tensile strengthening, blood clotting, transportation, cell adhesion, membrane transport, hormones, receptors, immunity, packing of DNA
Cellulose
-Unbranched beta-glucose -Linear -1,4 glycosidic linkage -Structural material in cell wall of plants -Rigid
Hydrolysis Reaction
Put in water in order to break down a compound into a single substance
Carboxyl
COOH
Building Fats
3 fatty acids linked to glycerol with an ester linkage between OH and COOH
Difference between aldehyde and ketone?
The positioning of the c=o
Cytoskeleton
a microscopic network of protein filaments and tubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells, giving them shape and coherence.
Carbohydrate Functions
Quick energy Energy storage Structure
Phosphate
PO4
Highly branched
More enzymes can attach to the molecule which means faster reaction
Starch
Energy storage in plans a-glucos Amylose - Unbranched -1,4 glycosidic linkage -Slow release -Helix Amylopectin -Branched -1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic linkage -Helix
Transport
Hemoglobin transports O2 and CO2
Cell adhesion
Proteins on the membrane cause cell to attach to each other within tissues
Hydroxl
OH
Tensile strengthening
Fibrous proteins. Strengthens ligaments, tendons, skin and blood vessel walls (collagen)
Immunity
A condition of being able to resist a particular disease, especially through preventing development of a pathogenic microorganism or by counteracting the effects of its products.
Macro-molecules
Carbohydrates Lipids Protein Nucleic Acids
Monosacchrides
-Glucose -Galactose -Ribose -Fructose
Monomers
Building blocks, repeated small units, covalent bonds
Catalysis
A substance that increases the rate of reaction without altering anything else. It is not used up during the reaction, and can be used over and over again.
Polysaccharides
Cellulose Starch Glycogen Chitin
Testosterone
Primary sex characteristics (male/female parts, sex drive, production of sperm) Secondary sex characteristics (more hair, more muscle tone)
Metabolism
The web of all the enzyme-catalyzed reactions in a cell or organism (catabolism+anabolism)
Anabolism
The synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules (joins monomers by taking h2o out, requires energy and enzymes)
Section 2
(50 cards)
Chemical reactions that release energy
Exergonic, digesting polymers, hydrolysis= catabolism
Optimum temp (enzymes)
Greatest number of molecular collisions (human enzymes = 35 C- 40 C)
Active site
Enzyme's catalytic site; substrate fits into active site
Properties of enzymes
-Reaction specific -Not consumed in reaction -Affected by cellular conditions
Reducing activation energy
Catalysts - Reducing the amount of energy to start a reaction make it react faster
Peptide bonds
Covalent bonds between NH2 of one amino acid and COOH of another amino acid
Sulfur containing amino acids
Form disulfide bridges (covalent cross links between sulfhydryls)
What does the R group of an amino acid do?
It is different for each amino acid, and it confers unique chemical property and function
Lock and Key Model
Simplistic model of enzyme action
Insulin
A protein hormone synthesized in the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into tissues
Nonpolar amino acids (hydrocarbon)
-Glycine -Alanine -Valine -Leucine
Polar amino acids
-Serine (O2) -Theorine (O2) -Cysteine -Tyrosine (O2) -Asparagine (O2)
Rubisco
Captures CO2 in plants
Enzymes
Increase rate of reaction without being consumed and reduce the activation energy without changing the free energy released or required
Amino acid structure
Central carbon, amino acid group, carboxyl (C=O), R group
Cold: decrease temp (enzymes)
Molecules move slower, decrease collisions between enzyme and substrate
Affected by cellular conditions (enzymes)
Any condition that affects protein structure (temp, pH, salinity)
Not consumed in reaction (enzymes)
Single enzyme molecules can catalyze thousands or more reactions per second
Digestion (enzymes)
Active site bind substrate and puts stress on bonds that must be broken, making it easier to separate molecules
Changes in pH (enzymes)
adds or removes hydrogens, disturbs bonds between the amino acids, denature the protein
Heat: increase beyond optimum temp (enzymes)
Denatures- increased energy level of molecules disrupts bonds in enzyme and between enzyme and substrate
Induced Fit Model
More accurate model of enzyme action, substrate binding cause enzyme to change shape in active site leading to a tighter fit
What denatures a protein
-Temperature -pH -Salinity
Unfolding a protein (denaturing)
COnditions that disturb pH, Hydrogen bonds, Ionic bonds, and disulfide bridges
Naming conventions (enzymes)
Enzymes are named for reaction they catalyze (-ase)
Chemical reactions that require energy
Endergonic, building polymers, condensation= anabolism
Rhodopsin
Pigment found in the eye that absorbs light
Exergonic reaction
Energy is released
Examples of protein
Rubisco, Insulin, Immoglobin, Rhodopsin, Collagen, Spider Silk
Product
End result of a reaction
Substrate concentration reaction rate levels off
all enzymes have active site engaged, all enzymes are saturated, max rate of reaction (only certain amount of active sites)
Substrate
Reactant which binds to enzyme
Polymer of protein
Polypeptide (can be more than one polypeptide)
Collagen
Fibrous protein that gives the skin form and strength
What does denaturing do?
Alters secondary and tertiary structure, and destroys functionality
Amino acid sequence
Amino acid sequence is coded for by the genes
Immoglobin
Antibodies, they bing/tag antigens that are foreign from pathogens (immune system)
Activation Energy
Amount of energy needed to destabilize the bonds of a molecules (moves the reaction over an energy level)
Factors that affect enzyme functions
Enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, temperature, pH, salinity, activators, inhibitors
Proteomes
All of the proteins produced by a cell, tissue, organism (what gene produced what protein)
Endergonic reaciton
Energy is needed
Reaction specific (enzyme)
Each enzyme works with a specific substrate
Enzyme concentration reaction rate levels off
Substrate becomes limiting factor, not all enzymes molecules can find substrate
Synthesis (enzymes)
Active site orients substrate in correct position for reaction
Substrate concentration (enzymes)
As substrate increases, reaction rate increases, more substrate = more frequently collide with enzyme
Optimal pH (enzymes)
Most humans = pH 6-8 Pepsin = pH 2-3 (stomach) Trypsin = pH 8 (small intestine)
pH (enzymes)
Depending on the level of pH the enzyme will denature or not
Temperature (enzymes)
Depending on the temperature, the enzyme is going to denature or the molecules will move slower
Spider Silk
structural protein that is used to make webs to catch preys.
Enzyme concentration (enzymes)
As enzyme increases, reaction rate increases, more enzyme =more frequently collide with substrate
Section 3
(50 cards)
Covalent bonds
Atoms sharing electrons to make it strong and stable (forms molecules)
Activators (enzymes)
keep enzyme in active form
Draw a saturated fatty acid
Inhibitors (regulate enzymes) (enzymes)
Molecules that reduce enzyme activity -competitive inhibitions -noncompetitive inhibitions -irreversible inhibitions -feedback inhibitions
Metabolic Pathways
Chemical reactions of life are organized in pathways
Water vs Methane
water absorbs a lot of energy, while methane doesn't absorb a lot of energy
Use for ice floats
Surface ice insulates water below allowing life to survive the winter
Allosteric Regulation
Conformational changes by regulatory molecule
How lactase breaks down lactose
Lactase breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose, by pouring lactose into a container filled with lactase gelatin beads which then breaks it down.
Activators (help) (enzymes)
Cofactors- nonprotein and small inorganic compounds and ions Coenzymes- nonprotein organic molecules that bind temporarily or perminatly to enzyme
Ice floats
Water in solid form is less dense than water at liquid form (H bonds form a crystal)
Who falsified it?
Wolher, by synthesizing urea (found in urine)
Real world connection for universal solvent
Water transports nutrients in your body through your blood (glucose, amino acids, cholesterol, fats, oxygen, sodium chloride in blood)
Feedback Inhibition
Regulation and coordination of production
High specific heat
Water resists changes in temperature (takes a lot to heat it up and cool it down)
Paradigm shift
Idea change after prove it false
Hydrophobic
Don't attract to water (non-polar)
Universal solvent
Polarity makes water a good solvent which means solvents dissolve solutes creating solutions
Use for ice floats #2
If ice sank, it would kill all marine life and freeze solid
Feedback inhibition procedure
Product is used by next step in pathway, final product in inhibitor of earlier step, not unnecessary accumulation of product
Surface tension
Because of cohesion water sticks to itself which allows the surface tension to be hard to break
Noncompetitive inhibitions (enzymes)
Inhibitor binds to site other than active site
Competitive inhibitions (enzymes)
Inhibitor and substrate "compete" for active site (penicillin- blocks enzyme bacteria used to build cell walls) (disulfiram- treats chronic alcoholism) over come by increasing substrate concentration
Buffers
It reserves the amount of hydrogen, it can either add or subtract hydrogen from the solution to keep it at a regular pH
What is vitalism?
The belief that organic matter cannot be made by non organic matter
Cohesion
Water sticks to itself
Real world connection for adhesion and cohesion
When water moves up the roots of a plant through the xylem vessels to get to the leaves to make photosynthesis.
Irreversible inhibitions types (enzymes)
Competitor- permenently binds to active site Allosteric- permenantly binds to allosteric site and changes shape on enzyme
Chemical re-activity
Atoms tend to complete/empty a partially fill valance shell
Lactose free milk
Sweeter than regular milk, monossaccharides are sweeter than dissaccharides and polymers, often times use lactose free milk to make ice cream because it has less ice crystals
Hydrophilic
Do attract to water (polar)
Heat of vaporization
Cooling system allows people to sweat the heat off
Van derWaals forces
ionic
Water and pH
neutral = 7, acidic = 1-7, basic = 7-14
What metabolic pathways do?
Divide chemical reaction into many small steps
Adhesion
Water sticks to other polar substances
Nonpolar covalent bonds
Pair of electrons shared equally by 2 atoms
Real world connection for high specific heat
Moderates temperatures in the ocean and then that causes the moderation of temperature on Earth
How does high specific heat work?
Energy absorbed when hydrogen bonds are broken
Hydrogen bonds
Weak bonds, attraction between (+) and (-)
Irreversible inhibition (enzymes)
Inhibitor permanently binds to enzyme
Polar covalent bonds
Pair of electrons shared unequally by 2 atoms (water- oxygen has a stronger attraction for the electrons than hydrogen)
Chemistry of water
H2O molecules form hydrogen bonds with each other and create sticky molecules
HONC?
Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon
Hydrogen Bonding
Polar water creates molecular attractions, it is a weak bond
Capillary action
Because of cohesion and adhesion water is able to move up against gravity
Salinity (enzymes)
Changes in salinity will add or remove cations and anions and disrupt bonds
Properties of water
Cohesion and adhesion, universal solvent, ice floats, high specific heat, heat of vaporization,
Inhibitors (enzymes)
Keep enzyme in inactive form
Hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions
Interactions with H2O
Section 4
(14 cards)