Section 1
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Sulfur
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Cards (179)
Section 1
(50 cards)
Sulfur
It is most often isolated by injecting superheated steam into the ground in the Frasch process. As an element, it is used in the vulcanization process to cross-link the polymer strands of rubber to increase rubber's strength; similarly, ________-_________ bonds hold many proteins together. Atomic Symbol S, Atomic Number 16
Sulfur
Industrially, though, the majority of ______________ is used to make sulfuric acid, H2SO4 (in fact, sulfuric acid is the most widely produced chemical in the chemical industry). ___________ compounds are noted for their strong and unpleasant odors; small quantities of hydrogen sulfide, H2S, are frequently added to natural gas, which is normally odorless, to help detect gas leaks. Atomic Symbol S, Atomic Number 16
Gay-Lussac's Law
The ratio between the combining volumes of gases and the product (if gaseous) can be expressed in small whole numbers.
Iron
Its isotope 56 is "doubly magic" in that its nucleus has 28 protons and 28 neutrons; 28 is a magic number that carries special stability. As a result, ____-56 is one of the most stable of all nuclei, and it is the heaviest nucleus that is normally produced during stellar nucleosynthesis. The largest use of ____ is in steel.
Mercury
Older names for it, reflecting its liquid nature, include hydrargyrum (the source of its symbol) and quicksilver. Because it is a very dense liquid, it is commonly used in barometers to measure atmospheric pressure; the pressure exerted by the atmosphere equals the pressure exerted by a column containing 760 millimeters of ___________________. Atomic Symbol Hg, Atomic Number 80
Sulfur
Widely known in the ancient world, and is referred to in the Bible as brimstone. Its nature as an element was first recognized by Antoine Lavoisier. Its most stable allotrope is an eight-membered ring that exists as a yellow solid. Atomic Symbol S, Atomic Number 16
Chlorofluorocarbons
Greenhouse gases are called CFC. What does CFC stand for?
Iron
It can react with oxygen in the air to form ____(III) oxide, Fe2O3, in a relatively slow but exothermic process; this process is used in "all-day" heat patches. Hydrated ____(III) oxide is better known as rust; rust only forms when ____ is exposed to both oxygen and water.
Gold
Ernest Rutherford's ______ foil experiment demonstrated the existence of a positively charged nucleus. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) often requires that specimens be "sputtered," or thinly coated, with ______ atoms to allow imaging. Suspensions of ______ compounds have been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis. Atomic Symbol Au, Atomic Number 79
Alkanes
Chemical compounds that consist of carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) atoms, so they are also called hydrocarbons. Consists of only single bonds. Examples are methane, ethane, propane
Oxygen
Because ________________ is easily capable of accepting electrons, reactions in which a species gives up electrons are known as oxidation reactions. Atomic Symbol O, Atomic Number 8
Aluminum
Because ______________ exists only in a +3 oxidation state, it takes three moles of electrons to produce one mole of _________________; as a result, it has been estimated that 5% of all electricity in the U.S. goes to purifying _____________. Atomic Symbol Al, Atomic Number 13
Alkynes (pronounced AL-kynez)
Term that describes hydrocarbons that contains a carbon-carbon triple bond
Boyle's Law
At constant temperature, the volume of a confined gas is inversely proportional to the pressure to which it is subjected. PV = k
Mercury
Alloys of __________________ with other metals are called amalgams, some of which have been used as dental fillings. Chronic exposure to mercury can cause psychological problems; its use in hatmaking led to the expression "mad as a hatter." More recently, concerns about exposure have led to the banning of it in thermometers. Atomic Symbol Hg, Atomic Number 80
Nitrogen
Because _______________ gas is extremely stable, N2 is unusable for many biological and chemical purposes. To make it useful, it often undergoes fixation to convert it into usable ______________________ species such as the ammonium ion (NH4+)—as it is by bacteria in the root nodules of legume plants—or ammonia gas (NH3), as is done industrially in the Haber-Bosch process. Atomic Symbol N, Atomic Number 7
Charles' Law
At constant pressure, the volume of a confined gas is directly proportional to the absolute temperature. V = kT
Oxygen
It is, by mass, the most common element in Earth's crust. It was discovered independently by Carl Scheele and Joseph Priestley; Priestley originally called it "dephlogisticated air." Atomic Symbol O, Atomic Number 8
Helium
The lightest noble gas and the second most abundant element in the Universe (after hydrogen). Discovered by Sir William Ramsey, Pierre Janssen, and Norman Lockyer, it has two stable isotopes, __________-3 and __________-4, with __________-4 by far the more common. Atomic Symbol He, Atomic Number 2
Hydrogen
The first element on the periodic table and, by far, the most common element in the Universe. In addition to the main isotope (also called protium), there are two other significant isotopes of ______________________: deuterium (2H or D), which has one neutron, and tritium (3H or T), which has two neutrons. It can react with nonmetals by losing an electron to form the H+ ion, or react with metals to form the hydride ion H-. Atomic Symbol H, Atomic Number 1
Nitrogen
Conversely, its stability makes it useful in preventing unwanted combustion reactions. It also has a relatively low boiling point (-196°C), which makes liquid ________________ useful as a refrigerant. Atomic Symbol N, Atomic Number 7
Carbon
This element is necessary for organic chemistry
Nitrogen
It is the most abundant element in Earth's atmosphere. _____________________________, which was first isolated as "noxious air" by Daniel Rutherford, exists primarily as a diatomic molecule containing two triple-bonded nitrogen atoms (N2). Atomic Symbol N, Atomic Number 7
Lead
This element has the highest atomic number of all the stable elements and its only common allotrope is face centered cubic. name this heaviest nonradioactive element, a post transition metal, that was formerly used in pipes and paints, but due to its poisonous properties, is now limited to use in batteries, bullets and as radiation shields with chemical symbol Pb.
Aluminum
The most common metal in Earth's crust, and the first metal in the p block of elements. First isolated by Hans Christian Oersted, its primary ore is bauxite, from which it is refined using large amounts of electric current, via electrolysis, through the Bayer and Hall-Héroult processes. Atomic Symbol Al, Atomic Number 13
Lord Kelvin (Kelvin-Planck statement)
British scientist who stated a version of the second law of thermodynamics also named for Max Planck is the namesake of an SI Temperature Unit
Avogadro's Law
Equal volumes of gases under identical temperature and pressure conditions will contain equal numbers of particles (atoms, ion, molecules, electrons, etc.).
Gold
Known to the ancients as a relatively inert metal. Its atomic symbol Au comes from its Latin name, aurum. It is resistant to attack by most acids, but it (along with platinum) will dissolve in aqua regia, a mixture of concentrated nitric acid and hydrochloric acid. Atomic Symbol Au, Atomic Number 79
Gold
Among all metals, it has the highest electronegativity and electron affinity; it occasionally is found in a -1 oxidation state as Au-. Widely used in jewelry, it also has a number of scientific uses. Atomic Symbol Au, Atomic Number 79
Helium
___________________ has the lowest boiling point of any element; liquid __________ is used for devices that need intense cooling, such as MRI machines. Most __________ on Earth results from radioactive decay, since the __________ nucleus is equivalent to an alpha particle. Atomic Symbol He, Atomic Number 2
Mercury
It is one of just two elements that is a liquid at standard temperature and pressure (the only other one is bromine). It has been known since antiquity, and is found in ores such as cinnabar. Atomic Symbol Hg, Atomic Number 80
Alkenes
Organic compounds that consist of one or more carbon-carbon double bonds. They are unsaturated hydrocarbons. Ex: Ethylene, propene
Carbon
It is found, by definition, in all organic compounds. It is the fourth most abundant element in the Universe. It has three major isotopes: isotope 12, which is stable; isotope 13, which is used in NMR spectroscopy; and isotope 14, which is radioactive and is the basis of _______ dating. Atomic Symbol C, Atomic Number 6
Hydrogen
It naturally exists as a diatomic gas (H2), which was discovered by British chemist Henry Cavendish. ____________________ is highly flammable when exposed to high temperatures or electric current; a notable example of this was the Hindenburg disaster. Atomic Symbol H, Atomic Number 1
Oxygen
___________________ normally exists in elemental form as a diatomic gas (O2), but it can also exist in a triatomic form, ozone (O3), which is known for its role in blocking UV rays in Earth's stratosphere. Atomic Symbol O, Atomic Number 8
Dalton's Law
The pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the component gases.
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Entropy increases over time. Another way of stating this law is to say that heat cannot flow, on its own, from an area of cold to an area of hot.
Aluminum
It is found in the mineral corundum, which is found in many gems, including sapphires and rubies; the specific impurities found in a gem determine its color. It is also found in aluminosilicates such as feldspar. Atomic Symbol Al, Atomic Number 13
Ideal Gas Law
The state of an ideal gas is determined by its pressure, volume, and temperature according to the equation: PV = nRT
Iron
It is the most common metal in the Earth, and one of the major components of the core as well. ________was known to the ancients; its atomic symbol Fe comes from the Latin name ferrum. Atomic Symbol Fe, Atomic Number 28
Allotrope
Different forms of the same element. Ex: Graphite, diamond, coal are all forms of carbon
Conservation of Matter or Mass
Matter can be neither created nor destroyed, though it can be rearranged. Mass remains constant in an ordinary chemical change.
Carbon
Fullerenes such as buckyballs and _______ nanotubes, on the other hand, are generally produced synthetically; buckyballs are roughly spherical. More recently, graphene, which is a single layer of atoms shaped like graphite, has proven to have remarkable properties; for example, it is nearly transparent while being about 200 times stronger than an equivalent mass of steel. Atomic Symbol C, Atomic Number 6
Lead
The Betterton-Kroll process is used to remove bismuth from ores of this element, and the Parkes Process removes silver from this element as well.
First Law of Thermodynamics
Conservation of Energy. Energy can be neither created nor destroyed; the energy of the universe is constant.
Helium
Because of their different quantum properties (the __________-3 nucleus is a fermion, while the __________-4 nucleus is a boson), the isotopes of __________ actually have significantly different physical properties. __________-4 can exist in a zero-viscosity state known as superfluidity when its temperature drops below the lambda point. Atomic Symbol He, Atomic Number 2
Oxygen
Diatomic ________________ is, despite having an even number of electrons, paramagnetic, meaning it has unpaired electrons. This points out a problem with traditional valence bond theories, which predict that ___________ should be diamagnetic; molecular orbital theory correctly explains this behavior. Atomic Symbol O, Atomic Number 8
Gas (gaseous, gases, vapor)
Triple point of a substance is the temperature and pressure at which that substance can simultaneously exist as a solid, liquid and what other state of matter?
Iron
_________ is the namesake of ferromagnetism; one of its ores is magnetite, Fe3O4, which contains iron in both of its most common oxidation states, 2+ and 3+. ______(II) sulfide, FeS2, is formally known as pyrite, but because of its appearance has long been known as fool's gold. Atomic Symbol Fe, Atomic Number 28
Carbon
It's ability to form four chemical bonds means that it has many different allotropes. The best-characterized natural isotopes are diamond, which consists of a tetrahedral network of _______ atoms, and graphite, which consists of planes of _______ atoms arranged in hexagons. Atomic Symbol C, Atomic Number 6
Section 2
(50 cards)
Gold
Atomic Symbol Au
Dmitri Mendeleev
Name the person who developed a table of elements which revealed regularities in elemental properties in 1869
Double Replacement Reaction (aka Double Displacement)
Type of chemical reaction where two compounds react, and the positive ions (cation) and the negative ions (anion) of the two reactants switch places, forming two new compounds or products.
Marie Curie
Awarded the Nobel Prize in 1911 for the discovery of the radioactive elements, radium and polonium
Chalogens (Group 6A)
Part of the periodic table with nonmetals oxygen (O), sulfur (S), and selenium (Se), the metalloid tellurium (Te), and the metal polonium (Po)
Alkali Metals
Any of the elements lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium, occupying Group 1A of the periodic table. They are very reactive, electropositive, monovalent metals forming strongly alkaline hydroxides.
opposite spins
necessary characteristic for electrons that share an s orbital
Alpha Particle
A particle that is commonly ejected from radioactive nuclei, consisting of two protons and two neutrons. All of these particle are helium nuclei
Isotope
Atoms or ions of an element with different numbers of neutrons in their atomic nucleus.
Lead
Atomic Symbol Pb
Potassium
Atomic Symbol K
Group 3A
Silvery in appearance, and like all metals are good conductors of electricity. They are relatively soft metals, with lower melting points than many of the Group 2A metals. includes the metalloid boron (B), as well as the metals aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), indium (In), and thallium (Tl)
Mass Number
The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom or ion.
Synthesis Reaction
A type of reaction in which multiple reactants combine to form a single product. They release energy in the form of heat and light, so they are exothermic
Catalyst
A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction, without being consumed or produced by the reaction.
Acid
A chemical species that donates protons or hydrogen ions and/or accepts electrons.
Iron
Atomic Symbol Fe
Alkali
a chemical compound that neutralizes or effervesces with acids and turns litmus blue; typically, a caustic or corrosive substance of this kind such as lime or soda.
Brownian Motion
Small particles suspended in liquid move spontaneously in a random fashion. The motion is caused by unbalanced impacts of molecules on the particle. Discovered by Einstein
coordination number
the number of molecules or ions attached to a central metallic atom
Alkaline Earth Metals
Any of the divalent strongly basic metals of group II of the periodic table comprising beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and radium
Avogadro's Number
the number of particles found in one mole of a substance. It is the number of atoms in exactly 12 grams of carbon-12. This experimentally determined value is approximately 6.0221 x 1023 particles per mol
Base
a chemical species that donates electrons or hydroxide ions or that accepts protons.
Tungsten
Atomic Symbol W
Radioactivity
Spontaneous emission of particles or high-energy electromagnetic radiation from the nuclei of unstable atoms.
moderator
a material which slows neutrons
Group 5A
The nonmetals nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P), the metalloids arsenic (As) and antimony (Sb), and the metal bismuth (Bi). Also called Pnictogens.
Compound
A material formed from elements chemically combined in definite proportions by mass.
Tin
Atomic Symbol Sn
Cation
A positively charged ion
Mercury
Atomic Symbol Hg
Group 4A
Includes the nonmetal carbon (C), the metalloids silicon (Si) and germanium (Ge), the metals tin (Sn) and lead (Pb), and the yet-unnamed artificially-produced element ununquadium (Uuq).
Transition Metals
occupy the short columns in the center of the periodic table, between Group 2A and Group 3A. They are sometimes called the d-block elements, since in this region the d-orbitals are being filled in, and are also referred to as B-group elements
Sodium
Atomic Symbol Na
Halogens Group 7A.
fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), and astatine (At). 7 valence electrons in their highest-energy orbitals
Two
How many electrons can occupy an s orbital?
Theodore Richards
Who was the first American chemist to receive a Nobel Prize? He was selected in 1914 for his precise determination of atomic weights.
Half Life
The time required for the amount of reactant to drop to one half its initial value.
Atomic Number
The number of protons in a nucleus
Silver
Atomic Symbol Ag
Hahn and Strassman
German scientists discovered the atomic fission of uranium and set the stage for the nuclear age
Beta Particle
An electron emitted by an unstable nucleus, when a neutron decays into a proton and an electron.
Decomposition Reaction
A type of chemical reaction in which a single compound breaks down into two or more elements or new compounds. These reactions often involve an energy source such as heat, light, or electricity that breaks apart the bonds of compounds.
quicklime (lime)
Common name for calcium oxide, CaO
Noble Gases
Group 8A. Name comes from the fact that these elements are virtually unreactive towards other elements or compounds.
Anion
A negatively charged ion.
Ablation
the process of transferring heat by removing material by melting, vaporization or other erosive process.
Single Replacement Reaction (aka Single Displacement)
a type of oxidation-reduction chemical reaction when an element or ion moves out of one compound and into another - that is, one element is replaced by another in a compound.
Law of Definite Proportions
When two pure substances react to form a compound, they do so in a definite proportion by mass. For example, when water is formed from the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen, the 'definite proportion' is 1 g of H for every 8 g of O.
Ion
An atom or molecule that has acquired a charge by either gaining or losing electrons.
Section 3
(50 cards)
LITHIUM, SODIUM, POTASSIUM, RUBIDIUM, CESIUM, AND FRANCIUM
Name the alkali metals.
James Chadwick
Who is accredited in the history of modern chemistry of proving that neutrons existed?
HELIUM, NEON, ARGON, KRYPTON, XENON, RADON
Name the six noble gases
equivalent weights of solute per liter of solution
Normality is defined as the number of
aqua regia
mixture of three parts of concentrated hydrochloric acid and one part concentrated nitric acid
pressure
has units of "Pascal"
positive; negative
Alpha rays have a ____________ charge and beta rays have a __________ charge
electrostatic
Forces in ionic crystalline solids are primarily
uranium
Name the element discovered upon its extraction from pitchblende
Strontium
element represented by the symbol Sr
Antoine Lavoisier
He first stated the law of conservation of mass. Killed during the French Revolution
Schrodinger
He developed the equation that is used to determine the PROBABILITY of finding the electron in any given place
viscosity
A Poise is the unit of measure of
Boron
element represented by the symbol B
nitrates
classes of salts where all of its compounds are soluble in water
Rubidium
Element represented by the symbol Rb
proteins
considered to be polymers of amino acids
blue-green
In a flame test, the presence of copper in a solution is evident by what color flame?
red
In a flame test both lithium and strontium produce various shades of this color. What is this color?
aluminum
Metallic elements are often obtained from ores. Name the metallic element which is produced from the ore Bauxite
carbon
It occupies the same column in the periodic table as lead. Resistors which are commonly found in electronic circuits are often made out of this element. In addition, in one of its forms, this element is one of the hardest substances on earth.
saponification
The hydrolysis of a fat using a solution of a strong hydroxide is called
molality
The number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent
electronegativity
Ranges from 0.7-4.0. Generally increases to the right and up the periodic table.
De Broglie
He hypothesized that it would be possible for particles to have wave-like properties
Albert Einstein
He explained the photoelectric effect
sulfur
All proteins contain at least 5 specific elements. Four of them are carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen. What is the fifth element?
Celsius
Temperature scale assigns a value of 0°C to the freezing point of water (at a pressure of 1 atmosphere), and 100°C to the boiling point of water (at the same pressure)
oxidation
When an aldehyde is heated with Fehling's solution, the aldehyde undergoes
nitrogen
After carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, the next most abundant element in proteins is
200 mg
How many milligrams are in one metric carat?
Enthalpy
Name the state function that represents the heat content of a system.
alcohol
What class of organic compounds is characterized by an -OH group bonded to an alkyl group?
laetrile
What is the name of the organic compound whose chemical name is amygdalin (pron: a- MIG-da-lin) and is found in the pits of apricots and peaches?
Van Der Waals
The noble gases have low boiling points because ONLY WEAK _____________________________ FORCES HOLD THE ATOMS TOGETHER
period
In the periodic table, which of the following identifies a horizontal row?
alkali metals
The elements in group 1A of the periodic table are called:
Jacobus Henricus van't Hoff
First recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, for laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure
slag
an easily melted product of the reaction between the flux and the impurities of an ore
Werner Heisenberg (Heisenberg's uncertainty principle)
Who hypothesized that it would be impossible to know the exact location and exact momentum of a particle at the same time?
Tyndall effect (tin-dahl)
the scattering of light by colloidal particles
Astatine (At)
The halogen with the largest atomic radius is:
C10H8
Give the empirical formula for the organic compound naphthalene
alkenes
contain sp2 hybridized carbon atoms
Sterling
What term is used to describe silver which contains 7.5% copper?
entropy
Name the thermodynamic state function that is a measure of randomness.
Radon
Which noble gas has the highest melting point?
salt and water
Acids react with bases to form _____ & ______
lignite
Among the following, the substance that is considered to be the earliest stage in coal formation is
electrons
Ammonia can be considered a Lewis base because it can donate
Section 4
(29 cards)