Section 1
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Napoleon Bonaparte
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Cards (93)
Section 1
(50 cards)
Napoleon Bonaparte
1769-1821. Born on the island of Corsica. See notes. Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.
Louis XIV treatment of Huguenots
Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes. Huguenots were persecuted as a result by losing all their freedom to worship. Huguenot churches were torn down and some were forced to serve as galley slaves on French ships. All Protestant education was forbidden.
Archduke Ferdinand
Heir to the Austria-Hungarian throne, was assassinated in Sarajevo on June 28,1914, started World War I.
Crimean War
1854-56. First major international conflict after the defeat of Napoleon. Brittain, France & the Kingdom of Sardinia against Russia with her policy of expansion in the Near East where the Ottoman Empire was losing control. Brittain feared a Russian victory would upset the balance of power and threaten their control of the Mediterranean region. Russia lost and the major nations promised to keep the Ottoman Empire from being destroyed.
Bill of Rights
The first ten amendments that clearly define liberties and placed restraints on governmental interference.
Socialism
Four Types. 1. Utopian Socialism - direct result of the French Enlightenment. Believed that if the inequities in society could be abolished, man's natural goodness could be perfected. Consider the profit motive of capitalism to be the basic source of evil. 2. Marxism - Karl Marx believed that economic forces determine the course of history and that history would naturally progress toward perfection allowing man to "progress" to a higher stage of development. Once man reaches this perfect society where everyone is equal and gladly shares the fruit of his labor with others he called it communism. 3. Fabian Socialism - British socialists who sought to achieve a socialist society without revolution but by wearing down capitalism gradually by undermining it with gradual change. 4. Christian Socialism - Theological liberals who believed that Christianity and capitalism were incompatible. They believed that unregenerate society could and should live according to the Sermon on the Mount.
John Locke
English. 1632-1704. Believed in the philosophy of Empiricism (the idea that all knowledge comes through experience). He rejected the doctrine of original sin, choosing to believe that man is basically good. Advanced the idea that men possess certain natural and unalienable rights -- rights that cannot be transferred or surrendered.
Nationalism
A feeling that people have of being loyal to and proud of their country often with the belief that it is better and more important than other countries. Also, the belief that a people who share a common language, history, and culture should constitute an independent nation, free of foreign domination.
Johann Sebastian Bach
1685-1750. German Baroque Composer. Most of his career was spent in performing, conducting and composing music for the Lutheran church. One of his most famous compositions is the "Passion According to St. Matthew."
Romanticism
Given birth by the powerful feelings unleashed by the political revolutions of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. This cultural movement gave literary and artistic expression to the concepts of "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity." Romanticism was also a movement of reaction -- reaction against the restraint of the Age of Reason, the violence of the French Revolution, the repression following the Napoleonic Wars, and the often harsh working conditions caused by the rapid growth of the Industrial Revolution. In contrast to the Age of Reason, this age turned rationalism to idealism and from intellectual to emotional. Originality above imitation, self-fulfillment over common good. If it felt good it must be good. Went too far against all rules and laws of man and God. An artistic movement that focused on nature, feelings, and emotions.
Enlightenment
18th century intellectual movement that looked to human reason as the solution for all of life's problems. It was believed that "Reason" was the only sure source of knowledge and truth an attitude known as rationalism. Reason was their standard of truth: it was their guide to understanding the universe and the proper way to worship God. This new religion was called Deism. Deism was built upon mere human wisdom. The Bible warns against such error.
Constitution
Formally adopted in 1789, established a new nation -- the United States of America. A republican form of government modeled after the Roman Republic and divided the powers of government among three branches each with specific functions and checks on the other branches.
Central Powers
In World War I the alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary and other nations allied with them in opposing the Allies. Other nations such as The Ottoman Empire and Bulgarians.
Adam Smith
Published in 1776 one of the most influential books on political economics "Wealth of Nations." Attacks mercantilism practiced by most European nations. Saying a nation's wealth should depend on productivity, not gold and silver. Advocated a "hands off" policy known as laissez-faire. The government should not interfere in business and trade, but provide a favorable climate for business activity. He proposed a policy of "free trade" among nations. A nation should manufacture what it can best and most efficiently produce.
Boer War
(1899-1902) War between Great Britain and the dutch farmers (Boers) in South Africa over control of rich mining country. Great Britain won and created the Union of South Africa comprised of all the South African colonies.
Imperialism
A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically.
English Civil War
Parliament (Roundheads) led by Oliver Cromwell supported by the Puritans, the lesser gentry, and the merchants VS. The King (Cavaliers) supported by the nobility. King Charles I lost and was beheaded (1649).
The Thirty Years War
1618-1648 Last Religious War. Protestant Bohemian Nobles vs. Catholic Emperor
Simon Bolivar
(1783-1830) Leader for independence, "the liberator," who defeated Spanish forces in South America, liberating Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.
German Unification
1866-1871 In the 19th-century, various independent German-speaking states, led by the chancellor of Prussia Otto von Bismarck, unified to create a Germanic state. The state expanded with von Bismarck's military exploits against Austria, France and Denmark. Unification was complete by 1871 with the Prussian king, Wilhelm, named the first leader of Germany.
Monroe Doctrine
1823. US President James Monroe in a speech to the US Congress warned the European nations that any attempt to establish or reestablish colonies in the Western Hemisphere would be considered an "unfriendly" act of aggression. Although the US did not have the power to enforce the Monroe Doctrine, the British navy was able to block any attempt on the part of the European alliance.
Eli Whitney
An American inventor who developed the cotton gin. Also contributed to the concept of interchangeable parts that were exactly alike and easily assembled or exchanged. 1765-1825
Scientific Method
William Wilberforce
A British statesman and reformer; leader of the abolitionist movement in English parliament that led to the end of the English slave trade in 1807. Also had a goal to produce children with education in reading, hygiene, and religion.
The Restoration
1660. The reestablishment of the Stuart monarchy with Charles II as the new king. The kings power was very limited with Parliament retaining much of the power it had won earlier. Succeeded by his brother James II.
Albert Einstein
German physicist who developed the theory of relativity, which states that time, space, and mass are relative to each other and not fixed.
Great Awakening
1740-42. While the Methodist revival progressed in the British Isles, America experienced the climax of a tremendous revival known as the Great Awakening. Through the preaching of Whitefield and other traveling evangelists, thousands of people heard the message of salvation. Local pastors were the key such as Jonathan Edwards who faithfully ministered to the needs of their own congregations.
William Carey
1761-1834. Father of Modern Missions, established the Baptist Missionary Society, missionary in India
Communist Manifesto
1848. Written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels which urges an uprising by workers to seize control of the factors of production from the upper and middle classes. It explains socialism and the belief that the proletariat (oppressed workers) would overthrow the bourgeoisie (factory owners).
Industrial Revolution
Social and economic change that began in England in the 1760s when the industrial geography of England changed significantly and later diffused to other parts of western Europe. In this period of rapid socioeconomic change, machines replaced human labor and new sources of inanimate energy were tapped. Coal was the leading energy source fueling the industrial revolution in England's textile-focused industrial explosion.
Isaac Newton
English. 1642-1727. Astronomer who, like Galileo, contributed to several other fields such as physics and math. Demonstrated with a prism that "white light" is actually composed of many different colors. Developed calculus, invented the reflecting telescope. Remembered best for his discovery of the Laws of Gravity.
Allies
In World War I the alliance of Russia, Serbia, and France, later joined by Great Britain, Italy, America, China, Japan and others.
Rembrandt van Rijn
1606-69. Dutch Baroque Painter. Paintings usually filled with gold tones and warm browns. Most famous "The Night Watch". Many of his themes were inspired by biblical stories such as "The Storm on the Sea of Galilee" and "The Return of the Prodigal Son". He attempted to give a visual interpretation of Scripture.
Declaration of Independence
July 4th, 1776. A declaration by the colonists to preserve their freedom and to secure independence from Britain was written primarily by Thomas Jefferson and adopted by the Continental Congress.
David Livingstone
Among the first European explorers to travel the interior of Africa. As a medical missionary, he endured great physical hardship but was devoted to opening up Africa to the gospel and in the process wanted to bring an end to the slave trade. He was gone for so long once that a New York newspaper hired Henry Stanley to find him. When found Stanley greeted him with the famous "Dr. Livingstone, I presume."
Waterloo
June 8, 1815 the allied forces, under the leadership of the British Duke of Wellington won a decisive victory against Napoleon on the plains of Waterloo (today is Belgium). Napoleon was banished to St. Helena, a little island in the middle of the South Atlantic.
Nobel Peace Prize
This is a type of award given to someone who promotes peace; it was named after a Swedish Chemist by the name of Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite
Salvation Army
A group created in 1865 by William Booth to spread Christian teaching and offer food and shelter to the poor.
Henry Ford
United States manufacturer of automobiles who pioneered mass production; proponent of the Assembly Line and Standardization; invented the Model T with production in 1908; workers paid salary high enough to buy products they made. By 1913 Ford workers were able to assemble a car in ninety-three minutes.
Mayflower Compact
1620. A temporary agreement drafted aboard the "Mayflower" establishing civil authority for the Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts. The Pilgrim leaders realized the need for discipline to maintain order among themselves.
Divine Right of Kings
The kings used religion to justify their power saying that God made them king so that gave them the absolute authority and that they were not bound by any manmade law for their actions.
Laissez Faire Economics
Theory that opposes governmental interference in economic affairs beyond what is necessary to protect life and property.
Mercantilism
Economic policy that focuses on making $ for the mother country. It favors a positive balance of trade for the mother country and the accumulation of gold and silver.
Louisiana Purchase
1803 - The U.S. purchased the land from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains from Napoleon for $15 million. Jefferson was interested in the territory because it would give the U.S. the Mississippi River and New Orleans (both were valuable for trade and shipping) and also room to expand. Napoleon wanted to sell because he needed money for his European campaigns and because a rebellion against the French in Haiti had soured him on the idea of New World colonies. The Constitution did not give the federal government the power to buy land, so Jefferson used loose construction to justify the purchase.
Wright Brothers
1903. Two brothers, Orville and Wilbur Wright, carried out the first successful airplane flight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.
French Revolution
See notes and chart on pg. 401 The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799. 1789-1799. Period of political and social upheaval in France, during which the French government underwent structural changes, and adopted ideals based on Enlightenment principles of nationalism, citizenship, and inalienable rights. Changes were accompanied by violent turmoil and executions.
Galileo
Italian. 1564-1642. Best-known astronomer in history. Suggested the use of the pendulum to measure time. He improved the telescope, confirmed the heliocentric theory and agreed with Kepler that the planets move in elliptical orbits. Was made to retract that before the Roman Catholic church but according to legend as he rose muttered, "But it does move!"
Robert Raikes
founder of British Sunday school who sought to reach the poor, illiterate, working-class children and teach them about Jesus and how to read and write
Hudson Taylor
1832-1905. A British Protestant missionary to China and founder of the China Inland Mission; known for his sensitivity to Chinese culture (and immersion into it) and his zeal for evangelism.
George Mueller
formed the best-known orphanages in Bristol, England
Section 2
(43 cards)