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AP Biology - Cell Communication

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Section 1

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G protein

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Biology Science

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Date created

Mar 1, 2020

Cards (27)

Section 1

(27 cards)

G protein

Front

A GTP-binding protein that relays signals from a plasma membrane signal receptor, known as a G protein-coupled receptor, to other signal transduction proteins inside the cell.

Back

protein phosphatase

Front

An enzyme that removes phosphate groups from (dephosphorylates) proteins, often functioning to reverse the effect of a protein kinase.

Back

glycogen

Front

An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.

Back

gap junction

Front

A type of intercellular junction in animals that allows the passage of materials between cells.

Back

apoptosis

Front

A program of controlled cell suicide, which is brought about by signals that trigger the activation of a cascade of suicide proteins in the cell destined to die.

Back

transcription factor

Front

A regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes. The hormone-receptor complex becomes a transcription factor in the steroid transduction pathway.

Back

epinephrine

Front

water soluble ligand molecule; when secreted by the adrenal medulla, mediates "fight-or-flight" responses to short-term stresses; also released by some neurons as a neurotransmitter; also known as adrenaline.

Back

cytoplasm

Front

The contents of the cell, exclusive of the nucleus and bounded by the plasma membrane.

Back

receptor tyrosine kinase

Front

A receptor with enzymatic activity that can trigger more than one signal transduction pathway at once; ex. growth factor binds to neighboring RTKs, they combine to become a cross-linked dimer

Back

ligand-gated ion channel

Front

A protein pore in cellular membranes that opens or closes in response to a signaling chemical (its ligand), allowing or blocking the flow of specific ions.

Back

response

Front

The transduced signal finally triggers a specific cellular response.

Back

signal transduction pathway

Front

The process by which a signal on a cell's surface is converted into a specific cellular response.

Back

3 Types of Cell Signaling

Front

Contact Dependent; Paracrine; Endocrine

Back

amplification

Front

The strengthening of stimulus energy during transduction.

Back

ligand

Front

A molecule that specifically binds to another molecule, often a larger one.

Back

three stages of cell communication

Front

reception - receptor responds to binding of ligand molecule; transduction - translation & amplification of message; response - activation of cellular response

Back

transduction

Front

The binding of the signal molecule changes the receptor protein in some way.

Back

second messenger

Front

A small, nonprotein, water-soluble molecule or ion, such as a calcium ion (Ca2+) or cyclic AMP, that relays a signal to a cell's interior in response to a signaling molecule bound by a signal receptor protein.

Back

protein kinase

Front

An enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein, thus phosphorylating the protein.

Back

Endocrine signaling

Front

signals released by one cell type can travel long distances to target cells of another cell type; Insuline, Growth Hormone; Thyroid Hormone

Back

hormones

Front

Circulating chemical signals that are formed in specialized cells, travel in body fluids, and act on specific target cells.

Back

Paracrine signaling

Front

cells communicate over short distances by using local regulators that target cells in the near vicinity; ex. Neurotransmitters, Quorum Sensing & Morphogens

Back

Contact-dependent signaling

Front

cells can communicate by cell-to-cell contact; ex. APC & Helper T cells; Plasmodesmata; Gap Junctions

Back

second messengers

Front

Small, non-protein water soluble molecules or ions that send messages throughout the cells by diffusion.

Back

G-protein-linked receptor

Front

A plasma membrane receptor that works with the help of a G-protein. Changes shape when ligand molecule binds.

Back

reception

Front

The target cell's detection of a signal molecule coming from outside the cell.

Back

local regulator

Front

A secreted molecule that influences cells near where it is secreted. Used in paracrine and synaptic signaling.

Back