N2: polar covalent bonds or non-polar covalent or ionic?
Front
nonpolar covalent
Back
During the chemical reaction in an electrochemical cell,
Front
oxidation occurs at the anode.
Back
The fact that carbon (C) is less electronegative than nitrogen (N) means that in a C Picture N bond, the
Front
shared electrons are closer to the N atom than to the C atom.
Back
Semiconductors are more effective than metals as converters of solar radiation into electricity because
Front
the energy contained in sunlight gives the valence electrons in the semiconductor atoms the extra energy they need to "flow" throughout the solid.
Back
What is the formula of the ionic compound formed from magnesium, Mg, and chlorine, Cl?
MgCl
Mg2Cl2
Mg2Cl
MgCl2
Front
MgCl2
Back
Sulfur dioxide, the primary product of sulfur combustion, further reacts with oxygen as shown.
2 SO2 + O2 → 2 SO3
What is the final step in the formation of the acidic aerosol?
Front
Reaction of sulfur trioxide with water.
Back
HFCs may be used to replace CFCs. Which compound is a HFC?
Front
CF3CH2F
Back
A 4-L sample of water contains 80 µg of lead. What is this lead concentration, in parts per billion (ppb)?
Front
20
Back
Which correctly describes groundwater?
Front
any water taken from aquifers
Back
The main reason that water supplies are "chlorinated" is
Front
to kill disease-causing organisms in the water.
Back
The "doping" of a semiconductor to improve its performance means
Front
adding small amounts of other elements to the pure semiconductor to change the freedom of electron motion throughout the crystal.
Back
Which color in the rainbow has the shortest wavelength?
Front
Blue
Back
The "ozone layer" is found
Front
in the stratosphere
Back
Which is/are part of the Chapman cycle in the stratosphere?
I. Ozone is removed by its reaction with water vapor.
II. Ozone is removed by an interaction with UV radiation.
III. Ozone reacts with oxygen atoms to form oxygen molecules.
Front
II and III only
Back
"Hard" water in parts of the Midwest may have a calcium ion concentration as high as 400 ppm. What is this calcium ion concentration when expressed as a percentage?
Front
0.04%
Back
What is the molarity of sodium chloride in a solution containing 0.50 mol of sodium chloride in 500 mL of water?
Front
1.0M
Back
When the ________molecules of ethanol, C2H5OH, are added to water, the ethanol molecules ________.
Front
polar; form hydrogen bonds with the polar water molecules.
Back
The pH of lemon juice is approximately 2.40. At this pH, the hydronium ion concentration is closest to which concentration?
Front
4.0 × 10¯3 M
Back
Which is not a consequence of hydrogen bonding between water molecules?
Water has a high boiling point.
Ice floats on water.
Water has a high specific heat.
Water is colorless and odorless.
Front
Water is colorless and odorless.
Back
A polar covalent bond is created when
Front
two atoms share their bonding electrons unequally
Back
HCl: polar covalent bonds or non-polar covalent or ionic?
Front
polar covalent
Back
The ozone hole is most prominent on the Earth over
Front
Antarctica.
Back
The hydronium ion concentration in a solution with pH 10 is __________ than the hydronium ion concentration in a solution with pH 13.
Front
1,000 times greater
Back
Sulfur oxides have been implicated as important contributors to the problem of acid rain. What is the principal anthropogenic source of these compounds?
Front
coal fired power plants
Back
CaO: polar covalent bonds or non-polar covalent or ionic?
Front
ionic
Back
A disadvantage of ozonation over chlorination is
Front
the higher cost of ozonation and ozonation does not protect the water after the initial process is complete.
Back
What are the major disadvantages of using ozone instead of chlorine to disinfect water?
Front
Ozone decomposes quickly and does not provide long-term protection against possible contamination as the water is piped through a municipal distribution system.
Back
KF: polar covalent bonds or non-polar covalent or ionic?
Front
ionic
Back
Most polyatomic ions
Front
have a negative charge.
Back
What percentage of Earth's water is in the oceans?
Front
97
Back
In general, hydrogen bonds are
Front
about 1/10 as strong as typical covalent bonds.
Back
Sunlight (solar radiation) may be turned directly into electricity using ______ cells.
Front
photovoltaic
Back
A polar covalent bond is created when
Front
two atoms share their bonding electrons unequally.
Back
Br2: polar covalent bonds or non-polar covalent or ionic?
Front
Nonpolar covalent
Back
O2: polar covalent bonds or non-polar covalent or ionic?
Front
Nonpolar covalent
Back
Why have efforts to reduce sulfur oxide emissions met with greater success than those directed at nitrogen oxide emissions reductions?
Front
Sulfur oxide emissions come from a limited number of point sources.
Back
LiBr: polar covalent bonds or non-polar covalent or ionic?
Front
ionic
Back
Coal is not a pure chemical compound, but its elemental composition can be approximated by the formula C135H96NO9S. What is the approximate percentage by mass of sulfur in coal?
Front
1.68%
Back
Chemical energy is converted directly into electrical energy in
Front
a galvanic cell.
Back
What atmospheric component is responsible for the natural acidity of rain?
Front
carbon dioxide
Back
NaCl: polar covalent bonds or non-polar covalent or ionic?
Front
ionic
Back
What distinguishes the atoms of one element from another?
Front
the number of protons
Back
How many bromide ions can combine with one ion of aluminum to form an ionic compound?
Front
3
Back
Calculate the pH of a solution prepared by dissolving 1.2 g of potassium hydroxide (KOH) in 1,250 mL of water.
Front
12.23
Back
The nucleus of an atom contains
Front
protons and neutrons
Back
HBr: polar covalent bonds or non-polar covalent or ionic?
Front
polar covalent
Back
What is the correct name for (NH4)2CO3?
Front
ammonium carbonate
Back
Wavelength is the
Front
distance between successive peaks in a wave.
Back
Which is the best definition of specific heat?
Front
the quantity of heat energy that must be absorbed to increase the temperature of one gram of a substance one degree Celsius
Back
Electronegativity
Front
is a measure of an atom's attraction for an electron in a chemical bond.
Back
Section 2
(28 cards)
On a Periodic Table, the columns of elements with similar properties are
Front
Groups
Back
All of these pollutants can be detected by their odors except:
Front
CO
Back
What is the effect of the absorption of infrared energy on matter?
Front
It increases the vibration of chemical bonds.
Back
type of energy to convert solar thermal
Front
heat
Back
In a fuel cell reduction takes place at the
Front
cathode.
Back
type of energy to convert wind
Front
kinetic
Back
A major advantage of a fuel cell over a standard battery is that
Front
as long as oxygen and fuel are supplied, a fuel cell will not "run down" like a battery will.
Back
Which type of battery is best for use in heart (cardiac) pacemakers?
Front
lithium-iodine
Back
____ such as gallium or ____ are added to allow electrons to flow through the silicon semiconductor.
Front
Dopants
arsenic
Back
type of energy to convert fuel cells
Front
chemical
Back
The greenhouse and enhanced greenhouse effects refer to the return of approximately ___ percent and greater than ___ percent of the heat radiated by Earth.
Front
80,80
Back
Neither N2 nor O2 are greenhouse gases because
Front
their overall electric charge distribution does not change when they vibrate.
Back
A(n) __________ is a fixed number of atoms held together by chemical bonds in a certain spatial arrangement.
Front
molecule
Back
Photovoltaic cells (PVs) convert _______energy into _______ energy.
Front
light
electrical
Back
type of energy to convert solar thermal
Front
heat
Back
PVs are made from ____. Two different types are ____- n-type semiconductors ____ and p-type semiconductors ____
Front
Semiconductors, layered, have extra electrons, need more electrons
Back
type of energy to convert hydroelectric
Front
kinetic
Back
Which argument(s) for the increasing use of solar energy is/are valid?
I. Solar cells are becoming cheaper and increasingly more efficient.
II. The cost of generating electricity from fossil fuels is increasing.
III. Limited and uncertain supply and the increasing requirements for pollution control are raising the cost of using fossil fuels
Front
I, II and III
Back
Which differentiates a compound from a mixture of two or more elements?
Front
A compound does not exhibit the individual properties of the elements of which it is composed.
Back
type of energy to convert solar photovoltaic
Front
light/electromagnetic
Back
Determine the shape or geometry of PH3
Front
trigonal pyramidal
Back
Why can the lead-acid batteries used in cars generate electricity for several years before running down?
Front
The mechanical motion of the engine drives an alternator that generates electricity to recharge the battery.
Back
Which substance is not considered to be an air pollutant?
Front
N2
Back
The O-to-O-to-O bond angle in an ozone (O3) molecule is not exactly 120° because
Front
the nonbonding electron pair occupies greater space than the bonding pairs.
Back
When a ____ with enough energy hits the PV an "extra electron is "knocked" from one layer into a ____ in the other. The movement of ____ is an electrical current.
Front
Photon, "hole", electrons
Back
In a solar cell, semiconductors of the p-type and n-type are placed in contact with each other via a conducting wire. In order to generate an electric current, which of the following must be true?
Front
Light shining on the system must have enough energy to set electrons in motion from the n-type semiconductors to the p-type
Back
Which two gases make up more than 95% of an inhaled breath?
Front
O2 and N2
Back
How does using hydrogen as the fuel in an electric power plant compare with using hydrogen as the fuel in a fuel cell?
Front
A fuel cell using hydrogen operates at a higher overall efficiency than would a power plant burning hydrogen as a fuel.