Section 1

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N2: polar covalent bonds or non-polar covalent or ionic?

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Last updated

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Date created

Mar 1, 2020

Cards (78)

Section 1

(50 cards)

N2: polar covalent bonds or non-polar covalent or ionic?

Front

nonpolar covalent

Back

During the chemical reaction in an electrochemical cell,

Front

oxidation occurs at the anode.

Back

The fact that carbon (C) is less electronegative than nitrogen (N) means that in a C Picture N bond, the

Front

shared electrons are closer to the N atom than to the C atom.

Back

Semiconductors are more effective than metals as converters of solar radiation into electricity because

Front

the energy contained in sunlight gives the valence electrons in the semiconductor atoms the extra energy they need to "flow" throughout the solid.

Back

What is the formula of the ionic compound formed from magnesium, Mg, and chlorine, Cl? MgCl Mg2Cl2 Mg2Cl MgCl2

Front

MgCl2

Back

Sulfur dioxide, the primary product of sulfur combustion, further reacts with oxygen as shown. 2 SO2 + O2 → 2 SO3 What is the final step in the formation of the acidic aerosol?

Front

Reaction of sulfur trioxide with water.

Back

HFCs may be used to replace CFCs. Which compound is a HFC?

Front

CF3CH2F

Back

A 4-L sample of water contains 80 µg of lead. What is this lead concentration, in parts per billion (ppb)?

Front

20

Back

Which correctly describes groundwater?

Front

any water taken from aquifers

Back

The main reason that water supplies are "chlorinated" is

Front

to kill disease-causing organisms in the water.

Back

The "doping" of a semiconductor to improve its performance means

Front

adding small amounts of other elements to the pure semiconductor to change the freedom of electron motion throughout the crystal.

Back

Which color in the rainbow has the shortest wavelength?

Front

Blue

Back

The "ozone layer" is found

Front

in the stratosphere

Back

Which is/are part of the Chapman cycle in the stratosphere? I. Ozone is removed by its reaction with water vapor. II. Ozone is removed by an interaction with UV radiation. III. Ozone reacts with oxygen atoms to form oxygen molecules.

Front

II and III only

Back

"Hard" water in parts of the Midwest may have a calcium ion concentration as high as 400 ppm. What is this calcium ion concentration when expressed as a percentage?

Front

0.04%

Back

What is the molarity of sodium chloride in a solution containing 0.50 mol of sodium chloride in 500 mL of water?

Front

1.0M

Back

When the ________molecules of ethanol, C2H5OH, are added to water, the ethanol molecules ________.

Front

polar; form hydrogen bonds with the polar water molecules.

Back

The pH of lemon juice is approximately 2.40. At this pH, the hydronium ion concentration is closest to which concentration?

Front

4.0 × 10¯3 M

Back

Which is not a consequence of hydrogen bonding between water molecules? Water has a high boiling point. Ice floats on water. Water has a high specific heat. Water is colorless and odorless.

Front

Water is colorless and odorless.

Back

A polar covalent bond is created when

Front

two atoms share their bonding electrons unequally

Back

HCl: polar covalent bonds or non-polar covalent or ionic?

Front

polar covalent

Back

The ozone hole is most prominent on the Earth over

Front

Antarctica.

Back

The hydronium ion concentration in a solution with pH 10 is __________ than the hydronium ion concentration in a solution with pH 13.

Front

1,000 times greater

Back

Sulfur oxides have been implicated as important contributors to the problem of acid rain. What is the principal anthropogenic source of these compounds?

Front

coal fired power plants

Back

CaO: polar covalent bonds or non-polar covalent or ionic?

Front

ionic

Back

A disadvantage of ozonation over chlorination is

Front

the higher cost of ozonation and ozonation does not protect the water after the initial process is complete.

Back

What are the major disadvantages of using ozone instead of chlorine to disinfect water?

Front

Ozone decomposes quickly and does not provide long-term protection against possible contamination as the water is piped through a municipal distribution system.

Back

KF: polar covalent bonds or non-polar covalent or ionic?

Front

ionic

Back

Most polyatomic ions

Front

have a negative charge.

Back

What percentage of Earth's water is in the oceans?

Front

97

Back

In general, hydrogen bonds are

Front

about 1/10 as strong as typical covalent bonds.

Back

Sunlight (solar radiation) may be turned directly into electricity using ______ cells.

Front

photovoltaic

Back

A polar covalent bond is created when

Front

two atoms share their bonding electrons unequally.

Back

Br2: polar covalent bonds or non-polar covalent or ionic?

Front

Nonpolar covalent

Back

O2: polar covalent bonds or non-polar covalent or ionic?

Front

Nonpolar covalent

Back

Why have efforts to reduce sulfur oxide emissions met with greater success than those directed at nitrogen oxide emissions reductions?

Front

Sulfur oxide emissions come from a limited number of point sources.

Back

LiBr: polar covalent bonds or non-polar covalent or ionic?

Front

ionic

Back

Coal is not a pure chemical compound, but its elemental composition can be approximated by the formula C135H96NO9S. What is the approximate percentage by mass of sulfur in coal?

Front

1.68%

Back

Chemical energy is converted directly into electrical energy in

Front

a galvanic cell.

Back

What atmospheric component is responsible for the natural acidity of rain?

Front

carbon dioxide

Back

NaCl: polar covalent bonds or non-polar covalent or ionic?

Front

ionic

Back

What distinguishes the atoms of one element from another?

Front

the number of protons

Back

How many bromide ions can combine with one ion of aluminum to form an ionic compound?

Front

3

Back

Calculate the pH of a solution prepared by dissolving 1.2 g of potassium hydroxide (KOH) in 1,250 mL of water.

Front

12.23

Back

The nucleus of an atom contains

Front

protons and neutrons

Back

HBr: polar covalent bonds or non-polar covalent or ionic?

Front

polar covalent

Back

What is the correct name for (NH4)2CO3?

Front

ammonium carbonate

Back

Wavelength is the

Front

distance between successive peaks in a wave.

Back

Which is the best definition of specific heat?

Front

the quantity of heat energy that must be absorbed to increase the temperature of one gram of a substance one degree Celsius

Back

Electronegativity

Front

is a measure of an atom's attraction for an electron in a chemical bond.

Back

Section 2

(28 cards)

On a Periodic Table, the columns of elements with similar properties are

Front

Groups

Back

All of these pollutants can be detected by their odors except:

Front

CO

Back

What is the effect of the absorption of infrared energy on matter?

Front

It increases the vibration of chemical bonds.

Back

type of energy to convert solar thermal

Front

heat

Back

In a fuel cell reduction takes place at the

Front

cathode.

Back

type of energy to convert wind

Front

kinetic

Back

A major advantage of a fuel cell over a standard battery is that

Front

as long as oxygen and fuel are supplied, a fuel cell will not "run down" like a battery will.

Back

Which type of battery is best for use in heart (cardiac) pacemakers?

Front

lithium-iodine

Back

____ such as gallium or ____ are added to allow electrons to flow through the silicon semiconductor.

Front

Dopants arsenic

Back

type of energy to convert fuel cells

Front

chemical

Back

The greenhouse and enhanced greenhouse effects refer to the return of approximately ___ percent and greater than ___ percent of the heat radiated by Earth.

Front

80,80

Back

Neither N2 nor O2 are greenhouse gases because

Front

their overall electric charge distribution does not change when they vibrate.

Back

A(n) __________ is a fixed number of atoms held together by chemical bonds in a certain spatial arrangement.

Front

molecule

Back

Photovoltaic cells (PVs) convert _______energy into _______ energy.

Front

light electrical

Back

type of energy to convert solar thermal

Front

heat

Back

PVs are made from ____. Two different types are ____- n-type semiconductors ____ and p-type semiconductors ____

Front

Semiconductors, layered, have extra electrons, need more electrons

Back

type of energy to convert hydroelectric

Front

kinetic

Back

Which argument(s) for the increasing use of solar energy is/are valid? I. Solar cells are becoming cheaper and increasingly more efficient. II. The cost of generating electricity from fossil fuels is increasing. III. Limited and uncertain supply and the increasing requirements for pollution control are raising the cost of using fossil fuels

Front

I, II and III

Back

Which differentiates a compound from a mixture of two or more elements?

Front

A compound does not exhibit the individual properties of the elements of which it is composed.

Back

type of energy to convert solar photovoltaic

Front

light/electromagnetic

Back

Determine the shape or geometry of PH3

Front

trigonal pyramidal

Back

Why can the lead-acid batteries used in cars generate electricity for several years before running down?

Front

The mechanical motion of the engine drives an alternator that generates electricity to recharge the battery.

Back

Which substance is not considered to be an air pollutant?

Front

N2

Back

The O-to-O-to-O bond angle in an ozone (O3) molecule is not exactly 120° because

Front

the nonbonding electron pair occupies greater space than the bonding pairs.

Back

When a ____ with enough energy hits the PV an "extra electron is "knocked" from one layer into a ____ in the other. The movement of ____ is an electrical current.

Front

Photon, "hole", electrons

Back

In a solar cell, semiconductors of the p-type and n-type are placed in contact with each other via a conducting wire. In order to generate an electric current, which of the following must be true?

Front

Light shining on the system must have enough energy to set electrons in motion from the n-type semiconductors to the p-type

Back

Which two gases make up more than 95% of an inhaled breath?

Front

O2 and N2

Back

How does using hydrogen as the fuel in an electric power plant compare with using hydrogen as the fuel in a fuel cell?

Front

A fuel cell using hydrogen operates at a higher overall efficiency than would a power plant burning hydrogen as a fuel.

Back