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ap Biology Chapter 15

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Section 1

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Biology Science

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Date created

Mar 1, 2020

Cards (48)

Section 1

(48 cards)

higher

Front

recombination frequency is (higher/lower) when the linked genes are further away

Back

deletion

Front

change to a chromosome in which a fragment of the chromosome is removed

Back

crossing over

Front

process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis

Back

recombinant types

Front

when offspring display phenotypes that are different than parents

Back

monosomic

Front

A chromosomal condition in which a particular cell has only one copy of a chromosome

Back

genomic imprinting

Front

a phenomenon in which expression of an allele in offspring depends on whether the allele is inherited from the male or female parent; always needs one active copy (not 2 or 0)

Back

inversion

Front

change to a chromosome in which a fragment of the original chromosome is reversed

Back

histones and methyl groups

Front

how are X-chromosomes inactivated in females

Back

Errors in meiosis or damaging reagents such as radiation

Front

What can alter the chromosome structure?

Back

Klinefelter syndrome

Front

a chromosomal trisomy in which males have an extra X chromosome resulting in an XXy condition; affected individuals typically have reduced fertility

Back

Thomas Hunt Morgan

Front

Biologist provided more evidence to the theory of Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance studying sex-linked traits in fruit flies.

Back

plant

Front

Polyploidy is common in what kingdom?

Back

mitochondrial

Front

the reason you have more DNA from your biological mother than your biological father; endosymbiosis theory

Back

chi-square

Front

a statistic used to measure how much a sample distribution differs from a theoretical distribution

Back

parental types

Front

offspring with a phenotype that matches one of the parental phenotypes.

Back

+

Front

superscript for wild-type

Back

Down syndrome

Front

A human genetic disease resulting from having an extra chromosome 21, characterized by mental retardation and heart and respiratory defects.

Back

Chromosome theory of inheritance

Front

Mendelian genes have specific loci on chromosomes, and it is the chromosomes that undergo segregation and independent assortment during meiosis.

Back

genetic map

Front

an ordered list of the genetic loci along a particular chromosome.

Back

recombination frequency

Front

proportion of recombinant progeny produced in a cross

Back

linked gene

Front

Genes located close enough together on a chromosome to be usually inherited together.

Back

aneuploidy

Front

A chromosomal aberration in which one or more chromosomes are present in extra copies or are deficient in number.

Back

down syndrome

Front

trisomy 21

Back

polyploidy

Front

a chromosomal alteration in which the organism possesses more than two complete chromosome sets.

Back

Only four chromosomes

Front

An advantage of testing fruit flies

Back

Chromosomal systems of sex determination

Front

1) XY system in mammals 2) X0 system in insects 3) ZW system in birds and some insects (opposite of XY) 4) Haplo-diplo system in bees and ants

Back

linkage map

Front

A genetic map based on the frequencies of recombination between markers during crossing over of homologous chromosomes.

Back

trisomic

Front

A chromosomal condition in which a particular cell has an extra copy of one chromosome, instead of the normal two; the cell is said to be trisomic for that chromosome.

Back

wild type

Front

The phenotype for a character most commonly observed in natural populations

Back

duplication

Front

change in chromosome structure in which a particular segment is present more than once in the same chromosome

Back

X-linked genes

Front

A gene located on the X chromosome; such genes show a distinctive pattern of inheritance.

Back

cri du chat

Front

a chromosomal deletion in chromosome 5 that results in children who are mentally retarded, have small heads, and have a cry that sounds like a loud cat; they die at a young age

Back

genetic recombination

Front

the production of offspring with combinations of traits differing from those found in either parent

Back

Polyploids

Front

Which are more normal polyploids or aneuploids?

Back

Turner syndrome

Front

Chromosome disorder in females. a x chromosome is missing or part of one x is deleted. short stature

Back

chloroplast DNA

Front

non-nuclear DNA; endosymbiosis theory that chloroplasts evolved from free living prokaryotes

Back

XIST

Front

Gene responsible for X-inactivation; located on the long arm of the X-chromosome

Back

Barr body

Front

A dense object lying along the inside of the nuclear envelope in female mammalian cells, representing an inactivated X chromosome.

Back

mutant phenotypes

Front

due to alleles assumed to have originated as changes, or mutations, in the wild-type allele

Back

cytoplasmic genes

Front

Genes found in organelles other than the nucleus (chloroplasts and mitochondria). It is maternally inherited, since the egg donates the cytoplasm to the zygote in fertilization.

Back

sex-linked gene

Front

A gene that is carried on the X or Y chromosome

Back

0.05

Front

If the probability of the X^2 value is _______ or less it means the genes are linked (reject hypothesis that the genes are unlinked)

Back

hemophilia

Front

an X-linked recessive disorder in which blood fails to clot properly, leading to excessive bleeding if injured.

Back

map units

Front

a measurement of the distance between genes; one map unit is equivalent to a 1 percent recombination frequency.

Back

X-linked

Front

color blindness is a ____ trait

Back

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Front

X-linked; affects about 1 in 3,500 males; results from absence of a key muscle protein called dystrophin

Back

translocation

Front

change to a chromosome in which a fragment of one chromosome attaches to a nonhomologous chromosome

Back

nondisjunction

Front

the failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis I or the failure of sister chromatids to separate during mitosis or meiosis II

Back