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Language Structure Test 1

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Section 1

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Last updated

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Date created

Mar 1, 2020

Cards (92)

Section 1

(50 cards)

data

Front

language and language use

Back

l

Front

Lay

Back

αi

Front

buy

Back

ŋ

Front

siNG

Back

e

Front

cAde

Back

grammatical

Front

Phrases, clauses, and sentences

Back

m

Front

seeM

Back

morphological

Front

Any distinct arrangement of meaningful parts that constitute a word; word forms; the pieces of words

Back

s

Front

Sip

Back

b

Front

Bill

Back

j

Front

Yea

Back

h

Front

Hat

Back

ǝ

Front

cUd

Back

ǰ

Front

Jill

Back

Clause

Front

Noun phrase/verb phrase combinations (noun/verb—minimal unit)

Back

ʊ

Front

cOUld

Back

æ

Front

cAd

Back

Sculptures

Front

/skəlp´ čərz/

Back

ɔ

Front

cAWed

Back

Syntax

Front

Groups of words that conform to the following predictable, rule-governed minimal units

Back

Phrase

Front

A phrase can have just a single word (the head word—minimal unit)

Back

u

Front

cOOed

Back

ž

Front

aZure

Back

v

Front

Vine

Back

t

Front

Till

Back

I

Front

kId

Back

segmental

Front

Any sequence of sounds that constitutes a word; length of sound

Back

k

Front

Kill

Back

d

Front

Dill

Back

rule-driven

Front

a predictable occurrence based on observation

Back

g

Front

Gill

Back

Language Acquisition

Front

The mental process by which human beings acquire and use language

Back

r

Front

Ray

Back

z

Front

Zip

Back

minimal unit

Front

A minimal unit is a structure that cannot be reduced into anything smaller and serves as a point of focus for analysis

Back

w

Front

Way

Back

linguitics

Front

the scientific study of language

Back

š

Front

aSSure

Back

α

Front

cOd

Back

o

Front

cOde

Back

ε

Front

kEd

Back

oi

Front

boy

Back

αʊ

Front

bow

Back

p

Front

Pill

Back

ð

Front

THy

Back

i

Front

kEyed

Back

č

Front

CHill

Back

θ

Front

THigh

Back

n

Front

seeN

Back

f

Front

Fine

Back

Section 2

(42 cards)

compounding

Front

Form of derivation in which two or more free morphemes are fused together to derive a new word. (classroom=type of room, downshift=type of shift)

Back

Head setting

Front

the basic unifying theory or minimal unit; everything in the phrase is about what the head is about, both in meaning and in structure

Back

closed sets

Front

grammatical words (Pronouns, Prepositions, Conjunctions, Modals/Auxiliaries, Articles)

Back

lexicon

Front

the inventory of morphemes in a language or in the mind of a speaker; knowing how to make words.

Back

{-s, -ed, -en, -ing, -er, -est}

Front

inflectional morphemes

Back

Transformational Generative Grammar

Front

A theory of rules, or transformations, that govern how syntactic components of our speech are combined to express language.

Back

allomorph

Front

Predictable variant of a morpheme

Back

functional shift

Front

is the movement of a word from one category to another without any morphological changes (ie. Use a knife to knife someone).

Back

Sentence

Front

Single or multi-clause combination with at least one independent clause (clause—minimal unit)

Back

Phrase

Front

minimal unit of syntax

Back

syntax

Front

the study of word order

Back

reflex

Front

The modern version of an older word

Back

{-s , -s , -s } or {-d , -d , -d }

Front

allophones

Back

semantics

Front

the study of meaning

Back

open classes

Front

meaning making words (nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs); capable of expanding their inventory

Back

{-ion, -ence, un-}

Front

derivational morphemes

Back

Structure order

Front

phrase structure, deep structure, transformation, surface structure

Back

morpheme

Front

minimal unit of meaning

Back

In English, prefixes are always

Front

derivational

Back

phonetics

Front

the study of sounds and language; the overall science of human speech

Back

Transformations

Front

operations that move items in the deep structure to different places

Back

borrowing

Front

is the adoption of a word or morpheme from one language into another. Words are usually borrowed into open classes and subject to the morphological processes of the host language. Some words retain their native inflections, and some are borrowed as a group (called a SEMANTIC FIELD, a group of words related by use (ie. ON th- pronouns) or subject (ie. Italian musical terms).

Back

free morpheme

Front

root word; stands alone as a word. "Cat" {kæt} and "Wisconsin" {wiskαnsƏn}.

Back

Etymon

Front

An older form of a word

Back

Intransitive sentence

Front

does not have a direct object (Fred ran.)

Back

A sentence is _______

Front

a noun phrase and a verb phrase

Back

Transitive sentence

Front

requires a direct object (Fred ran a business).

Back

semantic shift

Front

is a change in meaning brought about over time. There are numerous processes associated with semantic shift.

Back

etymology

Front

The semantic history of a word—how it descends from its older form.

Back

English is a ____ language

Front

analytical

Back

Derivational morphemes

Front

do alter the semantic meaning or part of speech of the free morpheme

Back

Deep structures are always _______

Front

active and declarative

Back

surface structure

Front

what you actually say or hear someone say; deep structure with transformations

Back

bound morpheme

Front

must attach to a free morpheme or a stem. They are either inflectional or derivational ("con and "pre"); can be a prefix or a suffix

Back

derivation

Front

is the use of morphology to change a word's meaning and/or part of speech. In English, this is done largely with prefixes and suffixes (ie. true>untrue or work>worker).

Back

compounding

Front

is the union of free morphemes, a natural process in Germanic languages (ie. classroom). Compounds are sometimes difficult to differentiate from derivations, esp. among borrowed morphemes.

Back

deep structure

Front

a subset of phrase structure elements; set of items that you use for a particular phrase

Back

Inflectional morphemes

Front

add grammatical meaning to a word but do not alter its semantic meaning or part of speech (almost always suffixes)

Back

Analytic Grammar

Front

grammar based on word order

Back

morphology

Front

the study of form and meaning

Back

phrase structure rules

Front

rules stating that the structure of a phrase of a specific type consists of one or more constituents in a particular order

Back

root

Front

the meaning carrying element

Back