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Section 1

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antibodies in blood

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Biology Science

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Mar 1, 2020

Cards (79)

Section 1

(50 cards)

antibodies in blood

Front

Passive immunity= When are HIV antibodies detectable in blood?

Back

heart function

Front

pumps blood throughout the body Blood goes into right atrium from superior vena cava through tricuspid to right ventricle to the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary artery to lungs to pulmonary veins to bicuspid to left atrium to mitral valve to left ventricle to aortic valve to aorta

Back

White Blood Count

Front

What is a marker for an infectious disease? Status of immune system and ability to fight off infection

Back

heart structure

Front

4 chambers: 2 atria (right and left) and 2 ventricles (right and left)

Back

chyme

Front

mixture of enzymes and partially-digested food

Back

colon

Front

The large intestine the largest section of the vertebrate large intestine; functions in water absorption and formation of feces; first, coiled part of large intestine

Back

lower respiratory

Front

consists of the bronchial tree and lungs

Back

antigens

Front

Foreign material that invades the body Anything that is foreign to the body and that causes an immune response *What mobilizes the adaptive defenses and provokes an immune response?

Back

Platelet function

Front

They play a key role in retention of blood loss by forming a * plug at the site of tears when connective tissue is exposed. Serotonin is released and smooth muscles contract in the vessel walls. *Blood clotting - Cause capillary homeostasis by adhering to the inner surface of a vessel and sticking to each other to create a temp. mechanical plu

Back

saliva

Front

softens food in the mouth making it easier to swallow; helps break down food into simpler forms; secreted by glands in the mouth

Back

basophils

Front

When performing a WBC differential, which cell has the large, scattered dark blue granules that are darker than the nucleus? A circulating leukocyte that produces histamine.

Back

gastric juices

Front

Secretions from the stomach lining that contain hydrochloric acid and pepsin, an enzyme that digests protein.

Back

digestive process

Front

The process by which the body breaks down foods and either absorbs or excretes them. Ingestion➡digestion➡absorption➡egestion *Mechanical digestion, denaturation of proteins (by acidity), chemical digestion of proteins (by pepsin), intrinsic factor, delivers chyme to small intestine

Back

blood flow thru heart

Front

Blood enters from superior and inferior vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle, aortic semilunar valve, aorta, rest of body

Back

blood vessels

Front

Veins Arteries

Back

systolic

Front

Blood pressure in the arteries during contraction of the ventricles. Contraction of the heart

Back

blood pressure

Front

Reflects the force the blood exerts against the walls of the arteries during contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of the heart.

Back

antibodies

Front

An antigen-binding immunoglobulin, produced by B cells, that functions as the effector in an immune response. Specialized proteins that aid in destroying infectious agents

Back

GI tract

Front

stomach, colon. intestines, anus rectum Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum & anal canal mouth -> esophagus -> LES -> stomach -> pyloric sphincter -> SI -> ileocecal sphincter -> LI -> rectum -> anus -> anal sphincter

Back

blood type

Front

a classification of blood that depends on the type of antigen present on the surface of the red blood cell; A, B, AB, or O A, B, AB and O. Type O is the universal donor and AB blood is known as the universal recipient.

Back

digestive system

Front

Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Composed of the alimentary canal and accessory structures. Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum), large intestine (colon), and anus, Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. *The system of organs and structures responsible for the digestion of food. The digestive system includes teeth, mouth, esophagus, stomach, small, intestine, large intestine, and colon.

Back

red blood cells

Front

Carry oxygen Blood cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to the body cells.

Back

heart valves

Front

structures within the heart that open and close with the heartbeat to regulate the one-way flow of blood

Back

plasma

Front

Liquid portion of blood

Back

cardiac cycle

Front

A complete heartbeat consisting of contraction and relaxation of both atria and both ventricles the complete cycle of events in the heart from the beginning of one heart beat to the beginning of the next

Back

respiratory system

Front

A system of organs, functioning in the process of gas exchange between the body and the environment, consisting especially of the nose, nasal passages, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

Back

eosinophils

Front

What IgE-mediated cell secretes major basic protein and has elevated levels in the blood during asthma and parasitic infections? What type of WBC is present in increased numbers during an allergic reaction?

Back

motility

Front

The capability of the GI tract to move material along its length is called The ability of an organism to move by itself

Back

small intestine structure

Front

The thinner of the two intestine but is much longer. Is highly folded, highly vascular so it can absorb nutrients into the blood - The small intestine has three main structures— the lining, villi, and microvilli—that absorb most of the nutrients from chyme

Back

pancreas secretion

Front

Secretes pancreatic juice to break down carbs, fats, and proteins Secrete pancreatic juices into the cavity and insulin, and glucagon into blood to regulate blood sugar Secretin - It is secreted from intestinal cells when acidic food from stomach enters small intestine. Secretin promotes secretion of bicarbonates and water from pancreas.

Back

cardiac conduction

Front

a system of specialized muscle tissues that conducts electrical impulses that stimulate the heart to beat

Back

RBC

Front

red blood cell Erythrocytes 4.5-5 million

Back

pancreas function

Front

regulates blood sugar (insulin & glucagon) Secretes pancreatic juice which breaks down all categories of food produces digestive enzymes for fats, carbs, and proteins

Back

neutrophils

Front

Most abundant white blood cell., The most abundant type of white blood cell. Phagocytic and tend to self-destruct as they destroy foreign invaders, limiting their life span to a few days.- WBC

Back

hemoglobin function

Front

transports oxygen and carbon dioxide carry oxygen and also CO2 back to the lungs *transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs

Back

Red blood cells regulated

Front

1. Oxygen deficiency stimulates Erythropoietin (EPO) production by kidneys

Back

function of the blood

Front

Transportation materials to and from cells Transports nutrients, carries O2, waste products, hormones to their target cells, regulates body temperature, protects against bacteria and viruses

Back

pericardium

Front

Double-layered membrane surrounding the heart.

Back

blood cells made

Front

blood cells and bone marrow

Back

bile function

Front

digest fat; excrete waste

Back

lymphocytes

Front

The two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system: B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances.

Back

blood components

Front

Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets 55% Plasma, 45%-Formed Elements

Back

Platelet function in hemostasis

Front

- Cause capillary homeostasis by adhering to the inner surface of a vessel and sticking to each other to create a temp. mechanical plug

Back

monocytes

Front

A type of white blood cell that transforms into macrophages, extends pseudopods, and engulfs huge numbers of microbes over a long period of time An agranular leukocyte that is able to migrate into tissues and transform into a macrophage.

Back

White blood count

Front

Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils tests to see what percentage of total white blood cell count is composed of each of the five types of leukocytes

Back

blood flow thru blood vessels

Front

tissue perfusion

Back

diastolic

Front

occurs when the ventricles are relaxed; the lowest pressure against the walls of an artery

Back

heart layers

Front

Endocardium ( inner), myocardium ( middle), and epicardium ( outer)

Back

upper respiratory

Front

consists of the nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, and trachea

Back

antigens in blood

Front

Def A,B in blood macromolecules are foriegn to host organism and trigger an immune response

Back

Section 2

(29 cards)

cerebelleum

Front

motor control refines skeletal muscle contractions, role in cognition, language, problem solving, activity occurs subconsciously, composed like cerebrum, grey matter white matter (arbor vitae) grey islands.

Back

Nervous system

Front

Brain, nerve cells, spinal cord the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems. The bodily system that in vertebrates is made up of the brain and spinal cord, nerves, ganglia, and parts of the receptor organs and that receives and interprets stimuli and transmits impulses to the effector organs.

Back

brain stem

Front

Connection to spinal cord. Filters information flow between peripheral nervous system and the rest of the brain. the central trunk of the mammalian brain, consisting of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain, and continuing downward to form the spinal cord.

Back

breathing process

Front

Respiration is the chemical process in which cells exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide to obtain energy, Air is breathed in and diffusion occurs and carbon dioxide is breathed out Breathing is controlled by muscles. [H+] and [CO2] are too high, medulla oblongata is stimulated > sends impulse to diaphragm and intercostal muscles > diaphragm contracts > ribs move up and out > diaphragm moves down > air rushes in > vice versa for exhalation • controlled by medula oblongata inhale through mouth or nose, are is filtered by cilia and mucus in nose, then the air goes to the pharynx, past the epiglottis, and through your larynx and trachea, at the base of the trachea are two tubes called bronchi which branch off into smaller air tubes called bronchioles, then the air reaches tiny sacs called alveoli where gas exchange occurs

Back

neuron cells

Front

role of this type of cell is already determined and is not dictated by neighboring cells. communicate w/ send signals to other neurons and muscles in the body What is the nervous system composed of?

Back

oxegen transported in blood

Front

Back

lung

Front

Main organs of the respiratory system An organ found in air-breathing vertebrates that exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide with the blood

Back

breathing process

Front

+The diaphragm muscle drops and creates a vacuum; Air rushes into the lungs; The diaphragm muscle contracts and pushes the air out inhale through mouth or nose, are is filtered by cilia and mucus in nose, then the air goes to the pharynx, past the epiglottis, and through your larynx and trachea, at the base of the trachea are two tubes called bronchi which branch off into smaller air tubes called bronchioles, then the air reaches tiny sacs called alveoli where gas exchange occurs Oxygen goes to the lungs , has a close contact to blood absorbs it and carries it to all body parts. Blood gives up CO2 which is from lungs to air breathed out - active process that allows the diaphragm and intercostal muscles to contract, allowing lungs to expand (diaphragm goes down Pharynx > Larynx (voice box) > Trachea (windpipe) > Bronchi > Bronchioles > Alveoli

Back

respiratory tract

Front

The passageway that makes breathing possible. series of branching tubes that conduct air to and from the respiratory zone for gas exchange

Back

Central nervous system

Front

The brain and spinal cord A subdivision of the human nervous system comprising the brain and spinal cord. Transmits & receives messages to & from the PNS

Back

cerebrum

Front

Area of the brain responsible for all voluntary activities of the body Largest part of the brain Largest part of the brain; coordinates thought, reasoning, movement, and memory, includes the cerebral cortex and the white matter beneath it.

Back

brain

Front

The mass of nerve tissue that is the main control center of the nervous system

Back

alveoli

Front

(singular alveolus.) Tiny sacs, with walls only a single cell layer thick found at the end of the respiratory bronchiole tree. Alveoli are the site of gas exchange in the respiratory system. Terminal air sacs that constitute the gas exchange surface of the lungs.

Back

action potential

Front

A neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon. The action potential is generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon's membrane. Fast, moving change across a neurons membrane, also called an impulse. the local voltage change across the cell wall as a nerve impulse is transmitted

Back

cerebrum structure

Front

consisting of 2 hemispheres and olfactory lobes thought and intelligence and memory

Back

breathing phases

Front

inspiration and expiration

Back

bronchi

Front

The passages that branch from the trachea and direct air into the lungs Airways in the lungs that lead from the trachea to the bronchioles.

Back

pleural cavity

Front

The space between the two moist membranes that separate the lungs from the thorax (chest cavity). Filled with lubricating fluid. airtight space between fold of the pleural membranes; contains watery lubricating fluid that prevents friction between the membranes when they rub together during respiration

Back

schwann cells

Front

Type of glia in the PNS, Supporting cells of the peripheral nervous system responsible for the formation of myelin.

Back

carbon dioxide transported in blood

Front

Carbon dioxide is released from the mitochondri diffuses into blood, then to the capillaries, then to the alveoli in the lungs, and exhaled into the atmosphere *diffuses from the pulmonary capillaries into the alveol Process that moves CO2 from tissues to lungs in 3 forms: bicarbonate, bound to hemoglobin; as carbaminohemoglobin & as dissolved CO2

Back

larnyx

Front

upper part of the trachea contains vocal chords - 3 bands of tissue stretched across the opening of trachea

Back

epiglottis

Front

A flap of tissue that seals off the windpipe and prevents food from entering.

Back

Peripheral nervous system PNS

Front

peripheral nervous system sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body All parts of the nervous system, excluding the brain and spinal cord, that relay information between the CNS and other parts of body

Back

trachea

Front

Allows air to pass to and from lungs Air passageway; has cartilage rings to help keep the air passage open as air rushes in; branches into right/left bronchus The respiratory process begins when air is inhaled through the nose and into the what?

Back

neurotransmitter

Front

Chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse. Chemical messengers that cross the neuromuscular junction (synapse) to transmit electrical impulses from the nerve to the muscle.

Back

myelinated

Front

Impulse conduction is fastest in neurons that are glia cells that wrap around the axon insulating it. conduct AP more rapidly bc less current lost to extracellular environment

Back

diencephalon

Front

thalamus and hypothalamus A portion of the embryonic forebrain that becomes the thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary gland, and pineal gland.

Back

graded potential

Front

shift in electrical charge in a tiny area of the neuron (temporary); transmits a long cell membranes leaving neuron and polarized state; needs higher than normal threshold of excitation to fire A local voltage change in a neuron membrane induced by stimulation of a neuron, with strength proportional to the strength of the stimulus and lasting about a millisecond.

Back

Central Nervous system protected

Front

Brain and spinal cord

Back

biology

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antibodies in blood

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Cards (79)

antibodies in blood

Passive immunity= When are HIV antibodies detectable in blood?

heart function

*pumps blood throughout the body *Blood goes into right atrium from superior vena cava through tricuspid to right ventricle to the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary artery to lungs to pulmonary veins to bicuspid to left atrium to mitral valve to left ventricle to aortic valve to aorta

White Blood Count

What is a marker for an infectious disease? Status of immune system and ability to fight off infection

heart structure

4 chambers: 2 atria (right and left) and 2 ventricles (right and left)

chyme

mixture of enzymes and partially-digested food

colon

The large intestine the largest section of the vertebrate large intestine; functions in water absorption and formation of feces; first, coiled part of large intestine

lower respiratory

consists of the bronchial tree and lungs

antigens

*Foreign material that invades the body *Anything that is foreign to the body and that causes an immune response *What mobilizes the adaptive defenses and provokes an immune response?

Platelet function

saliva

softens food in the mouth making it easier to swallow; helps break down food into simpler forms; secreted by glands in the mouth

basophils

*When performing a WBC differential, which cell has the large, scattered dark blue granules that are darker than the nucleus? *A circulating leukocyte that produces histamine.

gastric juices

Secretions from the stomach lining that contain hydrochloric acid and pepsin, an enzyme that digests protein.

digestive process

*The process by which the body breaks down foods and either absorbs or excretes them. *Ingestion➡digestion➡absorption➡egestion *Mechanical digestion, denaturation of proteins (by acidity), chemical digestion of proteins (by pepsin), intrinsic factor, delivers chyme to small intestine

blood flow thru heart

Blood enters from superior and inferior vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle, aortic semilunar valve, aorta, rest of body

blood vessels

Veins Arteries

systolic

Blood pressure in the arteries during contraction of the ventricles. Contraction of the heart

blood pressure

Reflects the force the blood exerts against the walls of the arteries during contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of the heart.

antibodies

An antigen-binding immunoglobulin, produced by B cells, that functions as the effector in an immune response. Specialized proteins that aid in destroying infectious agents

GI tract

stomach, colon. intestines, anus rectum *Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum & anal canal *mouth -> esophagus -> LES -> stomach -> pyloric sphincter -> SI -> ileocecal sphincter -> LI -> rectum -> anus -> anal sphincter

blood type

*a classification of blood that depends on the type of antigen present on the surface of the red blood cell; A, B, AB, or O *A, B, AB and O. Type O is the universal donor and AB blood is known as the universal recipient.

digestive system

red blood cells

Carry oxygen Blood cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to the body cells.

heart valves

structures within the heart that open and close with the heartbeat to regulate the one-way flow of blood

plasma

Liquid portion of blood

cardiac cycle

A complete heartbeat consisting of contraction and relaxation of both atria and both ventricles the complete cycle of events in the heart from the beginning of one heart beat to the beginning of the next

respiratory system

A system of organs, functioning in the process of gas exchange between the body and the environment, consisting especially of the nose, nasal passages, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

eosinophils

*What IgE-mediated cell secretes major basic protein and has elevated levels in the blood during asthma and parasitic infections? *What type of WBC is present in increased numbers during an allergic reaction?

motility

The capability of the GI tract to move material along its length is called The ability of an organism to move by itself

small intestine structure

The thinner of the two intestine but is much longer. Is highly folded, highly vascular so it can absorb nutrients into the blood - The small intestine has three main structures— the lining, villi, and microvilli—that absorb most of the nutrients from chyme

pancreas secretion

cardiac conduction

a system of specialized muscle tissues that conducts electrical impulses that stimulate the heart to beat

RBC

red blood cell Erythrocytes 4.5-5 million

pancreas function

regulates blood sugar (insulin & glucagon) Secretes pancreatic juice which breaks down all categories of food produces digestive enzymes for fats, carbs, and proteins

neutrophils

Most abundant white blood cell., The most abundant type of white blood cell. Phagocytic and tend to self-destruct as they destroy foreign invaders, limiting their life span to a few days.- WBC

hemoglobin function

*transports oxygen and carbon dioxide *carry oxygen and also CO2 back to the lungs *transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs

Red blood cells regulated

1. Oxygen deficiency stimulates Erythropoietin (EPO) production by kidneys

function of the blood

Transportation materials to and from cells Transports nutrients, carries O2, waste products, hormones to their target cells, regulates body temperature, protects against bacteria and viruses

pericardium

Double-layered membrane surrounding the heart.

blood cells made

blood cells and bone marrow

pumps blood throughout the body Blood goes into right atrium from superior vena cava through tricuspid to right ventricle to the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary artery to lungs to pulmonary veins to bicuspid to left atrium to mitral valve to left ventricle to aortic valve to aorta

Foreign material that invades the body Anything that is foreign to the body and that causes an immune response *What mobilizes the adaptive defenses and provokes an immune response?

When performing a WBC differential, which cell has the large, scattered dark blue granules that are darker than the nucleus? A circulating leukocyte that produces histamine.

The process by which the body breaks down foods and either absorbs or excretes them. Ingestion➡digestion➡absorption➡egestion *Mechanical digestion, denaturation of proteins (by acidity), chemical digestion of proteins (by pepsin), intrinsic factor, delivers chyme to small intestine

stomach, colon. intestines, anus rectum Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum & anal canal mouth -> esophagus -> LES -> stomach -> pyloric sphincter -> SI -> ileocecal sphincter -> LI -> rectum -> anus -> anal sphincter

a classification of blood that depends on the type of antigen present on the surface of the red blood cell; A, B, AB, or O A, B, AB and O. Type O is the universal donor and AB blood is known as the universal recipient.

What IgE-mediated cell secretes major basic protein and has elevated levels in the blood during asthma and parasitic infections? What type of WBC is present in increased numbers during an allergic reaction?

transports oxygen and carbon dioxide carry oxygen and also CO2 back to the lungs *transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs

A type of white blood cell that transforms into macrophages, extends pseudopods, and engulfs huge numbers of microbes over a long period of time An agranular leukocyte that is able to migrate into tissues and transform into a macrophage.

Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils tests to see what percentage of total white blood cell count is composed of each of the five types of leukocytes