Section 1
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_____ try to account for the intuition we have about paraphrases, ambiguity, and the well-formedness of sentences.
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Cards (67)
Section 1
(50 cards)
_____ try to account for the intuition we have about paraphrases, ambiguity, and the well-formedness of sentences.
Linguists
Which brain region is NOT implicated in human language abilities? a) Broca's area b) Wernicke's area c) the ventromedial prefrontal cortex d) the angular gyrus
c) the ventromedial prefrontal cortex
productivity
refers to the fact that natural languages have an infinite number of possible utterances
What is phrase-structure analysis concerned with?
The way that sentences are broken up into linguistic units.
linguistic determination
a judgement by the speaker of a language about whether a sentence is well formed and about other properties of the sentence
People tend to pause briefly after . . .
each meaningful unit of speech.
_____ move elements from their normal positions in the phrase structure of a sentence.
Transformations
How do children approximate adult speech?
By gradually producing ever larger and more complex constructions.
"The Lord is a shoving leopard to his flock" and "easier for a camel to go through the knee of an idol" are examples of which type of speech errors, which consists of exchanges of sounds between words?
spoonerisms
grammar
a set of rules that prescribe all the acceptable utterances of a language; consists of syntax, semantics, and phonology
Only _____ show the propensity or the ability to acquire a complex communication system that combines symbols in a multitude of ways like natural language.
humans
How are linguistic performance and linguistic competence related?
Linguistic performance does not always correspond to linguistic competence.
In what (3) ways is human language so special?
1. Semanticity and arbitrariness of units 2. Displacement in time and space 3. Discreteness and productivity
The goal of linguistics is to . . .
discover a set of rules that captures the structural regularities in a language.
Which is NOT a factor that cognitive psychologists look to as defining features of human language? a) semanticity b) discreteness c) phonological quality d) temporal and spatial displacement
c) phonological quality
language universal
a property that all natural languages satisfy
transformation
a linguistic rule that moves a term from one part of a sentence to another part
linguistic intuition
a judgement by the speaker of a language about whether a sentence is well formed and about other properties of the sentence
Irregular past tenses are produced . . .
associatively.
modularity
the proposal that language is a component separate from the rest of cognition; it further argues that language comprehension has an initial phase in which only syntactic consideration are brought to bear
performance
a term in linguistics that refers to the way a person speaks; this behavior is thought to be only an imperfect manifestation of the person's linguistic competence
Which cognitive psychologist is MOST closely associated with the theory of linguistic determinism, which states that language strongly influences the way that a person perceives the world?
Whorf
There are rather _____ on the movements that transformations can produce.
arbitrary constraints
semantics
the meaning structure of linguistic units
Which is NOT a type of language rule that is part of a language's grammar? a) phonological b) comprehensive c) semantic d) syntactic
b) comprehensive
There are _____ on the kinds of languages that humans can learn.
universal constraints
The structure of language corresponds to . . .
the structure of how our minds process the world.
natural language
a language that can be acquired and spoken by humans
What group believed that thought consists only of covert speech and other implicit motor actions?
Behaviorists
Language is preferentially localized in the left hemisphere in _____ regions (Broca's area), _____ regions (Wernicke's area), and _____ regions (supramarginal and angular gyri).
prefrontal; temporal; parietal
Regarding the manner in which children learn to use the past tense of verbs, McClelland and Rumelhart argued for which position?
Children learn to use the past tense of verbs without actually learning that there is a rule for its use.
Contrary to behaviorist's theory, evidence has shown that _____ can proceed in the absence of any motor activity.
thought
What was the critical finding of Smith, Brown, Toman, and Goodman's (1947) study of language that employed the drug curare to temporarily paralyze the participant?
For humans, thinking is not tied to muscle activity.
Speech errors involving substitutions of sounds and words suggest that words are selected at the _____ level, whereas sounds are inserted at a _____ level.
clause; lower phrase
_____ can influence thought? Does it determine the types of concepts that we think about?
Language; NO!
regularity
refers to the fact that natural languages have systematic rules that determine the possible forms of utterances
syntax
grammatical rules for specifying correct word order and inflectional structure in a sentence
Linguists focus much of their study of language on two elements: _____, which is concerned with the infinite number of utterances that are possible, and _____, which centers on the systematic nature of these utterances.
productivity; regularity
What two domains of research have played a major role in evaluating the modularity proposal?
1. Language acquisition. 2. Language comprehension.
phrase structure
the hierarchical organization of a sentence into a set of units called phrases, sometimes represented as a tree structure
parameter setting
the proposal that children learn a language by learning the setting of 100 or so parameters that define a natural language
linguistics
the study of the structure of language
The modularity position holds that the acquisition and processing of language is _____ other cognitive systems.
independent from
phonology
the study of the sound structure of languages
Age has the strongest effects on _____, intermediate effects on _____, and the weakest effects on _____.
phonology; syntax; semantics
Regular past tenses are produced . . .
associatively or by rules.
Which statement properly summarizes the modularity hypothesis of language processing?
Language and cognition are functionally separate.
What are the (3) possibilities for what might be the relation between language and thought?
1. Thought depends on language 2. Language depends on thought 3. They are independent systems
Children master _____ at a very young age and with little direct instruction.
language
competence
a term in linguistics that refers to a person's abstract knowledge of a language, which is not always manifested in performance
Section 2
(17 cards)