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Skeletal Muscle Characteristics
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Section 1
(50 cards)
Skeletal Muscle Characteristics
- makes up 40% of body weight - attached to bone - many nuclei per cell (near periphery) - striated - longest of muscle types
What type of sphincters does the bladder have?
Voluntary and involuntary
What are the ureters?
Extend from the kidneys to bladder
How many utters does each person have?
2
What are the functions of the kidneys?
Excretion of metabolic waste, preservation of waste/ salt balance, maintain acid balance, secret hormones, maintain blood pressure
What is the normal pH of the blood?
7.4
What other ions besides sodium do the kidneys control?
Potassium and calcium
How do salts affect water balance?
Raise blood pressure
What are the three openings in the bladder?
Urethra, 2 for each ureter
What is the nitrogenous end product of metabolism?
Urea
What enzymes is released by the kidneys to control blood pressure?
Renin
Is the female reproductive system connected in any way to the urinary?
No
Abilities of skeletal Muscles
- contractility: ability to shorten - excitability: respond to stimuli - extensibility: can stretch - elasticity: recoil
Types of muscles
1) skeletal 2) cardiac 3) smooth
Where is the prostate in relation to the urethra?
Encircled the urethra
What is the main purpose of the bladder?
Stores urine
Why is the pH of the urine acidic?
Because of acidic foods
Motor neuron
- nerve cells that carry action potentials to muscle fibers
Where is the urinary bladder?
Lower part of the pelvic cavity
How is the urethra different in males and females?
Males is longer and connected to the reproductive system
Epimysium
- connective tissue that surrounds entire skeletal muscle (outside).
Neuromuscular junction (synapse)
- where nerve cell and muscle fiber meet
T-tubules (transverse)
- wrap around sarcomeres at A band - associated with sarcoplasmic reticulum
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
- type of SER (smooth ER) - surrounds myosin - stores and releases Ca2+
How long are the ureters?
25 cm
Functions of Muscular System
1) movement 2) maintain posture 3) respiration 4) production of body heat 5) communication 6) heart beat 7) contraction of organs & vessels
What is the urethra?
Small tube extending from bladder to external opening
What are five characteristics of the kidneys?
Paired organs, bean shaped, reddish brown, renal artery, renal vein
Explain how the urine is pushed into the bladder?
By the ureters and gravity
What is the result of a shorter urethra in females?
Easier to get infected
Sarcoplasm
- cytoplasm of muscle fiber (cell)
What is it important that the urine is pushed into the bladder even though we may be on our sides, laying down,etc.?
It needs to come out due to the acid and other waste in the urine
Smooth Muscle Characteristics
- found in hollow organs - 1 centrally located nucleus/cell - not striated - less actin and myosin - under involuntary control
Do females have a prostate?
No
What are some other types of waste?
Ammonium, creatine, Uric acid
Explain how salts can cause a higher volume of blood?
More salt equals higher blood volume
What type of waste is the main type excreted by the kidney?
Nitrogenous
Myofilament
- proteins that make up myofibrils - Ex. actin and myosin
How does it affect the blood pressure?
Constricts vessels
Explain how salts can cause a higher blood pressure?
Constricts blood vessels making the blood thicker because of the diffusion of water into the blood
How many tissue layers are in the ureters?
3
What are the primary organs of excretion?
Kindey
Cardiac Muscle Characteristics
- heart - 1 centrally located nucleus/cell - striated - rich in mitochondria - intercalated disks that contain gap junctions
What is the normal pH of the urine?
6
Perimysium
- connective tissue around each muscle fasciculus. - muscle fasciculus: bundle of muscle fibers
What waste is from the breakdown of nucleotides?
Uris acid
Endomysium
- connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber (cell). - muscle fiber: skeletal muscle cells - many nuclei
Myofibril
- thread-like proteins that make up muscle fibers
What waste if from the breakdown of amino acids?
Urea
Sarcolemma
- cell membrane - contain T-tubules
Section 2
(50 cards)
Myoglobin
- helps O2 bind in muscle
pectoral girdle
A band
- where actin and myosin overlap
Troponin: (thin)
- attachment site on actin for Ca2+
M line
- where myosin are anchored
Z disk
- protein fibers that form attachment site for actin
Synergists
- muscles that work together
All or None Law
- muscle contracts or doesn't (no in between)
Action Potential
- "electricity" - stimulus that causes rapid depolarization and repolarization - causes muscle to contract
Tetanus
- muscle remains contracted
Isometric
- amount of tension increases (weight)
ATP & Muscle Contractions
- energy for muscle contractions supplied by ATP - Energy is released as ATP > ADP + P - new ATP must bind to myosin before cross-bridge is released.
Synaptic vesicle
- in presynaptic terminal (nerve side) - store and release neurotransmitters (Acetylcholine or ACh)
Tone
- constant tension over a long period of time
Slow Twitch Fibers
- contract slowly - fatigue slowly - long distance runners - use aerobic respiration - energy from fat - dark meat - red or dark because of myoglobin
ulna
Origin
- nonmovable end
Resting Membrane Potential
Outside Cell: - Na+ - positive charge - Na+ channels closed Inside Cell: - K+ - Negative charge - Some K+ channels open
Sodium-Potassium Pump
- pumps Na+ out of cell and transports K+ into cell - restores balance to cell
Actin: (thin)
- thin myofilament - resembles 2 strands of pearls
clavicle
Threshold
- weakest stimulus needed to produce a response
Synpatic cleft
- space between presynpatic terminal and postsynaptic membrane
Neurotransmitter
- chemicals that stimulate or inhibit a muscle fiber - ex: Acetylcholine
Depolarization
- change in charges - inside becomes more + and outside more - - Na+ channels open
scapulae
Isotonic
- amount of repetitions increases
Twitch
- rapid contraction and relaxation of a muscle
Postsynaptic membrane
- muscle fiber membrane
Repolarization
- Na+ channels close - change back to resting potential (w/ sodium-potassium pump)
Presynaptic terminal
- end of nerve cell (axon)
Myosin: (thick)
- thick myofilament - resemble golf clubs
Belly
- middle
Tropomyosin: (thin)
- filament on grooves of actin - attachment site on actin for myosin (head)
Insertion
- movable end
I band
- contains only actin
What occurs in sarcomeres during a muscle contraction?
- H zone and I band shorten - A band stays the same
metacarpals
humerus
Fast Twitch Muscle
- contract quickly - fatigue quickly - sprinters - use anaerobic respiration - energy from glycogen - white meat
Steps in a Muscle Contraction (4-6)
4) Na+ causes sarcolemma and t-tubules to increase the permeability of sarcoplasmic reticulum which releases stored calcium. 5) Ca2+ binds to troponin which is attached to actin. 6)Ca2+ binding to tropinin causes tropomyosin to move exposing attachment sites for myosin on actin.
Steps in a Muscle Contraction (1-3)
1) An action potential travels down motor neuron to presynaptic terminal causing Ca+2 channels to open. 2) Ca2+ causes synaptic vesicles to release acetylcholine into synaptic cleft. 3) Acetylcholine binds to receptor sites on Na+ channels, Na+ channels open and Na+ rushes into postsynaptic terminal (depolarization).
H zone
- center of sarcomere - contains only myosin
Why is the inside of cell negative if K+ is positive?
K+ is able to diffuse out of cell freely but other larger negative molecules (proteins) cannot.
Rigor mortis
- person dies and no ATP is available to release cross-bridges
Sarcomere
- 1 contractile unit - contains actin and myosin
radius
Steps in a Muscle Contraction (7-10)
7) Myosin heads bind to actin. (cross-bridge) 8) P is released from myosin heads and heads bend toward center of sarcomere. 9) Bending forces actin to slide over myosin. (powerstroke) 10) Acetylcholinesterase (Ach-E: enzyme breaks down acetylcholine) is released, Na+ channels close, and muscle contraction stops.
Motor unit
- group of muscle fibers that motor neuron stimulates
Prime mover
- muscle responsible for majority of movement
Section 3
(50 cards)
What bones are the cheekbones?
Zygomatic
regions of the coxa
ilium ischium pubis
Which bone is the keystone of the face?
Maxilla
What does the axis do?
Moves your head left to right
What is the bone at the lower tip of the spinal column?
Coccyx
fibula
Which are the paired sets of bones?
Parietal & temporal
symphysis pubis
How many bone are in the entire vertebral column(neck to tailbone)?
26
tarsals
How many bones are in the face?
14
ischium
How want bones are in the neck?
7
middle
What are functions of the temporal bones?
Several important bone projections & the site for many muscle attachments
What two sets of bones make up the skull?
Cranium & facial bones
What purpose does the vertebral column serve?
Axial support of the body
proximal
How many bones are in the lumbar region?
5
Explain the sphenoid bone location?
Rear wall is the eye socket
What part of the skull does the frontal bone form?
Forehead, bony projections under eyebrows, superior part of the eye socket
What is the first vertebrae at the base of the skull called(C1)?
Atlas
Where are the temporal bones in relation to the parietal bones?
Lies inferior
What is the only bone in the body that is not directly connected to another bone?
Hyoid
pubis
How many bones are in the cranium?
8
What does the atlas do?
Moves your head up and down
ilium
What is the largest bone of the face?
Mandible
patella
pelvic girdle
What is the purpose of the foramen magnum?
Allows spinal cord to connect with the brain
What is the second vertebrae(C2)?
Axis
What are the 3 parts to the axial skeleton?
Skull, vertebral column, bony thorax
Which bones form the upper jaw?
Maxilla
How many bones are in the thoracic region?
12
femur
metatarsals
phalanges
Which bone is the most posterior bone to the cranium?
Occipital
What separates the vertebral bones?
Disks of fibrocartilage
What would be a problem with having a cartilage cranium?
Wouldn't protect the brain
talus
coxa
phalanges (toes)
Which bone is carrying the upper teeth?
Maxilla
tibia
What part of the cranium does the parietal bones compose?
Superior & lateral
distal
What bone is the lower jaw?
Mandible
Section 4
(50 cards)
What muscles might be the prime mover involved in a push-up?
Pectoralis major
What are the lower limb muscles specialized for?
Walking and stabilizing the body
What is the gastrocnemius, and what motion does this control?
Two bellied muscle, foot flexion
What do the intercostal muscles do?
Aid in breathing
What is the deltoid muscle, and what is the motion provided by it?
Fleshy triangular shaped rounded part of the shoulder; prime movers of arm abduction
How many pairs of ribs are there?
12
What are the muscles that are in between the ribs?
Intercostal muscles
What are the three parts to the hamstring group?
Biceps femorsis Semimembranosus Semitendinous
Gluteus Medius
Runs from illum to femur beneath Maximus Steady while walking Hip abductor
What muscles move the wrist and hands?
Flexor & extensor Carpi
Why might the adductor muscles in the legs become less toned?
Gravity pulls them back down
What is scoliosis?
Abnormal curvature of the spine
What motions does the pectoralis muscle group perform?
Flexes and adducts
Gluteus Maximus
Brings thigh in straight line with pelvis
Which muscle cells are multinucleate?
Skeletal
What is the insertion of the pectoralis?
Humerus
What does the Tibialis anterior control?
Inverts the foot (Brings it towards you)
What bone category makes up the bony thorax?
Sternum, ribs, thoracic vertebrae
What are two muscles that might be used to push something away from you?
Triceps brachii Pectoralis major
Which muscle type shows slow and sustained involuntary movement and is not striated?
Smooth
When you open your hand to clap which muscles open your hand?
Extensor digitorium
When you close your hand into a fist what muscles are you using?
Flexor digitorium
Explain the latissimus dorsi
Large muscle pair in the middle back Brings arms towards body and down (pull up)
What are the origins of the pectoralis major muscles?
Clavicle, sternum, ribs
What muscles move the fingers?
Flexor & extensor digitorum
Explain the difference between true and false ribs?
True ribs are connected directly to the sternum & false ribs are not
What motions are controlled by the fibularis muscles?
Evert the foot (Moves outward)
Where are the biceps?
In the forearm
What muscles would be involved in a pull up?
Pectoralis major, trapezius, biceps brachii
Where is the origin of the biceps?
Shoulder girdle
What is the general shape of muscle cells?
Elongated
What motions are controlled by the bicep and muscle?
Flexion & supination of the forearm
What muscles have striations?
Skeletal & cardiac
What do the hamstring muscles control?
Leg flexion
When a cheerleader is holding someone above her head, which muscles of the upper body are working hard to keep her arms up?
Triceps & deltoids
When standing up on your toes, what muscles are used?
Gastrocnemius
What muscles might you use to bring something that is in front of you back towards your body(like rowing)?
Latissimus dorsi
When performing a "judo-chop", which muscle of the arm is involved in the extension?
Tricep
What are the muscles in the quadriceps group? (4)
Recurs femoris Vastus medialius Vastus intermedius vastus laterals
What is the prefix that means muscle?
Mys & Myo
Where are the adductor muscles in the leg?
Medial to the body
What do the erector spinae muscles do?
Help you sit up straight, back extension
What do the quadriceps muscles do?
Knee extenders
When you are sitting and watching TV with your feet on the coffee table, which muscles point your toes back toward you?
Tibialis anterior
When kicking a ball, what muscles might be used?
Quadriceps group
Where are the fibularis muscles?
Lateral part of the lower leg
What is the muscle on the superficial anterior lower leg?
Tibialis anterior
what is antagonist to the deltoid muscle?
Latissimus dorsi
What muscles are involved in back extension?
Erector spinae
What do the tricep muscles do?
Prime mover of arm extension
Section 5
(50 cards)
Abduction
Moves a limb away from the midline
What is the term we give for the largest of a group of muscles?
Major
What happens during contraction?
Insertion moves closer to origin
What is found in the PNS?
Nerves in the hand
What are the five special receptors on the dendrites endings(special senses)?
Vision, taste, hearing, smell, equilibrium
Flexion
Brings two bones closer together Hinge joints, ball & socket
T/F an adrenaline rush would be controlled by a reflex.
True
Concerning the cell body, what are the structures conducting nerve impulses toward the cell body?
Dendrites
Where is the somatic sensory area
In the parietal lobe
Antagonist
Opposes the prime mover When prime mover is active, A is stretched and relaxed
What is activated by motor output?
Muscles & glands
If you were running a 200 meter dash as hard as you could what is the main form of energy?
Anaerobic glycolysis
Aerobic
Slow & continuous
How much does the brain weigh
Three pounds
Pronation
Moving palm upward facing to downward facing Pivot
T/F Reflexes are rare and only occur when you need to move your hand quickly.
False
What would sense a problem such as a stomach ulcer or ache?
Visceral sensory fibers
If you were to touch and electrical socket with your hand, what would be picking up the signal initially?
Sensory neurons
What are fascicles?
Bundles of muscle fibers
Wall sit is an example of?
Isometric
Adduction
Moving a long towards the midline
What are the three main overlapping functions of the nervous system?
Sensory input, motor output, integration
What is found in the CNS?
Brain and spinal cord
This is the ribbon-like organelle found in skeletal muscle
Myofibrils
How is the cerebrum divided
Lobes
What connects muscle to bone?
Tendons
How many directions can reflexes go?
One
What is another term to describe sensory neurons?
Afferent
Concerning the cell body, what are the structures conducting nerve impulses away from the cell body?
Axon
What is muscle tone?
Constant state of partial muscle contraction
Where is the parietal lobe of the brain
Under parietal bone
What is the covering or sheath that surrounds the axons on long nerve fibers?
Mylien
Which is a more correct form of muscle exertion? %
30% of muscle cells at 100% power
Insertion
Attached to the moveable bone
Origin
Attachment point of muscle to immovable or less moveable bone
What does oblique mean?
Slanting
What are the deep grooves in the brain called
Fissures
What separates the neurons(space in between neurons)?
Synapses
What is the term we give for the smallest of a group of muscles?
Minor
If you were lifting a spoon to your face eating some yogurt, what kind of contraction would that be?
Isotonic
Anerobic
Intense, short bursts
What is the important role of muscles?(3)
Movement Maintain posture Stabilize joints
Supination
Moving palm from downward facing to upward facing Pivot joiny
What would regulate smooth muscle, the heart, and glands?
Autonomic glands
Extension
Opposite of flexion, increases distance or angle Hinge joint, ball & socket
What are the 4 criteria we can use when naming muscles?
Direction of muscle fibers Relative size of muscle Number of origin Action
What is controlled by nerves?
Emotions, thoughts, actions
What part of the nervous system are the functional classifications concerned with?
PNS
How is the brain organized
Hemispheres
What does rectus mean?
In line with midline
Section 6
(50 cards)
How do ears affect the equilibrium?
The inner ear controls it
Lacrimal
Releases tears
What are the ossicles bones?
Hammer, anvil, stirrup
What structures are in the middle coat?
Lens and iris
Where does the light focus upon?
On the retina
What are the three categories of accessory structures?
External eye muscles Eyelids Lacrimal apparatus
What structure is in the inner most coat?
Retina
What is refraction?
Bent light
What do rods do?
Allow vision in low light
Where is equilibrium found??
Inner ear
What are the two main structures of the outer ear?
Pinna external auditory canal
What is the "filling" in the middle ear?
Air
What senses are controlled by somatic sensory area
Touch, pain, temperature
What are mechanoreceptors?
Receptors that respond to physical forces
What focuses the light as it enters the eye?
Lens and cornea
What are photoreceptors?
Rods and cons
How do special sense receptors exist on the body?
Cluster
Where is the primary motor area
Frontal lobe
What percentage of all sensory receptors are the eyes?
70%
What is the tympanic membrane?
Ear drum
Thalamus
Relay station for sensory impulses
How do the ossicle bones work to transmit sound?
Transmit vibration from the tympanic membrane to the fluids in the inner ear
What does the primary motor allow us to do
Consciously move our muscles
5 special senses
Smell Taste Sight Hearing Equilibrium
What is the inner ear composed of?
Maze of bony chambers
Meibomian
Keeps the eye lubricated
What is the outermost coat of the eye?
Sclera
How many coats is the eye made of?
3
What is the tube that connects with the throat?
Auditory tube
What does the olfactory nerve do
Smell
Why do our ears pop when we go into the mountains?
To much pressure on the inside
Where does light enter the eye?
Cornea
What is the transparent window in the sclera called??
Cornea
What is accommodation?
The ability of the eye to focus for close objects
If a person is color blind what might they be lacking?
Cones
What does the hypothalamus do
Regulates body temperature, water balance, and other homeostatic processes
What does the image look like when it is projected on the retina?
Upside down
If a person has poor night vision, what might they be lacking in their eyes?
Rods
How does the auditory tube work?
Equalize pressure
What lobe allows for higher thinking
Frontal
What part deals with hearing and equilibrium?
Inner
What nerve is in the temporal area
Auditory
What are the 3 parts contained in the osseous labyrinth?
Cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canals
How is the lens upheld?
By ligaments
What does the occipital lobe contain
Visual sense impulses
Where do tears empty?
Nasolacrimal duct Which empties into the nose
How do we equalize pressure between the middle ear and the outside?
Yawning or swallowing
Where do I find rods and cons?
Retina
How many muscles are attached to the eye?
6
What does the corpus collosum do
Connects the two hemispheres
Section 7
(50 cards)
Two types of deafness
Conduction and sensorineural
What percentage of the blood is platelets?
Less than 1%
How are WBC the only complete cells in the body?
They have a nucleus
Where are the hair cells found in the inner ear?
Inside the cochlea
How does the amplitude of the sound change from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear?
Increases
4 things transported by the blood
Nutrients Waste Oxygen Heat
Dynamic receptor
Means moving
What is the term for too much acid in the blood?
Acidic-acidosis
From where do the hair cells receive the vibrations?
Tympanic membrane, anvil, stirrup and hammer
How does the presence of oxygen affect the color of blood?
Makes it darker
Static receptor
Means when you aren't moving
What is the significance about the shape is red blood cells?
It allows to fit through smallest capillaries
Normal count of platelets
300,000 cubic mm
What structures increase amplitude?
Ossicle bones
What is the vestibular apparatus?
Receptors in the equilibrium
What is an advantage of clotting proteins?
Stop blood loss
What is the main function of RBCs?
Carry oxygen throughout the body
What is hemoglobin?
Iron containing protein that binds with oxygen
What is plasma?
Liquid of blood
What percentage of the blood is plasma?
55%
What are some of the main substances dissolved in plasma?
Nutrients, gases, salts, hormones, proteins, waste
What does albumin do?
Contributes to osmotic
Two examples of anemia
Sickle cell anemia Low number of red blood cells
About how many substances can be dissolved in plasma?
100
What is the average ph of blood?
7.4
How does the lack of nucleus contribute to the shape?
It is able to hold oxygen
How does the number of WBC compare to RBC?
Less than red blood cells
What percentage of blood is white blood cells??
Less than 1%
What percentage of blood is red blood cells??
45%
How is blood a complex tissue?
Living blood cells Nonliving fluid matrix
What is the term for the blood being too basic?
Basic-alkalosis
What is the cochlear nerve?
Carries information from ears to brain
What happens in leukemia?
Huge increase is WBC, cancerous, bone marrow
From what do our WBC protect the body?
Viruses, bacteria, parasites, tumor cells
What are three main plasma proteins?
Albumin, clotting proteins, antibodies
What do we see when we look at blood under a microscope?
Smooth disc shaped red blood cell Stained white blood cells Scattered platelets
What do antibodies do?
Protect blood
What controls plasma acidity?
Liver
Why is equilibrium important?
Balance
How do WBC know where they are needed?
By chemicals
What are the two main groups of WBC
Granulocytes, agranulocytes
Anemia
Decrease in oxygen carrying ability
What are the four main components of blood?
Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets Plasma
What are two examples of when the number of WBC increase?
Leukocytosis, leukemia
What are the two types of receptors?
Static and dynamic
What are the characteristics of red blood cells?
No nucleus Very few orange Les Has room to carry oxygen Contains hemoglobin
Sensorineural deafness
Damage to receptor cells
About how much volume of blood is in the body?
6 quarts
Conduction deafness
Something blocks or interferes with the nerves
What are the physical characteristics of blood?
Sticky and opaque Color ranges from scarlet to dull red Heavier than water
Section 8
(50 cards)
What is the system of veins and arteries called?
Vascular system
What are the smaller veins?
Venules
What does it mean for a hormone to be tropic?
What is the pressure like at the venae cavae?
Nearly negative
What is blood pressure?
Pressure the blood exerts against he inner walls of vessels
What are capillaries?
Small little tubes that are in between the veins and arteries
What is the universal acceptor?
AB
What vessels does the blood pressure apply to?
Arteries
Where do all formed elements come from?
Common stem cells
Are all steroids negative?
No
What is low blood pressure?
Hypotension
Hepatic veins drain blood from where?
Abdominal organs and liver
Veins
Carry blood TO the heart Smaller walls Assisted by muscle activity
Why should you stop hearing the sound when it reaches the diastolic number?
The heart doesn't need to push as hard because there isn't pressure
What is high blood pressure?
Hypertension
Antigen
What are two classifications of hormones?
Amino acid and sterioss
What is arterial pulse?
Pulse we feel because of the heart beating
What's the average cardiac output?
5.25
What is the key to the strength of the endocrine system??
Hormones
What does arteriosclerosis do to blood pressure?
Increase
Ilac veins drain blood from where?
Legs
Aortic arch
Subclavian arteries(to arm) Carotid arteries( to head)
How is hormone release regulates?
Negative feedback
Explain what cardiac output is?
Measures of blood volume pumped out in one minute
What are the major processes controlled by hormones?
Reproduction, growth and development, mobilizing body defenses, homeostasis, metabolism and energy balance
What do capillaries do?
Nourish tissue
What are the major organs of the endocrine system?
Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal and thymus, pancreas, ovaries and testes
When taking blood pressure, why do you begin hearing a sound when the pressure reaches the systolic level?
The heart has enough pressure to push through the artery
What happens to the pressure as it goes through the body?
Decreases
Are the glands ductless or they have ducts?
Ductless
What are the two pressures we speak of?
Systolic and Diastolic
Jugular veins drains blood from where?
Head
Arteries
Carry blood AWAY from heart Thicker walls Strong under pumping force
What is the hardening of arteries?
Arteriosclerosis
Descending aorta
Thoracic organs Pelvis and legs Abdominal organs
Where are hormones released?
Blood stream
Hemophilia
Hereditary bleeding disorder
Four major veins
Jugular veins Brachiocephalic veins Hepatic veins Iliac veins
Where do we find the higher pressure gradient in the body?
Arteries bear the heart
Ascending aorta
Coronary arteries to heart (give blood back to the heart)
What is the life span of RBC?
100-120 days
Brachiocephalic veins drains blood from where?
Arms
About what percentage of blood loss can be body handle?
30%
Explain why a person's heart rate can decrease as a result of their heart becoming stronger
It pumps out so much blood it doesn't have to as fast pump to get the same amount of energy
What are the three parts to the vascular system?
Arteries, veins, capillaries
What is the universal donor?
O
Why do the organs of the endocrine system have a good blood supply?
They need it to send hormones
Blood cell formation
Hematopoiesis
Why can't RBC undergo mitosis?
They are don't have a nucleus
Section 9
(50 cards)
What are tricuspid valves?
Three flaps
Location of the heart within the body and the size
In the bony thorax and the size of a fist
Purpose of coronary veins
Drain blood used blood away
What systems does the cardiovascular system work with?
Nearly every system in the body
How many times is the 6 quarts of blood pumped through the body each day?
1,000 times
What is congestive heart failure?
A buildup in arteries that inhabits efficiency
What is systole?
Contracts of heart
How long can the body survive without oxygen?
Minutes
What are the two regulators of the heart beats?
Autonomic nervous system Nodal system
What kind of valve is between the LEFT atrium and ventricle?
Bicuspid
What are the responsibilities of the mucus?
Remove debris and moisten air
What is systemic circulation?
Whole body and back to the heart
What is the pericardium?
Double sac that encloses the heart
What is the cardiac cycle?
The way the ventricles and atria interact
Purpose of coronary arteries
Feed blood to the heart tissue
What are main purposes of the cardiovascular system?
Supplies oxygen and nutrients to tissue
What is the average heart rate for females?
72-80
What is the palate?
Nasal cavity is separated from mouth
Where is the gas exchanged in the respiratory system?
Alveoli
What is the driving force in gas exchange?
Tissue
What are the four chambers of the heart?
Two atrium Two ventricles
What is the large artery leaving the heart going to the rest of the body?
Aorta
What is the only externally visible part of the respiratory system?
Nose
What other system does the cardiovascular system work with?
Nearly every other system in the body
Can heart output be changed?
Yes
What are bicuspid valves?
Two flaps
What 2 systems work together to remove waste and supply oxygen to the body's cells?
Cardiovascular and respiratory
What does the SA node do?
Acts like a pacemaker of heart
What is the lining of the nose like?
Lined with mucus
What are the three jobs of the conduction pathways?
Purify, humidify, warm air
What is the more specific name for the sinuses in the head?
Paranasal sinuses
What are the organs of the respiratory system?
Nose, Pharynx, Larynx, Bronchi, Lungs, Alveoli, Trachea
What are the two types of palates, and how are they different?
Hard bone and soft bone
What is the pulmonary circulation?
Lungs and back to the heart
What is the average heart rate for a fetus?
140-160
What are the three layers of the heart?
Epicardium Myocardium Endocardium
From where does the left side receive blood?
Lungs
What is diastole?
Relaxing of the heart
Are we referring to atria or ventricles when we discuss systole and diastole?
Ventricles
What is the average heart rate for males?
64-72
What is also removed?
Carbon dioxide
Explain how the heart functions like a double pump?
Atrium receives blood and pumps into ventricles and ventricles pump into rest of body
Can the heart pump without nerves?
Yes
How many cells in the body require oxygen?
Trillions
Explain capillary exchange?
Gas exchange in tissue
What stimulate cardiac muscles?
Nerves
Components of cardiovascular
Heart, veins, capillaries, arteries
What are sinuses?
Nasal cavity is surrounded by these
What are the large veins where blood enters the heart?
Vena Cava
What kind of valve is between the RIGHT atrium and ventricle?
Tricuspid
Section 10
(50 cards)
What structure routes air and food in proper direction?
Epiglottis
What is normal viral capacity?
3000mL
What other structures does the pharynx connect with in the respiratory system?
Nasal and oral cavities to the larynx
Where is the higher concentration of oxygen?
Capillaries
What is the normal tidal volume for a human?
500mL
What is the pharynx?
Funnel chapped passageway
Why do we have residual volume?
So the lungs don't collapse in
What are some factors that you think will increase the vital capacity in a person?
Higher altitude
What is laryngitis?
Hoarseness
What are the two types of ventilation?
Inspiration, expiration
What are the characteristics of the lungs?
Paired, cone-shaped, enclosed by plura, lined with alveoli, not hollow
Is a person had a problem with food always going into the airways, what structure might be damaged?
Epiglottis
What is residual volume?
Amount of air that remains in the lungs at all times
What are tonsils?
Adenoids
What are some symptoms of pneumonia?
Fever, thick fluid build up, cough, breathing problems, chest pain
What is the driving force?
Diffusion
Vital capacity
Maximum amount that can be moved during a single breathe
What is the trachea?
Windpipe
What is the common passageway for air and food?
Pharynx
What are some occasions where expiration is an active process?
Sighing and exercise
What characteristic of alveoli allows large amounts of gas exchange?
High surface area
After internal respiration where is the higher concentration of oxygen?
Tissue
After internal respiration where is the higher concentration of carbon dioxide?
Capillaries
How are the mucosa affected by smoking?
Destroyed
Where is the higher concentration of carbon dioxide?
Tissue
What is pneumonia?
Infection of the lung
Can we make expiration active?
Yes
What are the smallest of the bronchial tubes?
Bronchioles
What is the internal respiration?
Exchange of gases in the body tissue
What is the pleura?
Serous membrane
What structure is the windpipe?
Trachea
What is the expiratory volume?
Maximum amount pushed out
What is sinusitis?
Infection of cranial sinuses
What is tonsillitis?
Inflamed and enlarged tonsils
What are two functions for the larynx?
Connects pharynx to trachea, contains vocal chords
What are some effect of sinusitis?
Blockage, pain, drainage
What are alveoli?
Air sacs lined with capillaries
What are two functions of the sinuses cavities?
Lighten the skull and resonate sound
What is the hierarchy of organization of the bronchial tubes?
Primary, secondary, tertiary
What functions do the mucous membranes and cilia perform?
Remove debris
What is external respiration?
Exchange of gases in the lungs
What is the inspiratory reserve volume?
Maximum amount breathed in
What is an infection of the sinus cavities?
Sinusitis
What process drives the gas exchange?
Diffusion
What is tidal volume?
Small normal amounts of air that moves in and out
What is significant about the lining of the trachea?
Lined with mucus and cilia
Explain why these mucosa are essential?
Remove debris
What are bronchial (bronchi) tubes?
Trachea divides into
What is the common name for the pharynx?
Throat
What is the epiglottis?
Flap of skin that directs food and air in the correct directions
Section 11
(50 cards)
Where is the body's useable nutrition passed into the cells?
Small intestine
What does the alimentary canal do?
Digests food and absorbs it into the blood stream
About how long is the small intestine?
18 feet
How many deciduous teeth do children have?
20
Is lung cancer very common?
Yes
What does the stomach digest?
Proteins
What is chyme?
A substance that resembles heavy cream produced by chemical digestion
What is the overall purpose of the stomach for the digestive process?
Temporary storage tank for food, helps with preliminary digestion, churns and mixes food
Where does the large intestine connect on both sides?
Small intestine to anus
What opens up to the exterior?
Anus
What are the chances of being cured of lung cancer?
Very low
How is the small intestine equipped for absorption?
Large surface area
What is periodontis?
Teeth fall out from loosening
What is the purpose of the teeth?
Help mastication
What are the accessory structures?
Made up of organs that assist the process of the alimentary in various ways
What is the body's major digestive organ?
Small intestine
Total molars?
12
What is the esophagus?
Runs from the pharynx to stomach connecting the two
What are dangers of passive smoking?
Cause lung cancer in healthy nonsmoker
How many permanent teeth do humans have( including wisdom teeth)?
32
What do gastric juices do?
Help break down food enzymes
Total cuspids?
4
About how long is the large intestine?
1.5 meters
How long is the esophagus?
10 inches
What are tooth carries?
Cavities and decay in the tooth
What is the main function of the large intestine?
Absorb water
What cancers can be caused by smoking?
Bladder, kidney, pancreas, stomach, uterine cervix, lung
What is the role of the pancreas?
Produces enzymes for digestion
What are the two main groups the digestive organs can be seperated into?
Alimentary canal structure & accessory digestive structure
What is the pharynx?
Common passageway for food, air, fluids. Helps in swallowing
Is there a safe way to smoke?
No
Total incisors?
8
What does the small intestine digest?
Fats
What is bronchitis?
Infection of bronchi
What does it mean to be a deciduous tooth?
They fall out and another grows in its place
What are the roles of the salivary glands?
Produce saliva, help swallowing
What happens as far as chemical digestion in the small intestine?
Happens a lot
What structures does the mouth contain?
Lips, cheeks, hard palate, soft palate, and uvula
What are the two types of sphincters in the anus?
Voluntary and involuntary
What are the three subdivisions of the large intestine, and how are they described?
Ascending, descending, transverse
Specific structures of the accessory structures?
Teeth, tongue, several glands
What kind of short term risks are there from smoking cigarettes?
Hard to breathe and worsen asthma and allergies
What is gingivitis?
Inflammation of the gums
What are 5 specific accessory organs of the digestive system?
Pancreas, liver, gallbladder, salivary glands, teeth
How is digestion regulated by the pyloric sphincter?
It is only allowed in small amounts
Can you safely smoke and not inhale?
No
Total bicuspids?
8
What other diseases can be caused by smoking?
Chronic bronchitis, emphysema
Where does nearly all food absorption occur in the body?
Small intestine
What is a limitation as far as material the small intestine can process at once?
Small amounts
Section 12
(50 cards)
What are the ureters?
Extend from the kidneys to bladder
What is the normal pH of the urine?
6
Why is the pH of the urine acidic?
Because of acidic foods
What is the main component of food that is dissolved in the stomach?
Protein
What are five characteristics of the kidneys?
Paired organs, bean shaped, reddish brown, renal artery, renal vein
What activates the stomach muscles to churn?
Stomach stretching
What causes heartburn?
Cardiac sphincter let's gastric juices back up into the esophagus
What rations the amount of food reaching the small intestine?
Small amounts
What are the primary organs of excretion?
Kindey
What percentage of feces is water?
Bacteria, fiber, other indigestible material
What are polyps?
Small growths
What other ions besides sodium do the kidneys control?
Potassium and calcium
How much absorption occurs in the stomach?
Almost none
Where does the final absorption of water occur?
Large intestine
Explain how salts can cause a higher blood pressure?
Constricts blood vessels making the blood thicker because of the diffusion of water into the blood
What is defection?
Removing of waste
What is ingestion?
Taking in of food
About how long does food spend in the small intestine?
3-6 hours
Propulsion
Good moves through your body
What is peristalsis?
The moving of food through the system
Why does the acid hurt the esophagus more than the stomach?
There is no mucus lining in the esophagus
How much surface area does the small intestine have?
Size of a tennis court
What is absorption?
All nutrients are taken into the body
Does much chemical digestion happen in the stomach?
Little
About how much time does food spend in the stomach?
4-6 hours
What are the functions of the kidneys?
Excretion of metabolic waste, preservation of waste/ salt balance, maintain acid balance, secret hormones, maintain blood pressure
What waste is from the breakdown of nucleotides?
Uris acid
Where does most of the absorption of nutrition occur?
Small intestine
What is diarrhea?
Infection of lower intestine
What is the normal pH of the blood?
7.4
How does it affect the blood pressure?
Constricts vessels
What are some other types of waste?
Ammonium, creatine, Uric acid
Is food fully digested by the time it reaches the small intestine?
No
What waste if from the breakdown of amino acids?
Urea
Why doesn't the stomach dissolve in the acids?
Because the mucus lining protects it
What is the nitrogenous end product of metabolism?
Urea
Absorption
Goes through small intestine to absorb nutrients
What are the three parts to the small intestine?
Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum
What are the activities of the stomach?
Secretion of gastric juices and mechanical digestion
How do salts affect water balance?
Raise blood pressure
What causes vomiting?
Reverse peristalsis occurring in the stomach
What type of waste is the main type excreted by the kidney?
Nitrogenous
Is anything else absorbed in the large intestine?
Some vitamins but mostly water
What are the activities of the small intestine?
Digest fat
Explain how salts can cause a higher volume of blood?
More salt equals higher blood volume
What types of food have had digestion started by the time they reach the small intestine?
Carbohydrates, proteins
What is constipation?
Drying and hardening of feces
What are two gastric juices produced by the stomach?
Hydrochloric acid Pepsin
What enzymes is released by the kidneys to control blood pressure?
Renin
What are the two main functions of the digestive system?
Digestion, absorption
Section 13
(15 cards)