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Language Structure Exam 3

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Section 1

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Essential Conditions

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Last updated

6 years ago

Date created

Mar 14, 2020

Cards (93)

Section 1

(50 cards)

Essential Conditions

Front

Speaker and hearer accept the utterance as performative

Back

Creole

Front

a former pidgin that has acquired native speakers

Back

Inner Circle

Front

English speaking regions thought to share certain standard features (USA, UK, Canada, Australia, New Zealand)

Back

Locutionary force

Front

referential value (meaning of code); meaning of the word; semantic content

Back

Use-centered

Front

functionalist characteristic

Back

Standard Language

Front

forms of language that through consensus become widely accepted

Back

Social function

Front

functionalist characteristic

Back

national language

Front

language used by a majority of people-even the state-but lacking legal protection/enforcement

Back

variety

Front

a version of a language with systematic variations from standard

Back

"etic"--analysis based on form

Front

structuralist characteristic

Back

language planning

Front

method for implementing language policy

Back

Analyze code first

Front

structuralist characteristic

Back

Felicity Conditions

Front

Speech Assumptions

Back

micro-language

Front

person-to-person

Back

Creator of Speech Act Theory

Front

John Austin

Back

Performatives

Front

Statements, assertions, and utterances that do things

Back

dialect boundary

Front

A bundle of isoglosses

Back

Code diversity

Front

functionalist characteristic

Back

Elements/structures are arbitrary and universal

Front

structuralist characteristic

Back

Illocutionary force

Front

performative function (implication of speaker); imply/intend

Back

Pidgin

Front

a contact language formed by speakers of two mutually unintelligible languages—often as a result of colonial activity

Back

macro-language

Front

societal

Back

World Englishes

Front

Varieties of English spoken in non-Inner Circle

Back

domain

Front

general situation in which a language interaction occurs (setting)

Back

Code-centered

Front

structuralist characteristic

Back

accent

Front

phonological aspect of a dialect

Back

Constatives

Front

"Statements, assertions, and utterances" characterized by truth or falseness

Back

All languages equivalent

Front

structuralist characteristic

Back

Speech Act

Front

a task accomplished through the use of language

Back

Functionalist Definition

Front

focuses on language use and is based on the premise that language is a social phenomenon

Back

Fundamental concepts taken for granted

Front

structuralist characteristic

Back

Fundamental concepts problematic and to be investigated

Front

functionalist characteristic

Back

official language

Front

legislated official medium for state business

Back

language policy

Front

laws or regulations the governing language use

Back

One code

Front

structuralist characteristic

Back

Isogloss

Front

A boundary marking a change in the occurrence of a particular linguistic feature

Back

Preparatory Conditions

Front

Speaker and hearer are in a situation that make the performative act possible

Back

Analyze use first

Front

functionalist characteristic

Back

Sincerity Conditions

Front

Speaker and hearer agree on intention of utterance

Back

Perlocutionary force

Front

perceived effect (inference by addressee); infer/perceive

Back

idiolect

Front

variety of language unique to individual speakers

Back

Dialect

Front

geographical or social variant of a language

Back

Basilect/Mesolect/Acrolect

Front

varieties of a Creole at varying distances from the standard

Back

Elaborated on Speech Act Theory

Front

John Searle

Back

Structuralist Definition

Front

language above the sentence

Back

Languages and varieties not necessarily equivalent

Front

functionalist characteristic

Back

Elements/structures are ethnographically appropriate

Front

functionalist characteristic

Back

"emic"--analysis based on meaning

Front

functionalist characteristic

Back

register

Front

socially specific language variety

Back

Referential function

Front

structuralist characteristic

Back

Section 2

(43 cards)

Performative utterance

Front

words that literally cause something to be, such as "I now pronounce you husband and wife"

Back

Creator of "Cooperative Principle"

Front

H.P. Grice

Back

Wernicke's Aphasia

Front

Nouns and parts of speech confused, omitted, or altered; may contain lexicon

Back

Type I

Front

-The university is in Canyon. (MV)

Back

7-9 months

Front

syllabic babbling

Back

Manner

Front

Tone, volume, etc. are appropriate

Back

Arcuate Fasiculus

Front

Connects Broca's area and Wernike's area

Back

Language learning

Front

requires more brain area than language acquisition; The younger the speaker, the less area needed

Back

2 months

Front

no linguistic sounds

Back

Pragmatics

Front

"beliefs, attitudes, and knowledge of the world speakers and listeners assume in communication"

Back

Quantity

Front

You say enough but not too much

Back

Progressive

Front

-The university is raising tuition. (AV)

Back

Creator of S-P-E-A-K-I-N-G Model

Front

Dell Hymes

Back

Acquired and learned languages

Front

learned in different parts of the brain; Broca's area usage distinctly different in late bilinguals, Wernicke's not different regardless of age of learner

Back

3 months

Front

cooing and laughing

Back

2-3 years

Front

-sentence length increases -sentence structures become more complex •questions, negations, comparisons, passives, embedded forms -These forms are the result of transformations, indicating that phrase structure rules are fully developed -phrase structure inventory expands, doubling monthly -grammatical use of function words and inflections

Back

Lag between speaker's mouth and listener's mind

Front

One or two syllables

Back

Quality

Front

You strive to be accurate

Back

If Broca's/Wernicke's areas and connecting fibers are disconnected from the rest of the brain

Front

-Suffers can replicate language but not understand it or produce it spontaneously

Back

Type II

Front

-The university is local. (MV)

Back

Human memory

Front

too limited to compare all incoming linguistic information with all the possibilities

Back

Cognition

Front

seems to have little to do with understanding language

Back

1 year

Front

comprehension; production of words (can last from 2 months to a year)

Back

Ungrammatical structures

Front

increase left hemisphere activity

Back

Abstract language, Speaking, signing, and writing are all affected

Front

suffers from left-hemisphere damage

Back

18 months

Front

explosive growth -One new word every two hours -Syntax begins: two-word structures -Syntactic structures usually correct

Back

Relation

Front

You are on topic, etc.

Back

5-7 months

Front

experimenting with sounds

Back

Creoles

Front

grow from acquisition process; acquire grammar from speakers

Back

Acquisition process begins to turn off

Front

Around age 6

Back

4 years

Front

complete acquisition of native language(s)

Back

Stages are the same for all language families -Signed languages follow steps too

Front

result of natural selection

Back

Type III

Front

-The university is an institution. (MV)

Back

Language Acquisition

Front

natural process in most children completed by about age 4

Back

Left hemisphere of brain

Front

larger because of language organs

Back

Conduction Aphasia

Front

-Connection between Broca's and Wernicke's areas (arcuate fasciculus) is damaged -Suffers cannot repeat language

Back

Implicature

Front

Flouting or violating the four maxims in order to communicate something outside the realm of the four maxims

Back

Depth first

Front

"the human parser gambles at each step about the alternative [item in the potential phrase structure rule] most likely to be true and plows ahead with that single interpretation" (209); "that the tree that has fit the words so far will continue to fit new ones. . . Saving memory space by keeping only that tree in mind, at the cost of having to start over . . . ."(212).

Back

Passive

Front

The university is run by the administration. (AV)

Back

Language

Front

Non-cognative

Back

Breadth-first

Front

All potential items are screened

Back

Broca's Aphasia

Front

Affects language production but not understanding

Back

Speech Situation

Front

social situation in which language is used

Back