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Chapter 48 AP Biology

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Neurons

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Biology Science

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Mar 1, 2020

Cards (38)

Section 1

(38 cards)

Neurons

Front

Individual cells in the nervous system that receive, integrate, and transmit information.

Back

ion channels

Front

A transmembrane protein channel that allows a specific ion to diffuse across the membrane down its concentration or electrochemical gradient.

Back

Threshold

Front

Level of stimulation needed to trigger a neural impulse

Back

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

Front

a widely distributed amino acid transmitter, and the main inhibitory transmitter in the mammalian nervous system

Back

Oligodendrocytes (CNS) and Schwann cells (PNS)

Front

The two types of glia that form myelin sheaths around axons.

Back

Resting potential

Front

electrical charge across the cell membrane of a resting neuron

Back

glial cells (glia)

Front

cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons; found in vertebrates and most invertebrates

Back

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Front

the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body.

Back

Cell body

Front

Largest part of a typical neuron; contains the nucleus and much of the cytoplasm

Back

Synaptic terminal

Front

A bulb at the end of an axon in which neurotransmitter molecules are stored and released.

Back

Brain

Front

The mass of nerve tissue that is the main control center of the nervous system

Back

Hyperpolarization

Front

The movement of the membrane potential of a cell away from rest potential in a more negative direction.

Back

membrane potential (mV)

Front

Difference in voltage across the plasma membrane; always given in terms of voltage inside the cell relative to voltage outside the cell

Back

Nerves

Front

Bundles of neuron fibers (axons) that are routed together in the peripheral nervous system.

Back

Motor neurons

Front

neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands

Back

Dendrites

Front

Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to RECEIVE information.

Back

Axon

Front

A threadlike extension of a neuron that TRANSMITS nerve impulses away from the cell body.

Back

Synapse

Front

the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron

Back

Ganglia

Front

Masses of nerve cell bodies

Back

Endorphins

Front

neurotransmitters linked to pain control, decrease pain perception, reduce urine output, decrease respiration, and produce happiness; synthesized in brain during times of emotional or physical stress (example: child birth)

Back

Gated ion channels

Front

ion channels in neurons that open or close in response to stimuli

Back

Refractory period

Front

a period of inactivity after a neuron has fired; second action potential cannot be initiated

Back

Glutamate

Front

A major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory

Back

nodes of Ranvier

Front

Gaps in the myelin sheath to which voltage-gated sodium channels are confined; depolarized region between Schwann cells in the axon of a neuron

Back

Voltage-gated ion channels

Front

Channels that open or close in response to a change in the membrane potential.

Back

Myelin sheath

Front

A layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next.

Back

Sodium-potassium pump

Front

a carrier protein that uses ATP to actively transport sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into the cell

Back

Neurotransmitters

Front

chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons

Back

Depolarization

Front

The process during the action potential when typically sodium is rushing into the cell (through gated sodium channels) causing the interior to become more positive.

Back

Axon hillock

Front

The conical region of a neuron's axon where it joins the cell body; typically the region where nerve signals is generated.

Back

Interneurons

Front

Central nervous system neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs; majority of neurons in brain

Back

Sensory neurons

Front

neurons that carry incoming information about external stimuli from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord

Back

Ligand-gated ion channel

Front

Type of membrane receptor that has a region that can act as a "gate" when the receptor changes shape; receptor protein that binds and responds to neurotransmitters

Back

Presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons

Front

Presynaptic: The neuron that carries the impulse towards the synapse Postsynaptic: The neuron that carries the impulse away from the synapse.

Back

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Front

Brain and spinal cord; Integration and command center

Back

Action potential

Front

a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon; have a constant magnitude; used for transmitting a signal long distance; occurs when depolarization increases voltage to threshold

Back

biogenic amines

Front

Neurotransmitters derived from amino acids, includes norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin

Back

Three stages of information processing in a nervous system

Front

Sensory input, integration, and motor output

Back