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AP Biology Gene Expression

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Last updated

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Date created

Mar 1, 2020

Cards (95)

Section 1

(50 cards)

Reading frame

Front

the sequence of the DNA that is between the start codon and the end codon (with triplet sequences in between). They can be altered/changes when there are insertions and deletions.

Back

promoter

Front

The DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches to start transcription.

Back

bacteriophages

Front

viruses that infect bacteria. Bacteriophages consist only of proteins and DNA.

Back

Okazaki fragments

Front

The fragments that are going by DNA ligase to compose the lagging strand. They are short replicated fragments on the lagging strand that are formed 5-3. The spaces between the fragments are filled via DNA ligase to make a continuous DNA strand.

Back

Single-strand binding proteins

Front

bind to and stabilize single-stranded DNA

Back

transcription initiation complex

Front

The completed assembly of transcription factors and RNA polymerase II bound to a promoter

Back

heterochromatin

Front

densely pack chromatin

Back

euchromatin

Front

Loosely packed chromatin

Back

Why do purine and pyrimidines bases always pair together?

Front

because of the number of hydrogen bonds they are able to form

Back

transcription unit

Front

The stretch of DNA that is transcribed

Back

What is a gene?

Front

protein

Back

origins of replication

Front

The site where replication occurs where the two DNA strands are separated, opening up a replication "bubble".

Back

DNA is the genetic material

Front

polymer of nucleotides, DNA composition varies from one species to the next, A and T bases are equal and the number of G and C bases are equal

Back

Initiation of translation

Front

Small subunit of the ribosome attaches to the cap and moves to the translation initial site. TrNA anticodons attach to the codon that had MET (the amino acid for the start codon). The large subs unit attaches to make the P and the A site.

Back

How is RNA read?

Front

tRNA

Back

Transformation

Front

a change in genotype and phenotype due to assimilation of foreign DNA

Back

Transcription factors

Front

mediate the binding of RNA polymerase and the initiation of transcription Transcription factors guide the blind polymerase

Back

lagging strand

Front

the template strand of DNA where DNA polymerase must work in the direction away from the replication fork

Back

DNA polymerase

Front

adds nucleotides to the 3' end of the growing DNA sequence. It needs a primer. It can only go in one direction and extend on an existing DNA molecule is gets it's energy from dATP

Back

Ribosomes

Front

the sites of translation (in eukaryotes, the nuclear envelop separates transcription)

Back

Helicases

Front

enzymes that untwist the double helix at the replication forks.

Back

nucleotides

Front

a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and a phosphate group

Back

What is the language of DNA/RNA?

Front

genetic code

Back

Codon/triplet nucleotides

Front

The genetic code must be written in triplets because they are the smallest unit of uniform length that can code for all the amino acids. There are 20 amino acids. This will allow for 64 possible codes, with repetition. Gentic code in universal

Back

TATA box

Front

The promotor that crews the initial complex in eukaryotes

Back

leading strand

Front

the template strand of DNA where replication happens continuously toward the replication fork because it is aligned properly

Back

central dogma

Front

he concept that cells are governed by a cellular chain of command: DNA to RNA to protein

Back

Topoisomerase

Front

corrects "overwinding" ahead of replication forks by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands

Back

The three stages of transcription

Front

Initiation, Elongation, Termination

Back

bacterial chromosome

Front

double-stranded, circular, few

Back

Telomeres

Front

non-coding DNA at the ends of chromosomes. Telomerase adds "junk" repeats to leading strands... Polymerase is able to copy lagging strand... Now the unreplicated lagging overhang is unimportant "junk" (BUT telomerase can only be found in cancerous tissues)

Back

Semiconservative model

Front

Back

How is a gene transcribed?

Front

RNA polymerase

Back

Other functions of DNA polymerases

Front

proof reading by replacing any incorrect nucleotides

Back

nucleotide excision repair

Front

a nuclease cuts out and replaces damaged stretches of DNA

Back

Transcription

Front

the synthesis of RNA using information in DNA Transcription produces messenger RNA (mRNA)

Back

terminator

Front

in bacteria, the sequence signaling the end of transcription

Back

mismatch repair

Front

repair enzymes that correct errors in base pairing

Back

eukaryotic chromosome

Front

linear, large amount of protein

Back

replication fork

Front

a Y-shaped region where new DNA strands are elongating that is located at the end of the replication bubble.

Back

RNA Primase

Front

In DNA replication, RNA primase adds temporary RNA nucleotides for DNA polymerase to work from and add nucleotides to

Back

Translation

Front

the synthesis of a polypeptide, using information in the mRNA

Back

Pyrimidine

Front

C/T, single ring, X size, 3 hydrogen bonds

Back

Purine

Front

A/G, 2 organic rings, 2X the size, 2 hydrogen bonds

Back

How is protein produced?

Front

ribosomes

Back

introns

Front

These noncoding regions are called intervening sequences

Back

primary transcript

Front

initial RNA transcript from any gene prior to processing

Back

Chromatin

Front

a complex of DNA and protein, is found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells

Back

How is transcript processed?

Front

RNA splicing

Back

RNA polymerase

Front

The Starter of RNA synthesis. It pries the DNA strands apart and hooks together the RNA nucleotides

Back

Section 2

(45 cards)

Determination

Front

commits a cell to its final fate

Back

REPRESSIBLE OPERON:

Front

repressor is NOT bound; operon is usually on • for enzymes that ARE normally needed • can be turned OFF if not needed (repressor is made active by excess product of the pathway) tryp anabolic pathways; their synthesis is repressed by high levels of the end product negative control

Back

Proteasomes

Front

giant protein complexes that bind protein molecules and degrade them

Back

INDUCIBLE OPERON:

Front

repressor IS bound; operon is usually off • for enzymes that are usually NOT needed • can be turned ON when necessary (repressor is inhibitted by the pathway's substrate) lac catabolic pathways; their synthesis is induced by a chemical signal negative control

Back

RNA

Front

It can form a three-dimensional structure because of its ability to base-pair with itself Some bases in RNA contain functional groups that may participate in catalysis RNA may hydrogen-bond with other nucleic acid molecules

Back

Termination of translation

Front

A release favor comes in (the stop codon) and the chain stops building on the polypeptide. The protein is then released.

Back

FRAMESHIFTS:

Front

any insertion or deletion NOT divisible by 3 will shift the reading frame... causing extense missense (wrong amino acid coding)

Back

repressor

Front

can switch the operon off/on by preventing gene transcription by binding to the operator and blocking RNA polymerase

Back

wobble

Front

Flexible pairing at the third base of a codon that allows some tRNAs to bind to more than one codon

Back

RNA splicing

Front

removes introns and joins exons, creating an mRNA molecule with a continuous coding sequence

Back

anticodon

Front

the anticodon base-pairs with a complementary codon on mRNA

Back

control elements

Front

segments of noncoding DNA that serve as binding sites for transcription factors that help regulate transcription

Back

RNA PROCESSING: regulation of eukaryotes

Front

Regulate alternative splicing possibilities with proteins that block splice sites

Back

nonsense

Front

have an early stop!

Back

domains

Front

Proteins often have a modular architecture consisting of discrete regions

Back

Silent mutations

Front

have no effect

Back

Ribozymes

Front

catalytic RNA molecules that function as enzymes and can splice RNA

Back

missense

Front

have the wrong amino acid

Back

DNA methylation

Front

the addition of methyl groups to certain bases in DNA, is associated with reduced transcription in some species. DNA methylation can cause long-term inactivation of genes in cellular differentiation. Methylation regulates expression of either the maternal or paternal alleles of certain genes at the start of development basically, it loosens or tightens the chromatin to allow or inhibition transcription by making DNA available or not.

Back

P site

Front

holds the tRNA that carries the growing polypeptide chain

Back

histone acetylation

Front

acetyl groups are attached to positively charged lysines in histone tails

Back

Chromatin

Front

DNA packaged with proteins

Back

Cytoplasmic determinants

Front

maternal substances in the egg that influence early development

Back

corepressor

Front

a molecule that cooperates with a repressor protein to switch an operon off (tryp)

Back

Ribosomes

Front

Ribosomes facilitate specific coupling of tRNA anticodons with mRNA codons in protein synthesis

Back

HISTONES

Front

DNA is wrapped around a set of eight proteins Histones are small, proteins that binds tightly to negatively charged DNA to make chromatin.

Back

alternative RNA splicing

Front

different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and which as introns

Back

POINT MUTATIONS

Front

single base changed

Back

operator

Front

Aclusteroffunctionallyrelatedgenescanbeundercoordinated control by a single "on-off switch"

Back

induction

Front

signal molecules from embryonic cells cause transcriptional changes in nearby target cells

Back

RNA interference (RNAi)

Front

The phenomenon of inhibition of gene expression by RNA molecules

Back

operon

Front

the entire stretch of DNA that includes the operator, the promoter, and the genes that they control How gene expression is controlled in bacteria they are only in prokaryotes

Back

RNA OR PROTEIN DEGRADATION: regulation of eukaryotes

Front

Regulate lifespan of each using exonucleases and proteasomes

Back

NUCLEOSOME

Front

DNA makes 1.75 turns around the histone octamer

Back

TRANSCRIPTION: regulation of eukaryotes

Front

Regulate individual genes using transcription factors (TFs) and activators

Back

exons

Front

they are eventually expressed, usually translated into amino acid sequences

Back

eukaryotic gene regulation

Front

happens through many steps

Back

transcription factors

Front

To initiate transcription, eukaryotic RNA polymerase requires the assistance of proteins called transcription factors* are essential for the transcription of all protein-coding genes. Some transcription factors function as repressors, inhibiting expression of a particular gene by a variety of methods

Back

Cell differentiation

Front

the process by which cells become specialized in structure and function

Back

Control elements and the transcription factors

Front

they bind and are critical to the precise regulation of gene expression in different cell types

Back

DNA PACKING: regulation of eukaryotes

Front

Regulate condensation of DNA regions into inactive heterochromatin or decondensation into transcriptionally active euchromatin

Back

How is protein synthesized?

Front

Requires all three major types of RNA... • mRNA - "Recipe" the coding sequence of the gene • aminoacyl tRNAs - "Cook" read codon, carry appropriate amino acid (translation!) • rRNA - "Cookware" forms the core of the ribosome which forms peptide bonds between amino acids

Back

tRNAs

Front

transfer amino acids to the growing polypeptide in a ribosome

Back

Elongation of translation

Front

MET is transferred to the A site amino acid and the tRNA moves along to the next site. The amino acids attach on the tRNA in the a site. The ribosome moves along the mRNA.

Back

Result of heterochromatin

Front

Genes within highly packed heterochromatin are usually not expressed

Back