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Apoptosis
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Cards (459)
Section 1
(50 cards)
Apoptosis
Controlled death of cells
Osmosis
A passive movement of water molecules through a semi permeable membrane. Water moves from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration
Plasmolyse
When a cell has shrunk
microtubule
straight, hollow tubes used for transportation; composed of globular proteins
Isotonic Solution
The same concentration of dissolved substances. Water in = water out.
observation
The process of studying of something to gain information.
variable
factors that are kept constant or unchanging.
eukaryote
animal cell with nucleus
chloroplast
green structure that captures energy from sunlight and changes it to energy that cells can use in making food.
experimental design
Experimental design refers to how participants are allocated to the different conditions (or IV groups) in an experiment.
quantitative observations
measuring something with numbers
Biology
The study of living organisms and how they function.
Golgi apparatus
packages proteins from the ER and materials and sends them to other parts of the cell
vacuole
sac-like organelle that holds water, food and organisms; can also store waste products until removed
inference
A conclusion made up of facts and inferring knowledge.
metabolism
The chemical processes occurring within a living cell or organism that are necessary for the maintenance of life
chromatin
complex of DNA and proteins that form within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells; directs the cells' functions
mitochondrion
carries out cellular respiration; rod-shaped organelle that makes energy for the cell to function with; converts the energy stored in food to energy the cell can use (ATP); "powerhouse" of cell
Smooth ER
network or tubular membranes within the cytoplasm of the cell with a smooth surface; functions in a variety of different metabolic processes such as synthesis of lipids, oils, phospholipid and steroids; process drugs, alcohol, and store calcium ions
Turgid
Cell may explode under pressure due to a hypotonic solution.
nucleus
oval-shaped organelle that contains DNA and controls much of the cell's activities by directing protein synthesis
prokaryote
plant, bacteria or archea cell
Pinocytosis
A form of endocytosis where a cell engulfs liquid into the cell.
Hypotonic Solution
A cell has more solute inside than outside.
Endocytosis
Movement into a cell
Exocytosis
Movement out of a cell
Facilitated Diffusion
A passive movement of particles from high to low concentration through a protein channel in a cell.
Active Transport
An active movement where an input of energy is required. Particles move from low concentration to high concentration
Diffusion
The passive movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration. This happens along a concentration gradient
extrapolation
To or estimate by expanding know information
Hypertonic Solution
Higher concentration of solutes outside cell than inside
prediction
A statement about the hypothesis
Phagocytosis
A form of endocytosis where a cell engulfs solids into a cell
theory
An assumption based on limited information or something that hasn't yet been proved
Scientific Method
A method of procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses.
microfilament
actin filaments; solid rods of globular proteins
nucleolus
nuclear subdomain that assembles ribosomal subunits in eukaryotic cells; makes rRNA to form the subunits of ribosomes, which then exit to the cytoplasm
Scientific question
Questions that can be answered by using experiments and factual reasoning.
Organelles
tiny structures within the cell that carry out specific functions
Lysosome
A vesicle that contains destructive/digestive chemicals
qualitative observations
detailed examination with your senses only
Nuclear Pore
A large hole in the nucleus to allow messenger RNA through
Rough ER
network of tubular membanes within the cytoplasm of the cell with a rough surface (ribosomes are attached to it); helps the ribosomes make proteins, such as insulin
homeostasis
Balancing human or any living organisms
Hypothesis
1st part of the scientific method
heredity
The genetic transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring.
plasmodesma
conclusion
The final ending or idea of a process
plasma membrane
forms a flexible boundary between the living cell and its surroundings; made if phospholipids
constants
something thats unchanging
Section 2
(50 cards)
W) wing of a bat and the arm of a human
Which of the following are homologous structures: W) wing of a bat and the arm of a human X) leg of a cat and the wing of a fly Y) stinger of a bee and the fang of a snake Z) rattler of a rattle snake and the whistle of a song bird
Obesity
What physical condition that has reached alarming proportions in the U.S. population is most closely correlated with type II diabetes?
What does the Golgi apparatus do?
processes, warehouses and ships (outside and inside cell) ER products
extracellular matrix
helps hold cells together in tissues and protects and supports the plasma membrane. Made up of glycoproteins (proteins bonded with carbohydrates)
what makes up the endomembrane system?
nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles and the plasma membrane.
why are cells so small?
smaller cells have more surface area across which to pass oxygen, nutrients and waste materials
Animal Cell
What type of cell is this?
cytosol
part of cytoplasm not held by an organelle
stroma
thylakoids
cellular metabolism
chemical activities of cells
mRNA
messenger RNA that direct protein synthesis
endomembrane system
A system of membranes that are specific to a eukaryotic cell. Some are physically connected, while others link when vesicles transfer membrane segments between them.
DNA
What is the most common term for the biological polymer found in chromosomes that stores genetic information?
cell wall
rigid layer surrounding the cells of plants
Z) muscle
Most of the heart is composed of which of the following types of tissues: W) epithelial X) connective Y) nervous Z) muscle
cytoskeleton
networks of protein fibers that extend through the cell
W) neck
Which of the following is the region of the body where the thyroid gland is located: W) neck X) abdomen Y) brain Z) arm pit
flagella
a projection from a prokaryotic cell that propels it through its liquid environment
Trachea
What is the scientific name of the human windpipe?
phospholipid bilayer
thin membrane of lipid molecules
multicellular
made of many cells
Z) ovary
In which of the following places would meiosis (cell division) most likely occur in a mammal: W) skin X) liver Y) heart Z) ovary
how is a secretory protein made?
1. a bound ribosome follows the mRNA instructions to synthesize a polypeptide and this polypeptide is threaded through the cavity of the rough ER; This new protein folds into its 3 dimentional shape; 2. short chains of sugars link to the polypeptide making a glycoprotein molecule; 3. When the molecule is ready for export, it is packaged in a transport vesicle 4. This vesicle buds off from the ER membrane.
Species
In the taxonomical name Homo sapiens, what taxonomical rank does 'sapiens' represent?
cilia
the appendages that propel certain cells
ribosomes
small grain-shaped organelle that produces proteins
Photosynthesis
It is generally believed that most of the oxygen in the air on Earth today came from what general biological process:
four basic functional groups
1.genetic control (nucleus and ribosomes); 2. mfg, distribution and breakdown of molecules (ER, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, perioxisomes) 3. energy processing(mitochondria and chloroplasts in plant cells) 4. Structural support, movement and communication between cells (cytoskeleton, plasma membrane, plant cell wall.
where are ribosomes found?
free-floating in the cytosol, or bound to the rough ER or the nuclear envelope
Osmosis
The spontaneous movement of molecules through a semi-permeable membrane in order to create equilibrium.
cell membrane
thin, flexible barrier that surrounds the cell and controls what goes in and out; found in animal cells
cell theory
all living things are composed of cells and all cells come from other cells
Plant Cell
What type of cell is this?
Cell
What is the basic unit of life?
centriole
small set of microtubules arranged in a specific way
cristae
folds in the mitochondria that increase the surface area and therefore its ability to produce ATP
unicellular
single-celled organism
ATP
Adenine Triphosphate - main energy source for cellular work
Y) glucose
Which of the following is the most common source of energy for brain cells in humans: W) nucleic acids X) proteins Y) glucose Z) pectins
vesicle
sacs made of membranes
W) have no known function in their present owners
Vestigial structures: W) have no known function in their present owners X) function in an analogous fashion in species Y) evolve homologously until functional Z) control nervous system functions
integrins
membrane proteins; they transmit signals between the ECM and cytoskeleton
Chloroplast
In what organelle of a plant cell does photosynthesis occur?
lysosome
membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes; contains chemicals that break down bigger food particles so they can be used in the cell; also break down used cell parts. The cell's "recycling center".
X) cell wall
Which of the following is NOT a structure found in human cells: W) mitochondrion X) cell wall Y) lysosome Z) peroxisome
Nucleus
What organelle functions to isolate a human cell's chromosomes from the cytoplasm?
cytoplasm
the thick fluid region of a cell inside the membrane or next to the nucleus
nuclear envelope
double membrane enclosing the nucleus; controls the flow of materials in and out of the nucleus
Capillaries
What is the name of the blood vessels in vertebrate bodies where most of the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs?
Section 3
(50 cards)
Receptors
Special structures that allow living organisms to sense the conditions of their internal or external environment.
Theory
A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data.
Worms
No vertebra, ears or eyes live underground & slimy.
Producers
Organisms that produce their own food.
Molecules
Many cells working together.
Metabolism
The sum total of all processes in an organism which convert energy and matter from outside sources and use that energy and matter to sustain the organism's life functions.
Nucleus
These structures are located inside of a cell's...
sunlight
main source of energy
Jellies
Have long electric tentacles, soft bodies & no vertebra.
Asexual reproduction
Reproduction accomplished by a single organism.
Reptiles
Land & water animals, no vertebra, most lay eggs some have babies, smooth or rough scaly skin, no legs or arms.
Plants
Organs
Made of thousands of cells, connected by several body systems to do work to keep our bodies healthy & alive.
Carnivores
Organisms that eat only organisms other than plants.
Heterotrophs
Organisms that depend on other organisms for their food.
glucose
another name for sugar C6H12O6 three things used for making glucose are sunlight water and carbon dioxide used for energy and growth
photosynthesis
Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy. products of photosynthesis are glucose and oxygen
Mutation
An abrupt and marked change in the DNA of an organism compared to that of its parents
Birds
May or may not fly, with vertebra, lay eggs, have feathers
Anabolism
The sum total of all processes in an organism which use energy and simple chemical building blocks to produce large chemicals and structures necessary for life.
cell
Marsupials
Mammals but with baby pouch on outside of bodies.
cells
Small part of all living things.
Photosynthesis
The process by which green plants and some other organisms use the energy of sunlight and simple chemicals to produce their own food.
Amphibians
Mostly water animals but can live on land, smooth or rough scaly skin, lay eggs & may have lungs.
Omnivores
Organisms that eat both plants and other organisms.
Herbivores
Organisms that eat only plants.
Kingdoms
Classifications of Living things.
Insects
2 - 6 Legs, no vertebra, lay eggs, many eyes.
Archnids
8 Legs, no vertebra, may have wings, lay eggs.
Arthropods
Hard body sections & no vertebra.
Crustaceans
Shells soft bodies, no vertebra &Hard shells.
Sexual reproduction
Reproduction that requires two organisms
Mammals
Living things with vertebra, hair or fur, gives birth to babies, feed the babies milk form their bodies & warm blooded.
mitochondria
An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur.
photosynthesis equation(very important)
6CO2 + 6H2O --> light energy --> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Consumers
Organisms that eat living producers and/or other consumers for food.
Catabolism
The sum total of all processes in an organism which break down chemicals to produce energy and simple chemical building blocks.
Body Systems
Sets of organs in our bodies that do the work to keep us healthy and alive.
Hypothesis
An educated guess that attempts to explain an observation or answer a question.
ATP
(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work the energy is stored in ATP until it is released by the reactions remove a phosphate from ATP a simple way of remembering it is just that it's just energy
Autotrophs
Organisms that are able to make their own food.
Fish
Gills & fins, cold blooded.
chloroplasts
A structure in the cells of plants and some other organisms that captures energy from sunlight and uses it to produce food. main function of chloroplasts is to produce food (glucose) Chloroplasts contain the pigment, chlorophyll. Chlorophyll absorbs most of the colors in the color spectrum, and reflects only green and yellow wavelengths of light. This is why we see leaves as green or yellow - because these colors are reflected into our eyes.
Decomposers
Organisms that break down the dead remains of other organisms.
Atom
Tiniest part of all living and non-living things.
cellular respiration
C6H1206->CO2 + H20+ ENERGY (released) goal is to create ATP occurs in all living things
Mollusks
Slimy animals, no skin or vertebra & no shells.
Inheritance
The process by which physical and biological characteristics are transmitted from the parent (or parents) to the offspring.
Section 4
(50 cards)
Taxonomy
The science of classifying organisms.
Exponential growth
Population growth that is unhindered because of the abundance of resources for an ever-increasing population.
Binomial nomenclature
Naming an organism with its genus and species name.
Zooplankton
Tiny floating organisms that are either small animals or protozoa.
Extracellular digestion
Digestion that takes place outside of the cell.
Microorganisms
Living creatures that are too small to see with the naked eye.
Hypha
A filament of fungal cells.
Eyespot
A light-sensitive region in certain protozoa
Mycelium
The part of the fungus responsible for extracellular digestion and absorption of the digested food.
Logistic growth
Population growth that is controlled by limited resources.
Aerial hypha
A hypha that is not imbedded in the material upon which the fungus grows.
Cilia
Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion.
Holdfast
A special structure used by an organism to anchor itself.
Plankton
Tiny organisms that float in the water.
Transduction
The process in which infection by a virus results in DNA being transferred from one bacterium to another.
Abiogenesis
The idea that long ago, very simple life forms spontaneously appeared through chemical reactions.
Cellulose
A substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of many organisms.
Chloroplast
An organelle containing chlorophyll for photosynthesis.
Transformation
The transfer of a DNA segment from a nonfunctional donor cell to that of a functional recipient cell.
Anaerobic organism
An organism that does not require oxygen.
Steady state
A state in which members of a population die as quickly as new members are born.
Vacuole
A membrane-bounded "sac" within a cell.
Sessile colony
A colony that uses holdfasts to anchor itself to an object.
Flagellate
A protozoan that propels itself with a flagellum.
Pseudopod
A temporary, foot-like extension of a cell, used for locomotion or engulfing food.
Pellicle
A firm, flexible coating outside the plasma membrane.
Phytoplankton
Tiny floating photosynthetic organisms, primarily algae.
Species
A unit of one or more populations of individuals that can reproduce under normal conditions, produce fertile offspring, and are reproductively isolated from other such units.
Spore
A reproductive cell with a hard, protective coating.
Eukaryotic cell
A cell with distinct, membrane-bounded organelles.
Strains
Organisms from the same species that have markedly different traits.
Mutualism
A relationship between two or more organisms of different species where all benefit from the association.
Plasmid
A small, circular section of extra DNA that confers one or more traits to a bacterium and can be reproduced separately from the main bacterial genetic code.
Parasitism
A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed.
Endospore
The DNA and other essential parts of a bacterium coated with several hard layers.
Endoplasm
The dense cytoplasm found in the interior of many cells.
Rhizoid hypha
A hypha that is imbedded in the material on which the fungus grows.
Conjugation
A temporary union of two organisms for the purpose of DNA transfer.
Scientific law
A theory that has been tested by and is consistent with generations of data.
Prokaryotic cell
A cell that has no distinct, membrane-bounded organelles.
Parasite
An organism that feeds on a living host.
Chlorophyll
A pigment necessary for photosynthesis.
Aerobic organism
An organism that requires oxygen.
Commonesalism
A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefited.
Nucleus
The region of a eukaryotic cell that contains the cell's main DNA.
Saprophyte
An organism that feeds of dead matter.
Symbiosis
A close relationship between two or more species where at least one benefits.
Thallus
The body of a plant-like organism that is not divided into leaves, roots, or stems.
Ectoplasm
The thin, watery cytoplasm near the plasma membrane of some cells.
Pathogen
An organism that causes disease.
Section 5
(50 cards)
Concentration
A measurement of how much solute exists within a certain volume of solvent.
Excretion
The removal of soluble waste materials.
Stolon
An aerial hypha that asexually reproduces to make more filaments.
Hydrolysis
Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water.
Zygote
The result of sexual reproduction when each parent contributes half of the DNA necessary for the offspring.
Reproduction
Producing more cells.
Semipermeable membrane
A membrane that allows some molecules to pass through but does not allow other molecules to pass through.
Diffusion
The random motion of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Monosaccharides
Simple carbohydrates that contain 3 to 10 carbon atoms.
Hydrogen bond
A strong attraction between hydrogen atoms and certain other atoms (usually oxygen or nitrogen) in specific molecules.
Middle lamella
The thin film between the cell walls of adjacent plant cells.
Ions
Substances in which at least one atom has an imbalance of protons and electrons.
Catalyst
A substance that alters the speed of a chemical reaction but is not used up in the process.
Egestion
The removal of nonsoluble waste materials.
Atoms
The basic building blocks of matter.
Digestion
The breakdown of absorbed substances.
Peptide bond
A bond that links amino acids together in a protein.
Phase
One of the three forms--solid, liquid, or gas--which every substance is capable of attaining.
Cytoplasmic streaming
The motion of cytoplasm in a cell that results in a coordinated movement of the cell's contents.
Membrane
A thin covering of tissue.
Cytology
The study of cells.
Chitin
A chemical that provides both toughness and flexibility.
Model
An explanation or representation of something that cannot be seen.
Cytoplasm
A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended.
Saturated fat
A lipid made from fatty acids that have no double bonds between carbon atoms.
Biosynthesis
The process by which living organisms produce larger molecules from smaller ones.
Homeostasis
Maintaining the status quo.
Fermentation
The anaerobic breakdown of sugars into smaller molecules.
Secretion
The release of biosynthesized substances.
Unsaturated fat
A lipid made from fatty acids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms.
Plasma membrane
The semipermeable membrane between the contents and either the cell wall or the cell's surroundings.
Chemical change
A change that alters the makeup of the elements or molecules of a substance.
Organic Molecule
A molecule that contains only carbon and any of the following: hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and/or phosphorous.
Absorption
The transport of dissolved substances into cells.
Disaccharides
Carbohydrates that are made up of two monosaccharides.
Hydrophobic
Lacking any affinity to water.
Haustorium
A hypha of a parasitic fungus that enters the host's cells, absorbing nutrition directly from the cytoplasm.
Polysaccharides
Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides.
Matter
Anything that has mass and takes up space.
Osmosis
The tendency of a solvent to travel across a semipermeable membrane into areas of higher solute concentration.
Cell Wall
A rigid structure on the outside of certain cells, usually plant and bacteria cells.
REspiration
The breakdown of food molecules with a release of energy.
Antibiotic
A chemical secreted by a living organism that kills or reduces the reproduction rate of other organisms.
Element
A collection of atoms that all have the same number of protons.
Physical change
A change that affects the appearance but not the chemical makeup of a substance.
Molecules
Chemicals that result from atoms linking together.
Zygospore
A zygote surrounded by a hard, protective covering.
Isomers
Two different molecules that have the same chemical formula.
Sporophore
Specialized aerial hypha that produces spores.
Dehydration reaction
A chemical reaction in which molecules combine by removing water.
Section 6
(50 cards)
Activation energy
Energy necessary to get a chemical reaction going.
Intermediate filaments
Threadlike proteins in the cell's cytoskeleton that are roughly twice as thick as microfilaments.
Haploid number (n)
the number of homologous pairs in a diploid cell.
Environmental factors
Those "nonbiological" factors that are involved in a person's surroundings such as the nature of the person's parents, the person's friends, and the person's behavioral choices.
Genetic factors
The general guideline of traits determined by a person's DNA.
Hypertonic solution
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is greater than that of the cell that resides in the solution.
Anticodon
A three-nucleotide base sequence on tRNA.
Central vacuole
A large vacuole that rests at the center of most plant cells and is filled with a solution that contains a high concentration of solutes.
Hypotonic solution
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is less than that of the cell that resides in the solution.
Passive transport
Movement of molecules through the plasma membrane according to the dictates of osmosis or diffusion.
Mother cell
A cell ready to begin reproduction, containing duplicated DNA and centrioles.
Messenger RNA
The RNA that performs transcription.
Smooth ER
ER that has no ribosomes.
Phagocytosis
The process by which a cell engulfs foreign substances or other cells.
Phagocytic vacuole
A vacuole that holds the matter which a cell engulfs.
Chromatin
Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell.
Plasmolysis
Collapse of a walled cell's cytoplasm due to a lack of water.
Gene
A section of DNA that codes for the production of a protein of a portion of protein, thereby causing a trait.
Microfilaments
Fine, threadlike proteins found in a cell's cytoskeleton.
Isotonic solution
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is essentially equal to that of the cell which resides in a solution.
Waste vacuoles
Vacuoles that contain the wast products of digestion.
Cytolysis
The rupturing of a cell due to excess internal pressure.
Genetics
The science that studies how characteristics get passed from parent to offspring.
Karyotype
The figure produced when the chomosomes of species during metaphase are arranged according to their homologous pairs.
Codon
A sequence of three nucleotide bases on mRNA that refers to a specific amino acid.
Mitosis
A process of asexual reproduction in eukaryotic cells.
Chromoplasts
Organelles that contain pigments used in photosynthesis.
Gametes
Haploid cells (n) produced by diploid cells (2n) for the purpose of sexual reproduction.
Meiosis
The process by which a diploid (2n) cell forms gametes (n).
Interphase
The time interval between cellular reproduction.
Leucoplasts
Organelles that store starches or oils.
Mitochondria
The organelles in which nutrients are converted to energy.
Secretion vesicle
Vesicle that holds secretion products so that the can be transported to the plasma membrane and released.
Diploid number (2n)
The total number of chromosomes in a diploid cell.
Diploid cell
A cell with chromosomes that come in homologous pairs.
Golgi bodies
The organelles where proteins and lipids are stored and then modified to suit the needs of the cell.
Pinocytic vesicle
Vesicle formed at the plasma membrane to allow the absorption of large molecules.
Lysosome
The organelle in animal cells responsible for hydrolysis reactions that break down proteins, polysaccharides, disaccharides, and some lipids.
Centromere
The region that joins two sister chromatids.
Nuclear membrane
A highly-porous membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm.
Phospholipid
A lipid in which one of the fatty acid molecules has been replaced by a molecule that contains a phosphate group.
Haploid cell
A cell that has only one representative of each chromosome pair.
Spiritual factors
The factors in a person's life that are determined by the quality of his or her relationship with God.
Cytoskeleton
A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement.
Chromosome
DNA coiled around and supported by proteins, found in the nucleus of the cell.
Rough ER
ER that is dotted with ribosomes.
Microtubules
Spiral strands of protein molecules that form a tubelike structure.
Ribosomes
Non-membrane-bounded organelles responsible fore protein synthesis.
Active transport
Movement of molecules through the plasma membrane (typically opposite the dictates of osmosis or diffusion) aided by a process that requires energy.
Endoplasmic reticulum
An organelle composed of an extensive network of folded membranes that performs several tasks within a cell.
Section 7
(50 cards)
Theory of Use and Disuse
organs not in use will disappear while organs in use will develop.
replication
double the chromosomes
Virus
A non-cellular infectious agent that has two characteristics: (1) It has genetic material (RNA or DNA) inside a protective protein coat. (2) It cannot reproduce on its own.
homologous structure
perform different functions in the species living in the different environment, or it may gave the same origin but different functions
genes
segment of dna that codes for a specific trait
Endocrine system
composed of glands that secrete different types of hormone that affect almost every cell, organ and function of your body. It is essential in regulating growth and development, metabolism, as well as reproductive processes and mood.
thymus
in front of the heart; enables the body to produce certain antibodies
Chromosomes
made up of DNA and proteins
radiometric dating
a method used to determine the age of rocks using the decay of radioactive isotopes present in rocks.
embryo
an organism in its early stages of development, especially before it has reaches a distinctively recognizable form.
semen
the ejaculated fluid containing sperm cells and secretions from the seminal vesicle, prostate gland and bulbourethral gland.
analogous structure
have similar functions but different origin
homeostasis
state reaches when each part of the body functions in equilibrium with other parts.
codon
each set of three nitrogenous bases in mRNA representing an amino acid or start/stop signal
sperm
shorter term for spermatozoon; male gamete
Theory of Need
states that organisms change in response to their environment
RNA
receives instructions from DNA
asexual reproduction
1 parent
Pituitary
at the base of the brain; stimulates growth and controls functions of other glands
Vaccine
A weakened or inactive version of a pathogen that stimulates the body's production of antibodies which can aid in destroying the pathogen.
convergent evolution
analogous structure of unrelated organisms from different ancestors develop similar function such as butterfly wings and bird wings.
mutation
any change in the DNA sequence
mRNA
messenger RNA, brings information from the DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm
ovaries
lower abdomen; estrogen and progesterone; influence female traits and support reproductive function.
convergence
is an increase similarities among species derived from different ancestors as a result of similar adaptation to similar environment.
pancreas
between the kidneys; regulates the blood sugar levels
Variation
differences in traits of organisms in a population
divergent evolution
splitting of an ancestral population into two or more subpopulations that are geographically isolated from one another.
proteins
monomers of amino acid chains
nucleotides
neuclic acid base pairs
mitosis, meiosis
body cell reproduction and sex cell reproduction
genetic code
set of rules that specify to the codons in DNA or RNA that corresponds to the amino acids in proteins
sexual reproduction
2 parents male and female
egg cell
also called ovum; female gamete
parathyroid
in the neck; controls the calcium levels in your body, and normals the bone growth
thyroid
below the voice box; regulates body metabolism and causes storage of calcium in bones
Translation
uses the codons in mRNA to make a specific amino acid
chromosomal mutations
changes in the chromosomes where parts of the chromosomes are broken and lost during mitosis
DNA
Deoxyriboneucleic acid found mainly in the nucleus
adrenal
on top of the kidneys; prepares the body for action, controls the heart rate and breathing in times of emergency.
Transcription
process of forming a neucleic acid using a template
carbon dating
used to tell the age of organic materials.
nitrogenous base
is a carbon ring structure that contains one or more atoms of nitrogen. In DNA, Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine.
Antibodies
Specialized proteins that aid in destroying infectious agents.
fertilization
a process that occurs when the sperm and egg combine to produce an embryo
Theory of Evolution
states that evolutionary change comes through the production of variation in each generation and differential survival of individuals with different combinations of these variable characters.
anticodon
the complement of mRNA; triplet code on the tRNA
testes
lower abdomen; androgen and testosterone; control maturation and male characteristics
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
first evolutionist to believe that organisms change over time. Who developed three theories: the theory of need, the theory of use and disuse, the theory of acquired characteristics.
amino acids
the building blocks of protein
Section 8
(50 cards)
systolic
Blood pressure in the arteries during contraction of the ventricles. Contraction of the heart
pericardium
Double-layered membrane surrounding the heart.
White blood count
*Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils *tests to see what percentage of total white blood cell count is composed of each of the five types of leukocytes
diastolic
occurs when the ventricles are relaxed; the lowest pressure against the walls of an artery
blood flow thru blood vessels
tissue perfusion
monocytes
*A type of white blood cell that transforms into macrophages, extends pseudopods, and engulfs huge numbers of microbes over a long period of time *An agranular leukocyte that is able to migrate into tissues and transform into a macrophage.
heart valves
structures within the heart that open and close with the heartbeat to regulate the one-way flow of blood
blood flow thru heart
Blood enters from superior and inferior vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle, aortic semilunar valve, aorta, rest of body
RBC
red blood cell Erythrocytes 4.5-5 million
heart function
*pumps blood throughout the body *Blood goes into right atrium from superior vena cava through tricuspid to right ventricle to the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary artery to lungs to pulmonary veins to bicuspid to left atrium to mitral valve to left ventricle to aortic valve to aorta
GI tract
stomach, colon. intestines, anus rectum *Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum & anal canal *mouth -> esophagus -> LES -> stomach -> pyloric sphincter -> SI -> ileocecal sphincter -> LI -> rectum -> anus -> anal sphincter
saliva
softens food in the mouth making it easier to swallow; helps break down food into simpler forms; secreted by glands in the mouth
motility
The capability of the GI tract to move material along its length is called The ability of an organism to move by itself
chyme
mixture of enzymes and partially-digested food
eosinophils
*What IgE-mediated cell secretes major basic protein and has elevated levels in the blood during asthma and parasitic infections? *What type of WBC is present in increased numbers during an allergic reaction?
small intestine structure
The thinner of the two intestine but is much longer. Is highly folded, highly vascular so it can absorb nutrients into the blood - The small intestine has three main structures— the lining, villi, and microvilli—that absorb most of the nutrients from chyme
blood cells made
blood cells and bone marrow
hemoglobin function
*transports oxygen and carbon dioxide *carry oxygen and also CO2 back to the lungs *transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs
basophils
*When performing a WBC differential, which cell has the large, scattered dark blue granules that are darker than the nucleus? *A circulating leukocyte that produces histamine.
cardiac conduction
a system of specialized muscle tissues that conducts electrical impulses that stimulate the heart to beat
blood type
*a classification of blood that depends on the type of antigen present on the surface of the red blood cell; A, B, AB, or O *A, B, AB and O. Type O is the universal donor and AB blood is known as the universal recipient.
Red blood cells regulated
1. Oxygen deficiency stimulates Erythropoietin (EPO) production by kidneys
digestive system
*Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. *Composed of the alimentary canal and accessory structures. Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum), large intestine (colon), and anus, Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. *The system of organs and structures responsible for the digestion of food. The digestive system includes teeth, mouth, esophagus, stomach, small, intestine, large intestine, and colon.
Platelet function
They play a key role in retention of blood loss by forming a * plug at the site of tears when connective tissue is exposed. Serotonin is released and smooth muscles contract in the vessel walls. *Blood clotting - Cause capillary homeostasis by adhering to the inner surface of a vessel and sticking to each other to create a temp. mechanical plu
plasma
Liquid portion of blood
rRNA
ribosomal rna, hold tightly to the mRNA and use its information to assemble amino acids
blood vessels
Veins Arteries
heart structure
4 chambers: 2 atria (right and left) and 2 ventricles (right and left)
tRNA
transfer RNA, a type of RNA that attach the correct amino acid to the protein chain that is being synthesized in the ribosomes.
Recombinant DNA
A form of DNA produced by combining two genetic material from two or more different sources by means of genetic engineering
function of the blood
Transportation materials to and from cells Transports nutrients, carries O2, waste products, hormones to their target cells, regulates body temperature, protects against bacteria and viruses
antibodies
An antigen-binding immunoglobulin, produced by B cells, that functions as the effector in an immune response. Specialized proteins that aid in destroying infectious agents
antigens
*Foreign material that invades the body *Anything that is foreign to the body and that causes an immune response *What mobilizes the adaptive defenses and provokes an immune response?
accessory pigments
energy absorbing plant pigments other than chlorophyll
red blood cells
Carry oxygen Blood cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to the body cells.
blood pressure
Reflects the force the blood exerts against the walls of the arteries during contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of the heart.
heart layers
Endocardium ( inner), myocardium ( middle), and epicardium ( outer)
lymphocytes
The two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system: B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances.
metabolism
all chemical processes that synthesize or break down materials within an organism.
Transcription
process of copying DNA sequence into RNA
blood components
Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets 55% Plasma, 45%-Formed Elements
Translation
process of converting information in mRNA into a sequence of amino acids in a protein
neutrophils
Most abundant white blood cell., The most abundant type of white blood cell. Phagocytic and tend to self-destruct as they destroy foreign invaders, limiting their life span to a few days.- WBC
White Blood Count
What is a marker for an infectious disease? Status of immune system and ability to fight off infection
Platelet function in hemostasis
- Cause capillary homeostasis by adhering to the inner surface of a vessel and sticking to each other to create a temp. mechanical plug
cardiac cycle
A complete heartbeat consisting of contraction and relaxation of both atria and both ventricles the complete cycle of events in the heart from the beginning of one heart beat to the beginning of the next
antibodies in blood
Passive immunity= When are HIV antibodies detectable in blood?
colon
The large intestine the largest section of the vertebrate large intestine; functions in water absorption and formation of feces; first, coiled part of large intestine
antigens in blood
Def A,B in blood macromolecules are foriegn to host organism and trigger an immune response
digestive process
*The process by which the body breaks down foods and either absorbs or excretes them. *Ingestion➡digestion➡absorption➡egestion *Mechanical digestion, denaturation of proteins (by acidity), chemical digestion of proteins (by pepsin), intrinsic factor, delivers chyme to small intestine
Section 9
(50 cards)
neuron cells
role of this type of cell is already determined and is not dictated by neighboring cells. communicate w/ send signals to other neurons and muscles in the body What is the nervous system composed of?
epiglottis
A flap of tissue that seals off the windpipe and prevents food from entering.
Central nervous system
The brain and spinal cord A subdivision of the human nervous system comprising the brain and spinal cord. Transmits & receives messages to & from the PNS
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
White blood cells can ingest and destroy pathogens. They can produce antibodies to destroy pathogens
brain stem
Connection to spinal cord. Filters information flow between peripheral nervous system and the rest of the brain. the central trunk of the mammalian brain, consisting of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain, and continuing downward to form the spinal cord.
alveoli
(singular alveolus.) Tiny sacs, with walls only a single cell layer thick found at the end of the respiratory bronchiole tree. Alveoli are the site of gas exchange in the respiratory system. Terminal air sacs that constitute the gas exchange surface of the lungs.
respiratory tract
The passageway that makes breathing possible. series of branching tubes that conduct air to and from the respiratory zone for gas exchange
schwann cells
Type of glia in the PNS, Supporting cells of the peripheral nervous system responsible for the formation of myelin.
BACTERIA
Bacteria are living cells and can multiply rapidly. Once inside the body, they release poisons or toxins that make us feel ill. BACTERIA GET IN BETWEEN CELLS
pleural cavity
*The space between the two moist membranes that separate the lungs from the thorax (chest cavity). Filled with lubricating fluid. *airtight space between fold of the pleural membranes; contains watery lubricating fluid that prevents friction between the membranes when they rub together during respiration
bronchi
The passages that branch from the trachea and direct air into the lungs Airways in the lungs that lead from the trachea to the bronchioles.
pancreas function
regulates blood sugar (insulin & glucagon) Secretes pancreatic juice which breaks down all categories of food produces digestive enzymes for fats, carbs, and proteins
breathing process
+The diaphragm muscle drops and creates a vacuum; Air rushes into the lungs; The diaphragm muscle contracts and pushes the air out *inhale through mouth or nose, are is filtered by cilia and mucus in nose, then the air goes to the pharynx, past the epiglottis, and through your larynx and trachea, at the base of the trachea are two tubes called bronchi which branch off into smaller air tubes called bronchioles, then the air reaches tiny sacs called alveoli where gas exchange occurs *Oxygen goes to the lungs , has a close contact to blood absorbs it and carries it to all body parts. Blood gives up CO2 which is from lungs to air breathed out *- active process that allows the diaphragm and intercostal muscles to contract, allowing lungs to expand (diaphragm goes down *Pharynx > Larynx (voice box) > Trachea (windpipe) > Bronchi > Bronchioles > Alveoli
Peripheral nervous system PNS
peripheral nervous system *sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body *All parts of the nervous system, excluding the brain and spinal cord, that relay information between the CNS and other parts of body
breathing process
*Respiration is the chemical process in which cells exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide to obtain energy, Air is breathed in and diffusion occurs and carbon dioxide is breathed out *Breathing is controlled by muscles. *[H+] and [CO2] are too high, medulla oblongata is stimulated > sends impulse to diaphragm and intercostal muscles > diaphragm contracts > ribs move up and out > diaphragm moves down > air rushes in > vice versa for exhalation • controlled by medula oblongata *inhale through mouth or nose, are is filtered by cilia and mucus in nose, then the air goes to the pharynx, past the epiglottis, and through your larynx and trachea, at the base of the trachea are two tubes called bronchi which branch off into smaller air tubes called bronchioles, then the air reaches tiny sacs called alveoli where gas exchange occurs
ANOMALY
SOMETHING THAT DEVIATES FROM NORMAL OR EXPECTED
PANDEMIC
A DISEASE THAT IS SPREAD RAPIDLY ACROSS MANY COUNTRIES
WHAT ARE BODY'S DEFENCE MECHANISMS?
SKIN, STOMACH ACID, EYELASHES, TEARS, COUGH
myelinated
Impulse conduction is fastest in neurons that are glia cells that wrap around the axon insulating it. conduct AP more rapidly bc less current lost to extracellular environment
cerebelleum
motor control refines skeletal muscle contractions, role in cognition, language, problem solving, activity occurs subconsciously, composed like cerebrum, grey matter white matter (arbor vitae) grey islands.
gastric juices
Secretions from the stomach lining that contain hydrochloric acid and pepsin, an enzyme that digests protein.
cerebrum
Area of the brain responsible for all voluntary activities of the body Largest part of the brain Largest part of the brain; coordinates thought, reasoning, movement, and memory, includes the cerebral cortex and the white matter beneath it.
upper respiratory
consists of the nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, and trachea
bile function
digest fat; excrete waste
PATHOGEN
MICROORGANISM THAT CAUSES ILLNESS OR DISEASE
lower respiratory
consists of the bronchial tree and lungs
action potential
A neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon. The action potential is generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon's membrane. Fast, moving change across a neurons membrane, also called an impulse. the local voltage change across the cell wall as a nerve impulse is transmitted
respiratory system
A system of organs, functioning in the process of gas exchange between the body and the environment, consisting especially of the nose, nasal passages, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
breathing phases
inspiration and expiration
oxegen transported in blood
Central Nervous system protected
Brain and spinal cord
Nervous system
Brain, nerve cells, spinal cord *the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems. *The bodily system that in vertebrates is made up of the brain and spinal cord, nerves, ganglia, and parts of the receptor organs and that receives and interprets stimuli and transmits impulses to the effector organs.
diencephalon
thalamus and hypothalamus A portion of the embryonic forebrain that becomes the thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary gland, and pineal gland.
carbon dioxide transported in blood
*Carbon dioxide is released from the mitochondri *diffuses into blood, then to the capillaries, then to the alveoli in the lungs, and exhaled into the atmosphere *diffuses from the pulmonary capillaries into the alveol Process that moves CO2 from tissues to lungs in 3 forms: bicarbonate, bound to hemoglobin; as carbaminohemoglobin & as dissolved CO2
MMR
MEASLES, MUMPS AND RUBELLA
graded potential
shift in electrical charge in a tiny area of the neuron (temporary); transmits a long cell membranes leaving neuron and polarized state; needs higher than normal threshold of excitation to fire A local voltage change in a neuron membrane induced by stimulation of a neuron, with strength proportional to the strength of the stimulus and lasting about a millisecond.
DISEASES CAUSED BY VIRUSES
influenza - flu, colds, Measles, mumps, rubella, chicken pox, AIDS
VACCINES
ARE SMALL AMOUNTS OF DEAD / WEAKENED PATHOGENS
cerebrum structure
consisting of 2 hemispheres and olfactory lobes thought and intelligence and memory
EPIDEMIC
WIDESPREAD OUTBREAK OF AN INFECTIOUS DISEASE WITHIN A COUNTRY
DISEASES CAUSED BY BACTERIA
food poisoning, Cholera, typhoid, whooping cough, gonorrhoea - a sexually transmitted disease
neurotransmitter
Chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse. Chemical messengers that cross the neuromuscular junction (synapse) to transmit electrical impulses from the nerve to the muscle.
lung
Main organs of the respiratory system An organ found in air-breathing vertebrates that exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide with the blood
ANTIBODY
PRODUCED BY WBC WHEN IMMUNE SYSTEM DETECTS A PARTICULAR PATHOGEN
VIRUSES
Viruses can only reproduce inside host cells, and they damage the cell when they do this VIRUSES GET INTO CELL
brain
The mass of nerve tissue that is the main control center of the nervous system
larnyx
upper part of the trachea contains vocal chords - 3 bands of tissue stretched across the opening of trachea
trachea
Allows air to pass to and from lungs Air passageway; has cartilage rings to help keep the air passage open as air rushes in; branches into right/left bronchus The respiratory process begins when air is inhaled through the nose and into the what?
pancreas secretion
Secretes pancreatic juice to break down carbs, fats, and proteins Secrete pancreatic juices into the cavity and insulin, and glucagon into blood to regulate blood sugar Secretin - It is secreted from intestinal cells when acidic food from stomach enters small intestine. Secretin promotes secretion of bicarbonates and water from pancreas.
SYMPTOMS OF AN INFECTION
PAIN, FEVER, RASH, NAUSEA, HEADACHE, COUGHING
Section 10
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HIV
a virus that attacks and destroys the human immune system.
synthesis
chemical combination of simple substances to form complex substances.
pH
a relative measure of the hydrogen ion concentration within a solution; Latin for "probably hydrogens".
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
WHAT YOU CHOOSE VALUES FOR- ON Y AXIS
RELAY NEURONE
-carry messages from one part of the CNS to another
differentiation
process by which cells become specialized for specific functions.
theory
a system of ideas that explains many related observations and is supported by a large body of evidence acquired through scientific investigation
egestion
elimination of indigestible waste.
bacteria
a very small living things. Ex. Although some cause illness or disease, many ______ are harmless.
RECEPTORS
- can detect a change in the environment (stimulus) and produce electrical impulses in response. Sense organs contain groups of receptors that respond to specific stimuli.
WHITE BLOOD CELLS CAN
-ingest pathogens and destroy them -produce antibodies to destroy pathogens -produce antitoxins that neutralise the toxins released by pathogens white blood cells do not eat the pathogens - they ingest them
reproduction
process by which organisms produce new organisms of their own kind
DECAY
The breakdown of dead plant and animal material by fungi, bacteria and other organisms. Requires WOW W-warmth O-oxygen W- water
MOTOR NEURONE
A motor neurone sends impulses from the spinal cord/CNS to effector (muscle of gland).
matter
the material that everything in the universe is made of, including solids, liquids, and gases
gene
sections of chromosomes made of DNA that code for traits. The basic unit of heredity.
RELAY NEURONES
Neurones that carry information from a sensory nerve cell to a motor nerve cell
EFFECTORS
-produces a response e.g.muscle contracts to move hand away from stimulus or gland squeezes and releases hormone into blood.
circulation
process by which materials are distributed (moved) throughout the organism.
virus
a very small living thing that causes infectious illnesses. Ex. HIV is the _____ that causes AIDS.
compound
a substance consisting of 2 or more elements in a fixed ratio. Ex. water is the most common _______ on Earth.
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) consists of
- the brain and spinal cord
ingestion
taking in food from the environment.
ecology
the branch of biology that studies the interactions of organisms with one another and with nonliving parts of their environment
natural selection
process in which organisms with favorable genes are more likely to survive to reproduce. Ex. the idea of ____ ______ was first presented by Charles Darwin.
equilibrium
the state of both sides are balanced
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS) consists of
- nerve cells that carry information to or from the CNS. Includes spinal cord and peripheral nerves.
digestion
the breakdown of complex food materials into forms the organism can use. Ex. Going to sleep after eating can be bad for ____.
excretion
removal of metabolic waste.
CONTROL VARIABLE
VARIABLES THAT REMAIN CONSTANT OR UNCHANGED
development
the change in shape or organisms over time. Ex. a child's ________ is very fast.
SENSORY NEURONE
A sensory neurone sends impulses (from a sensory receptor) to a relay neurone in the spinal cord/CNS.
element
a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions. Ex. carbon is an essential ________ of life.
SYNAPSE
Where two neurones meet, there is a tiny gap called a synapse. Signals cross this gap using chemicals released by a neurone. The chemical diffuses across the gap makes the next neurone transmit an electrical signal.
evolution
the process of change that has transformed life on Earth
interdependence
organisms in a biological community live and interact with other organisms.
cancer
a growth defect in cells , a breakdown of the mechanism that controls cell division. Ex. his ___ was caused by smoking.
absorption
process by which substances are taken into the cell or an organism.
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
WHAT YOU MEASURE- ON Y AXIS
assimilation
incorporation of materials into the body of an organism.
REFLEX
-a way for the body to automatically and rapidly respond to a stimulus to minimise any further damage to the body. stimulus → receptor → sensory neurone → relay neurone → motor neurone → effector → response
respiration
release of chemical energy from certain nutrients.
mutation
a change in the DNA of a gene.
regulation
process by which organisms maintain homeostasis, a stable internal environment.
genome
the complete genetic material contained in an individual.
heredity
the passing of traits from parent to offspring. Ex. scientists know that _____ can increase chances for certain diseases.
organism
any living thing; something that meets all criteria of life. Ex. so far, we have not found proof of any living ________ on another planet.
DNA
nucleic acid polymer that stores genetic information.
NEUROTRANSMITTER
species
group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring. Ex. there are thousands of different ______ of butterflies.
Section 11
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