A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s
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Bessemer process
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A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities.
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Hegemony
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Domination, authority; influence by one country over others socially, culturally, economically, etc.
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Monroe Doctrine
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1823 - Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S.
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Labor union
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An organization of workers that tries to improve working conditions, wages, and benefits for its members
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Mandate
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An authorization or order given to lesser authority by the superior one.
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Infrastructure
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A community's system of roads, bridges, water, and sewers
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Rationing
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Restricting the amount of food and other goods people may buy during wartime to assure adequate supplies for everyone
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Interchangeable parts
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identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufactoring
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Neutrality
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The position of not favoring or supporting either side in a dispute
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Capitalism
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An economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.
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Strike
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When workers refuse to work, its organized by a body of employees as a form of protest, typically in an attempt to force an employer to improve waged, hours, benefits or working conditions.
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Stalemate
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A situation in which further action by either of two opponents is impossible; (v.) to bring to a standstill
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Mass production
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manufacturing of large numbers of identical products quickly and cheaply
the use of interchangeable parts and assembly lines to make large quantities of identical goods
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Factory system
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A method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building
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Nationalism
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A devotion to the interests and culture of one's nation.
Belief that a nation consists of a group of people who share similar traditions, history, and language. Nationalists argued that every nation should be sovereign and include all members of a community. A person's greatest loyalty should be to a nation-state.
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Imperialism
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A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.
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Racist
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A person who believes that their race has characteristics specific to their race; and creates a prejudice against other races different than them.
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Sphere of influence
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A geographical area where one country, state, empire, etc. is very dominant and controlling. Controlling group often brings their own customs, political ideas, and so on.
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Socialism
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A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.
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Domestic system
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A pre-industrial manufacturing system when workers make products in their own homes with materials supplied by merchants.
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Urbanization
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Movement of people from rural areas to cities
An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.
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Capital
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The tools, machines, and buildings used to produce goods and services; wealth in the form of money or of resourses that are used to produce other goods.
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Inflation
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A continuous rise in the price of goods and services
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No-man's land
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The space between opposing trenches
During World War I, area between the trenches of the opposing sides on the western front.
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Monopoly
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Complete control of a product or business by one person or group
Domination of an industry by a single company; also the company that dominates the industry.
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Roosevelt Corollary
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Extension of the Monroe Doctrine in 1904 stating that the U.S. had the right to intervene in order to "stabilize" the economic affairs of small states in the Caribbean and Central America, if they were unable to pay their international debts.
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Productivity
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The quantity of goods and services produced from each unit of labor input
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Enclosure
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A process of repossessing and fencing off land once shared by peasant farmers for the purpose of commercial farming.
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Propaganda
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Ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause.
Information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view.
