Section 1
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As evidence that music influences physical response, Merrian stated that
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Last updated
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Date created
Mar 14, 2020
Cards (114)
Section 1
(50 cards)
As evidence that music influences physical response, Merrian stated that
all societies use music integrally with dance and other rhythmic activities
acoustics
the branch of physics that studies productions, control, transmission, and reception of sound
Law of simplicity
perpetual preference for smoothness, regularity and symmetry
earworms
15-20 seconds of music you cannot get out of your head
Three general music behaviors
performance, listening, compostion
Muzak (now Mood Media)
one of the oldest continuing music businesses
Ceremonial music
encourages group togetherness or patriotism.
Nonpercussive, legato sounds
a characteristic of sedative music
Songs of social control are an example of Merriam's music function of
enforcing conformity to social norms
A tone
a sound which is of sufficient regularity and duration so that it can be heard with a definite pitch
A melody with no accompaniment
has underlying implied harmony
Pitch height and pitch chroma are
basic dimentions of pitch perception
melodic contour
the pattern of upward and downward changes in pitch over time
Making money is the goal of
commercial music
Darwin argued that musical sounds attract mates
led to the evolution of language
Primary vibrating object on a trombone
the internal column of air
A periodic vibration
vibrates with regularly ocurring motion
Rhythm
the relationship of sound to time
An important motivation to engage in music
music affects our emotions
Stimulative music
arouse listeners with a strong energizing component
A rare occurence in which a person demonstrates a lack of music ability
congential amusia or tone deafness
Absolute pitch is
the ability to name a tone without any external reference
inner ear
cochlea
timbre
attribute of music distinguishing sounds of equivalent pitch, duration and loudness
A musically useful application of beating
chorus effect
In describing music as a form of communication, Merriam noted that music is not
universal music
The outer ear
pinna, external auditory canal, and the tympanic membrane
Improve degree to which organisms cope with challenging environmental pressures
adaptions
Divides the octave into twelve equal parts
equal tempermant
intensity
the amount of power that causes an object to vibrate
perception
sensing the enviroment
unline frequency, pitch is a
sensation
Frequency
the number of vibration cycles in a specific amount of time
Developmental evidence suggests
infants are sensitive to music relationships with out the benefit of formal instruction
When listening to a melody, listeners consistently form
expectancy of upcoming notes
beating
the perceptible rise and fall in loudness in associated with two slightly different frequencies
One theory of how children develop absolute pitch is
critical age period
Loss of hearing sensitivity after attending a loud rock concert is an example of a
temporary threshold shift
loudness
psychological coorelate of intensity
Music psychology is best explained by brain structures/processes or by abstract psychological principles
a continuing contraversey in the psychology of music
tempo
speed at which beats recur
An example of pitch changing even though frequency remains the same is
the doppler effect
Gaston believed that all mankind had need for
aesthetic expression
A "muse" is
one of the Greek Goddesses who presided over arts and sciences
Tessitura
range of pitches used in composition, instrument or voice
Perception of "key" in music
a sense determined by the establishment of scale and tonal center
Psychology is
the science of mind and behavior
meter
cyclical patterns of points of stress
Virtually all scales, regardless of culture
five to seven notes per octave
The reason anatomical properties of sight and hearing evolved
enhanced survival and reproduction
Section 2
(50 cards)
Crescendo
gradual increase in loudness for expressive effect
The importance of practice cannot be overstated
in very rare cases, however, people do seem to have a genuine gift for music
Performance requires playing right notes at the right time
in a way that sounds expressive and meaningful
Autisn spectrum disorder
one of the populations that beneits from music therapy
75% believe that composing, singing or playing concert instruments requires natural talent
while only 40% believe that playing chess, performing surgery or writing nonfiction requires natural talent
Western music stylistic period between 1450-1600
Renaissance
The most widely accepted explanation of where novel ideas (including music) come from
Darwin's theory of evolution
The greater the amount of information a message conveys
less redundancy
Music lessons
may increase number of neurons dedicated to music
For a music work to be considered "original"
it deviates, in musically acceptable ways, from the music conventions of the time period
Original meaning of "aesthetics"
perception through one of the five senses
Receptive music therapy
when a client listens to live or recorded music
Western music stylistic period between 1815-1910
Romantic
Throuhgout history in all known human cultures
music that has been used to promote health and well being
Rhythm perception
left hemisphere neural activity
Pleasurable music
may lead to release of reward transmitters like dopamine
Two important qualities that allow music to be appreicated are simplicity and
momorability
A model for studying perceptual capacity for music
information theory
Music soundtracks to films
very high capacity to induce terror and fear
A documented way that music can accelerate cognitive functioning following stroke
demonstrated the use of Nordoff and Robbin's "Creative Music Therapy" technique
The pitch intervals that most promote "tonal fusion"
unison, octave and fifth
The video America Tonight: Music Key
demonstrated the use of Nordoff and Robbin's "Creative Music Therapy" technique
amusia
diff in the perception/production of music
Alzheimer's Disease
neurodegenerative disease that accounts for 60% of all dementia
Temporal lobe
most stongly associated with auditory processing
Objects near each other tend to be grouped together
Gestalt law of proximity
Singing
probably the first human musical behavior
Melodic intonation therapy
patients sing and simultanelously tap their left hand
Hierarchical organization
is a most important structural property of Western music
Cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem and spinal cord
central nervous sytem
Gradual adjustment of body rhythms with pulse of music
rhythmic entrainment
Stroke patients who listen to daily music
showed greater recovery in verbal memory and focused attention
Most primitive mechanism for music inducing emotion
brain stem
Where sound processing begins
cochlea
Musical structure
has a strong relationship to performance expression
Alzheimer's disease
spared music memory
Most influential music variables in determining affective character of music
pitch and tempo
Messages (including musical messages)
contain varying degrees of complexity
Aesthetic experience
refers to more than "taste" or "beauty"
Pianissimo
a very low level of loudness for expressive effect
A unique power of sound
to arouse intense feelings
Composers typically use their own perceptions
to infer how listeners will perceive their music
Tonal memory, sensitivity to timbre and intensity
processed in right hemisphere of brain
The ease with which certain compositions are perceived and appreciated
musical accessablility
One way listeners can appreciate music
perceive the music's structural characeristics
Improvisation
music performed without musical score or memorization of music
One of 10 reasons why music is effective in therapy
music is "engaging"
Dementia
a range of symptoms associated with cognitive decline
In Western society, almost any degree of musicianship
is viewed as a highly specialized skill rather than normal behavior
One use of music therapy
allow clients to gain insight into their emotions
Section 3
(14 cards)