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AP English Romanticism

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What was happening in the world? 1820

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Mar 1, 2020

Cards (50)

Section 1

(50 cards)

What was happening in the world? 1820

Front

Accession of George IV

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The Familiar Essay

Front

- Edinburgh Review and London Magazine - Beginning of the feature articles found in today's magazines

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The novel: Gothic Novel - Ann Radcliffe

Front

- Developed the figure of the mysterious homme fatal, who tortured others because he himself is tortured by unspeakable guilt - The homme fatal is a villain, but in the absence of a hero, takes his place

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1. The Concept of Poetry and the Poet - Wordsworth

Front

- good poetry is not a mirror image of nature; it is, right from the very beginning of its creation, "the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings". Therefore, the source of the poem is not the outside world, but the individual poet (subjective: feelings). - origin, content, and defining attributes of a poem come from the mind, emotions, and imagination of the poet

Back

Jane Austen's heroines

Front

are so independent that literary critics consider them feminists The Austen heroine is - Practical - Morally sound - Aware of the world around her and how she fits into it (and often choosing to go against what's expected of her if she thinks it's demeaning) - Intelligent (often more so than most of the male characters - and she knows, laughing at them at them at the same time) - Demonstrates grace under social and financial pressures

Back

Poetic Theories and Practices enumerated in the "Preface"

Front

1) The Concept of Poetry and the Poet 2) Poetic Spontaneity and Freedom 3) Romantic "Nature Poetry" 4) The Glorification of the Commonplace 5) The Supernatural and "Strangeness in Beauty"

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5. "The Supernatural and the "Strangeness in Beauty" - John Keats

Front

Supernatural events = deep psychological impact on speaker-poet Setting: medieval ("The Eve of St. Agnes" and "La Belle Dame sans Merci") Because of Keats and medieval settings, Romantic period also known as "Medieval Revival"

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Jacobin Extremists

Front

Their rise to power brought about an escalation in violence that disgusted the English Sympathizers 1) 1792 - "September Massacres" (execution of imprisoned nobility) 2) Execution of the Royal family 3) Invasion of the French Republic of the Rhineland and of Netherlands 4) French Republic offers armed assistance to countries desiring to overthrow current governments (Parliaments with established monarchies) - forced England into war with France 5) Guillotining of thousands in the Reign of Terror under Robspierre 6) Execution of men who conducted the Terror 7) Emergence of Napoleon as dictator and then Emperor of France

Back

Satanic Hero - Shelley

Front

lyrical drama - Prometheus Unbound: 1) shares with Satan the status for absolute nonconformity by setting himself up against the ultimate authority, God; 2) unlike Satan, he is the champion, not the enemy, of the human race

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Drama

Front

- Drury Lane and Covent Garden Theatres - only theatres to have rights to produce spoken (or "legitimate") drama - Closet Drama - Byron's Manfred and Shelley's Prometheus Unbound - The Cenci - Shelley: most capable Romantic dramatist

Back

The Novel: Novel of Purpose

Front

Purpose: to propagate new social and political theories current in the period of the French Revolution (mixed in with Gothic terror) -- William Godwin - Caleb Williams (shows how the lower classes are being oppressed and violated by the privileged ruling class) -- Mary Shelley - Frankenstein

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3. Romantic "Nature Poetry" - Wordsworth and Coleridge

Front

accuracy of observation of natural phenomena used to heighten the emotion (Nature not simply a backdrop for the speaker-poet)

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The "Preface"

Front

- Anti "ancién regime" - writing style that imposed artificial conventions on poetry that distorted its free and naturally expression. - Anti Dryden, Pope, and Johnson, essentially Metaphysical, Cavalier, and Augustan poets

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2. Poetic Spontaneity and Freedom - Blake

Front

"produced without Labor or Study"

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1. The Concept of Poetry and the Poet

Front

Restoration poetry is primarily an imitation of human life ("a mirror held up to nature" - essentially devoid of imagination because all the poet is doing is parroting what's happening in nature

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English Sympathies

Front

Early stages of the French Revolution -- Declaration of the Rights of Man -- Storming of the Bastille "Liberté, Egalité, et Fraternité" - Liberty, Equality, and Brotherhood: the call to arms of the French Revolution

Back

"Lake School"

Front

of William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Robert Southey -- located near the Lake District

Back

Preoccupation of the Age

Front

- All leading English writers were in sympathy with the French Revolution EXCEPT Edmund Burke - Jane Austen ONLY important author who seemed to have been untouched by the political, intellectual, and artistic revolutions of the age

Back

What was happening in the world? 1789 - 1815

Front

Revolutionary and Napoleonic period in France.

Back

Walter Scott important works

Front

Ivanhoe Guy Mannering Quentin Durward The Heart of Midlothian Kenilworth Rob Roy

Back

1. The Concept of Poetry and the Poet - Lyric Poem; Romantic Lyric

Front

- Lyric poem, written in 1st person, became a major Romantic poetic form (expression for feelings and temperament) - Romantic Lyric - the "I" is not "I" as speaker in the sonnets, but the poet himself, often his soul (precursor to the Post-Modernist confessional poetry)

Back

3. Romantic "Nature Poetry"

Front

- Prominence of landscape in Romantic poetry = "nature poetry" - Longer "nature poems" are called "meditative poems" - essentially a speaker-poet forced to meditate on his circumstance/problem because Nature a) reminds him it or b) finds reprieve from it by being in Nature - Landscape given human characteristics - human life, passions, expressions - essentially becomes a character in the speaker-poet's immediate poetic universe (Example: Wordsworth's "Tintern Abbey")

Back

Jane Austen

Front

Considered as one of the greatest English novelists Storylines seem untouched by the political, intellectual, and artistic revolution happening around her - Done on purpose, not out of ignorance - Leaves out the politics and focuses on the life of provincial English gentlefolk as to examine and criticize the prevailing social values

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4. The Glorification of the Commonplace

Front

- Elevation of the Common Man suggests that his life experiences, too, has value -- By using the everyday, the commonplace, the trivial, and the lowly as subject, Wordsworth implied that there is something divine in the unimportant things of life

Back

Individualism, Infinite Striving, and Nonconformity

Front

- The human mind was called the "Subject" or "Ego" - Mind creates its own experiences, thus giving the speaker-poet godlike qualities - (the power to create = Greek definition of "poet" as "maker") - Mind has access to the infinite, something beyond Man's limited senses - This infinite is called "Reason" or "Imagination" ("Reason" as in reason of the heart - emotion tempered by the mind: "emotion recollected in tranquility" - Wordsworth) - "Reason" or "Imagination" propels Man to strive for perfection (refusal to submit to limitations) because the end is essentially his salvation (again Nature beyond our limited senses) - "Streben nack dem Unendlichen" - Striving for the Infinite (But, desire can sometimes be wrong, especially if it ends up violating moral limits) - "Glory of the Imperfect" - failures only show unlimited reach ("Streben nack dem Unendlichen")Bold experimentation in poetic language, versification, and design - complete break from Neoclassicism

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Jane Austen's important works

Front

Pride and Prejudice Emma Sense and Sensibilities Persuasion Mansfield Park Northanger Abbey

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1. The Concept of Poetry and the Poet - Coleridge

Front

a great work of literature is self-originating and self-organizing; like a plant, it must be organic

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Why mention the French Revolution at all?

Front

1) Initial purpose was to bring about human dignity, albeit a "romanticized" idea of human dignity - reigned by nobles --> want to exert self 2) Although most sympathizers were genuine in their desire to bring about human dignity, dying for a cause was the "in thing" to do 3) Dying for the good of humanity was tantamount to an honorable death - no more chivalric or heroic fro honor - = substitution 4) Working for the good of humanity or the pure pursuit of knowledge was a means of attaining honor 5) This brooding, altruistic sensibility is typical of the Romantic character/speaker - tortured artist

Back

5. "The Supernatural and the "Strangeness in Beauty" - Poets' obsession with the unknown

Front

- Coleridge (mesmerism and nightmares [from "mare", Anglo-Saxon for "demon"]) - induced writing sessions; - Blake and Shelley (the occult and the esoteric - mystery, in this sense); - Byron (the forbidden and the Satanic hero); - Keats (death)

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2. Poetic Spontaneity and Freedom - Keats

Front

"if poetry comes not as naturally as the leaves to a tree it had better not come at all"

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The Satanic Hero

Front

Coleridge, Byron, and Shelley The solitary protagonist who is separated from society because - He has rejected it or - It has rejected him - Theme of exile, of the disinherited that cannot find a spiritual home in its native land or anywhere in the world - This solitary Romantic nonconformist also represented as a great sinner

Back

"Cockney School"

Front

of Leigh Hunt, Hazlitt, John Keats -- derogatory term for Londoners

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2. Poetic Spontaneity and Freedom - Shelley

Front

it is "an error to assert that the finest passage of poetry are produced by labor or study"; real poems are products of an unconscious creativity

Back

The Novel: Gothic Novel

Front

Gothic Novel - Term derives from setting: gloomy castle in the Middle Ages - Revised Characteristics: 1) Somewhere in the past 2) Possibilities of mystery and terror in sullen, craggy landscapes 3) Decaying mansions with dank dungeons, secret passages, and ghosts 4) Supernatural phenomena 5) Sexual persecution of a beautiful maiden by an obsessed and haggard villain - Deals with the dark and irrational side of human nature

Back

Walter Scott

Front

- Popular during his lifetime - Popularity equal to Lord Byron - Initially wrote narrative verse (story told in poem form) and switched to narrative prose (story told in novel form) - His novels were rooted in history (although he "fixed" the chronology to fit his storyline) - precursor to the historical novel

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2. Poetic Spontaneity and Freedom

Front

- Genuine poem - originates from "emotion recollected in tranquility" - Wordsworth - Reflection, but immediate act of composition MUST be spontaneous, sans the restrictions of rules established by the Restoration Age

Back

Satanic Hero - Coleridge

Front

"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner" - Guilty outcast made to realize and atone for his sins so he can reassume his place in society (if it will have him)

Back

"Satanic School"

Front

of Gordon, Lord Byron and Percy Bysshe Shelley (and their followers) -- mood and content of works by these authors are dark and verging on the sinister

Back

"The Spirit of the Age"

Front

- The terms "Romanticism" or "Romantic Writer" did not exist during the actual period - English historians made up these terms half a century after the fact - Major writers realized that there was something about their era (the French Revolution was partly to blame) - They did not share a doctrine (that comes later), but an intellectual and imaginative sensibility about the world and the people around them - They called this "sensibility" "The Spirit of the Age"

Back

Walter Scott - did and didn't do well..

Front

What he did well: - His action sequences (the way he wrote the action scenes feel as if they were written for the movies) - Well developed character are members of the middle and lower classes What he did not do well: - His aristocratic characters were underdeveloped - his plot loosely tied together

Back

Satanic Hero - Byron

Front

- Manfred - violator is proud and unrepentant; a compound of guilt and superhuman greatness; cannot be defeated by death; successfully defeats demons that are after his soul - Prometheus of Greek mythology also appears in his writing for the same reason Shelley chose to write about him

Back

Gothicism in Romantic Poetry

Front

- Coleridge's medieval terror poem "Christabel" - Bryon's recurrent hero-villain (Satanic Hero) - Keats' "Eve of St. Agnes" - Shelley

Back

What was happening in the world? 1811-20

Front

The Regency -- George, Prince of Wales, acts as regent for George III, who has been declared incurably insane.

Back

4. The Glorification of the Commonplace - Lord Byron

Front

in spite of his liberalism in politics, maintained his literally allegiance to the aristocratic properties and to traditional poetic decorum established by the Metaphysical, Cavalier, and Augustan poets (Reason: he himself was from an aristocratic line)

Back

Lyrical Ballads

Front

- 1798 - Collection of poems co-written by Wordsworth and Coleridge - The "Preface" to the "Lyrical Ballads" - Manifesto or statement of poetic principles of the new poetic style

Back

The Major Romantic Novelists

Front

Walter Scott Jane Austen

Back

5. "The Supernatural and the "Strangeness in Beauty" - Coleridge

Front

opened up to poetry the realm of mystery and magic (from folklore, superstition, and demonology) Setting: in the distant past or far away places (The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, "Christabel", "Kubla Khan")

Back

"The Spirit of the Age": The Critics

Front

1) Considered writers as individuals, who do not belong to any literary movement 2) Grouped them into separate schools based on certain similarities in their writings

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What was happening in the world? 1798

Front

Lyrical Ballads published anonymously by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge.

Back

1. The Concept of Poetry and the Poet - Poet as "Bard"

Front

Poet as "Bard" - the poet-prophet (Milton's influence, particularly from Paradise Lost) -- The Bard becomes the voice of an age in crisis trying to figure out how to find salvation (return to the organic, the natural - to Nature)

Back