Section 1
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Calvin Cycle; Solar energy is not required, occurs in the stroma pf the Chloroplast and produces glucose for the plant
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Section 1
(50 cards)
Calvin Cycle; Solar energy is not required, occurs in the stroma pf the Chloroplast and produces glucose for the plant
Light Independent Reaction
"Semi-active" uses transport proteins to help move material across the plasma membrane, but still doesn't require energy
Facilitated Diffusion
Large molecules going INTO the cell
Endocytosis
Internal condition is balanced
Homeostasis
No energy required; transport of small and medium materials across the plasma membrane (Osmosis, Diffusion, and Facilitated Diffusion)
Passive Transport
simple sugars, monomer for carbs (ex: glucose and sucrose)
Monosaccharide
Where molecules, waste, etc. is stored; Bigger in Plant Cells
Vacuole
No energy required; transports molecules from high to low concentrations in order to even them out (for small materials)
Diffusion
Same amount of water entering the cell as existing, resulting in an equilibrium, normal Cell
Isotonic
UPS of the cell; Sorts and packages molecules
Golgi Apparatus
No energy required; transports WATER from high to low concentrations in order to even them out
Osmosis
main source of quick energy; building blocks are monosaccharides
Carbohydrate
Photosynthesis
Transports Proteins; Does not have Ribosomes
Smooth ER
Small structures that perform various functions for the cell (reside within the cytoplasm)
Organelles
Undifferentiated cells (general, template-like cells that have no general function yet)
Stem Cells
Requires energy (ATP) for large molecules. Gets molecules across the cell through pumps and vesicles (endocytosis and exocytosis)
Active Transport
substances used to lower the activation energy and speed up the reaction
Catalyst
Made of nucleotides, function is to store genetic information which can be seen in DNA and RNA
Nucleic Acids
Controls what goes in/out of the nucleus
Nuclear Envelope
amount of energy needed to start a reaction; enzymes lower this energy
Activation Energy
Makes protein; Where translation in protein synthesis occurs
Ribosomes
monomer of a protein; held together by peptide bonds; tRNA carry these to the ribosome during protein synthesis
Amino Acid
Drives diffusion; moves from left to right
Concentration Gradient
Molecules are "pumped" by a transport protein to get across the membrane, requiring energy
Pumps
Semi-permeable, therefore maintains homeostasis
Cell Membrane
Organisms composed of many cells (Ex. tissue, humans, etc.)
Multicellular Organisms
Only in Plant Cells; supports and provides protection
Cell Wall
monomers are amino acids; functions include regulate reactions and cell processes, structure/function, immunity, hormones
Protein
Cells with no nucleus, small, simple (Ex. Bacteria)
Prokaryote
Solar energy needed to produce NADPH & ATP and Water (releasing oxygen) occurs in the Chloroplast
Light Dependent Reaction
Transports Proteins; Has Ribosomes
Rough ER
Large molecules going OUT of the cell
Exocytosis
All living things are made of cells; Cells come from other cells; Cells are the basic structure and function of an organism
Cell Theory
Breaks down waste, food, etc.
Lysosomes
Movement for Eukaryotes
Cilia
Makes ATP, (Power house of the cell); Where Cellular Respiration occurs
Mitochondria
Only in eukaryotic cells, holds DNA
Nucleus
Water only entering the cell, resulting in it being Lysed/Burst
Hypotonic
large molecules made of carbon
Organic Molecule/Macromolecule
Cells that have a nucleus, large, complex (Ex. Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protists)
Eukaryote
dissolves nutrients, allowing diffusion to occur; holds all the organelles
Cytoplasm
Water only exiting the cell, resulting in it being shriveled
Hypertonic
process of a stem cell becoming a certain type of cell that has a specific function
Cell Differentiation/ Cell Specialization
Movement for Prokaryotes
Flagella
Organisms composed of only one cell (Ex. Bacteria)
Unicellular Organism
Makes glucose for the plant; Where Photosynthesis occurs
Chloroplast
Used when molecules are too large to pass through the membrane, even with the help of a transport protein
Vesicles
biological catalyst that speeds up reactions; made of proteins; have an active site and bind with specific substrates
Enzyme
used for long term energy storage; monomers are 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids; make up the phospholipid bilayer;
Lipid
Section 2
(50 cards)
Cellular Respiration
region of chromosomes that holds the two sister chromatids together during mitosis
Centromere
First stage of Cellular Respiration in which the Glucose molecule is broken in half creating two Pyruvic Acid molecules and 2ATP
Glycolysis
Body cell (liver, skin, etc.)
Somatic
One of 2 strands of a chromosome that becomes visible during mitosis
Sister Chromatid
Somatic Cells undergo this in order to repair and regrow, creating two identical diploid daughter cells
Mitosis
Produced in Glycolysis and then used during Fermentation of Anaerobic Respiration
Pyruvic Acid
Fibers that extend across a dividing eukaryotic cell and assists in the separation of chromosomes
Spindle Fibers
Final stage of Cellular Respiration where most of the energy is produced (34 ATP) in the mitochondria. Hydrogen combines with Oxygen to form water and Carbon Dioxide is released. (Aerobic)
Electron Transport Chain
Main source of energy for the cell; made in the Mitochondria. When used in the cell it turns into ADP and returns to the Mitochondria to be converted back
ATP
Physical appearance/characteristic of an organism (Ex. Blue eyes)
Phenotype
In Anaerobic Respiration- occurs mostly in yeast, pyruvates break down forming alcohol, CO2, and releasing energy
Alcohol Fermentation
Occurs in Prophase I when two chromosomes (one from each parent) come together to form a homologous pair
Synapsis
Cells membrane forms, spindle fibers retract, and chromosomes uncoil as the cell starts to become two
Telophase
(fishing pole) cell organelle that produces spindle fibers
Centriole
G1: growth S: (synthesis) replicate DNA G2: growth
Interphase
long thread of DNA containing genetic information
Chromosome
genes located on the same chromosome will be inherited together
Linked Genes
Cluster of four chromosomes, two from male and two from female, can exchange genetic information through crossing over
Homologous Pair
Start with one diploid cell and end with four unique haploid cells
Meiosis
The division of the cytoplasm into two individual cells
Cytokinesis
examines the inheritance of one trait
Monohybrid Cross
Genetic makeup of an organism, revealing the types of alleles he/she has inherited (Ex. AA)
Genotype
Repeated pattern of growth and division that occurs in eukaryotes
Cell Cycle
Allows for genetic diversity where the genetic information from male and female swap; occurs during Prophase I
Crossing Over
Sexual reproductive cell (egg and sperm)
Gamete
(1n) one set of chromosomes (egg and sperm)
Haploid
Another term for homologous pair
Tetrad
Within a plant cell, forms midways between the divided nuclei of a cell during Cytokinesis
Cell Plate
In Aerobic Respiration- pyruvates travel to the mitochondria where it eventually releases CO2, water, and 2 ATP
Krebs Cycle
Trait is only seen if dominant allele isn't present
Recessive
When an organism has two different alleles for a trait (Ex. Aa)
Heterozygous
Stage of Cellular Respiration that requires Energy; includes the Krebs Cycle and ETC
Aerobic Respiration
Created at the end of mitosis, each has the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell and will be identical to each other
Daughter Cells
examines the inheritance of two different traits
Dihybrid Cross
Doesn't require oxygen; includes Lactic Acid Fermentation and Alcohol Fermentation of Cellular Respiration
Anaerobic Respiration
Occur at G1, G2, and Mitosis; uses chemical and physical signals to monitor the growth of cells
Check Points
When an organism has two alike alleles for a trait (Ex. AA or aa)
Homozygous
Mass that remains at its original site
Benign
Mass that impairs multiple organs (cancerous)
Malignant
Spindle fibers pull the sister chromatids apart, pulling them away from the center of the cell
Anaphase
Preparing, Cell membrane begins to break down and spindle fibers form
Prophase
Uncontrolled Cell Growth (tumor)
Cancer
Chromosomes line up in the middle and spindle fibers attach to the centromere
Metaphase
Trait is always expressed if present
Dominant
In Anaerobic Respiration- pyruvates break down creating energy (found in muscles)
Lactic Acid Fermentation
different forms of a gene (Ex. 'A')
Alleles
offspring (baby) where the egg and sperm meet
Zygote
Makes up chromosomes and copies itself during cell division, provides a blueprint for protein synthesis by specific arrangement of nitrogenous bases; Deoxyribose, Double Helix
DNA
(2n) two sets of chromosomes from each parent
Diploid
Section 3
(50 cards)
Tells the ribosome to stop translating
Stop Codon
Offspring is a mixture of the parent's characteristics through multiple generations
Incomplete Dominance
Characteristic that can be passed from one parent to offspring
Trait
Different species diverge from a common ancestor; related species become more and more dissimilar
Divergent Evolution
Exists for a particular trait even through only two alleles are inherited (Ex. Blood Type)
Multiple Alleles
the second generation's offspring
F2 Generation
The process of forming a new species by biological evolution from preexisting species
Speciation
DNA is copied into a complementary strand of mRNA in the nucleus
Transcription
Father of Genetics; responsible of the Law of Inheritance
Mendel
small subunits composed of a nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and phosphate group
Nucleotide
the first generation's offspring
F1 Generation
Genes are located on chromosomes and the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis accounts for inheritance patterns
Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
Group of organisms that share similar characteristics, interbreed, and make fertile offspring
Species
Sequence of 3 bade pairs on a strand of DNA or mRNA
Codon
Similar characteristics resulting from common ancestry
Homologous Structures
Part of a nucleotide, consists of Thymine (only DNA), Uracil (only RNA), Adenine Guanine, and Cytosine
Nitrogenous Base
Two or more species living close together change in response to one another (the evolution of one species affects the evolution of another)
Coevolution
Process of making a copy of DNA through the use of enzymes (Helicase) and complimentary base pairing to ensure that every cell has identical DNA molecules; Occurs during Synthesis of Interphase
DNA Replication
The study of how closely related something is
Phylogeny
Single Helix, Uracil base, Ribose Sugar
RNA
Shows relative location of each gene on a chromosome
Gene Map
Structures with little or no function to the organism (Ex. the human appendix)
Vestigial Structure
mRNA with the genetic information is taken to the Ribosome and in interpreted into amino acids
Translation
All the genes, including different alleles, of all individuals in a population
Gene Pool
Involves genes on either the X or the Y chromosome; Passed most normally through the Y chromosome (Ex. Color blindness, Hemophilia)
Sex-Linked Trait
All genetic material in an organism
Genome
3 base complement to the codon on the tRNA
Anticodon
Breeding two strong traits to result in a mixture between the two (Ex. Mule)
Hybridization
Passing of traits from parent to offspring
Heredity
A physical or chemical agent that causes a mutation
Mutagen
Segregation of alleles of one trait does not affect the segregation of alleles of another trait
Law of Independent Assortment
an alteration of an organism's DNA caused by a malfunction during meiosis or from exposure to a mutagen
Mutation
A chart made to show inheritance patterns within a family
Pedigree
crossing individuals who are closely related
Inbreeding
Making an identical copy of a gene or organism
Cloning
Study of Heredity, each somatic cell is a diploid where chromosomes are inherited from offspring's parent
Genetics
offspring contains BOTH parent's characteristics distinctly
Codominance
Scientist enter a normal gene into an absent or abnormal one
Gene Therapy
When chromosomes don't separate properly during anaphase, resulting in an abnormal amount of chromosomes
Nondisjunction
Different species in the same environment that are similar in looks/behavior evolving together
Convergent Evolution
Random change in frequency of alleles of a population overtime
Genetic Drift
Trait controlled by two or more genes (Ex. Skin color and Eye Color)
Polygenic Trait
Ribosomal RNA, along with protein, makes up the ribosome
rRNA
specific location on a chromosome (DNA) that codes for a particular protein
Gene
Some alleles are dominant and some are recessive
Law of Dominance
Alleles separate during meiosis and unite in fertilization
Law of Segregation
Transfer RNA that transfers correct amino acids to the ribosomes where proteins are synthesized, contains the anticodon that matches the codon on the mRNA
tRNA
Artificially breeding for a desired trait
Selective Breeding
The movement of genes into or out of a population overtime
Gene Flow
Messenger RNA that carries genetic information to the ribosome from the nucleus
mRNA
Section 4
(50 cards)
Green plants and autotrophs, capture the sun's energy (1st level)
Producers
The study of interactions between organisms and their environment
Ecology
Non-living factors in an environment
Abiotic
Normal warming effect when gases trap heat in the environment
Greenhouse Effect
The study of prehistoric life
Paleontology
Elimination of a species when they can no longer adapt to the changing environment (can be gradual or rapid)
Extinction
Limits the expression of certain allele frequencies
Non-Random Mating
Carnivores and Omnivores (3rd level)
Secondary Consumer
Similar in appearance and function but have different evolutionary origins
Analogous Structures
Scientific diagrams that represent the phylogeny of organisms (a.k.a. cadograms). Classifies into major groups (taxa) by physical characteristics, in order from which they descended from an ancestor
Phylogenetic Trees
(+,-) Interaction where predator eats prey (stabilizes population)
Predation
The study embryonic development of organisms
Embryology
Limiting factors that operate more strongly on LARGE populations, triggered by increased population
Density-Dependent
Makes sure new generations result in individuals with unique genotypes
Genetic Variability
Eat both primary consumers and producers
Omnivore
Heterotrophs, herbivores (2nd level)
Primary Consumer
Number of individual organisms living in a defined space
Population Density
Eat green plants
Herbivore
Series of changes in an ecosystem when one community is replaced
Ecology Succession
(+,-) One organism (parasite) benefits, while the other (host) is harmed
Parasitism
90% of energy is lost to the environment (through heat), only 10% of the energy is transferred to the next trophic level
10% Rule
Many interconnected food chains (describes various energy paths)
Food Web
Involves one parent through Binary Fission and Mitosis resulting in offspring that is identical to the parent with no genetic variability
Asexual Reproduction
Different levels displaying the order of a food chain
Trophic Level
(+,+) Both organism benefit
Mutualism
Can be produced at the same rate as they are consumed
Renewable Resources
No change of allele frequencies within a species
Genetic Equilibrium
Starts with rock, Pioneer Species = Lichen
Primary Succession
Gradual changes of a species over long periods of time
Gradualism
Cannot be produced at the same rate as they are consumed
Nonrenewable Resources
Two different species live together in direct contact
Symbiotic
(+,o) One organism benefits and the other isn't affected
Commensalism
Starts with soil, Pioneer Species = Grass
Secondary Succession
The study of the structures of organisms
Anatomy
Involves two parents through fertilization resulting in genetically different offspring that increases on organism's chance of survival
Sexual Reproduction
Periods of abrupt changes in a species after a long period of time
Punctuated Evolution
What needs to be done in order to obtain a genetic equilibrium
Hardy-Weinberg Principle
Heterotroph that decomposes organic material
Detrivore
(-,-) when 2+ organisms need the same resource at a time
Competition
1) Large population with no genetic drift 2) No movement in/out of population 3) Random Mating 4) No mutations within the gene pool 5) No Natural Selection
Conditions for Genetic Equalibrium
Living factors in an environment
Biotic
Simplest path energy takes through an ecosystem
Food Chain
Role of an organism in its environment, including the food they eat, how they obtain the Food, and how it interacts
Niche
Eat primarily consumers (meat)
Carnivore
Occurs when a catastrophic event changes the environment very suddenly, resulting in a sudden loss of a species
Mass Extinction
A result of industrial pollution, caused by the burning of fossil fuels
Acid Rain
Community, all organisms in a given area and abiotic factors that annoy them
Ecosystem
Carnivores and Omnivores (4th level)
Tertiary Consumer
Allows for the most favorable phenotypes to survive and be passed on
Natural Selection
Maximum population size that can be supported by the resources available
Carrying Capacity
Section 5
(4 cards)