FSC CHEM 1011 Unit 1 Test

Kilo =...

1000 (10 3)

Shiny, silver metal reacts in air to give a black, grainy coating, a piece of wood burns with a bright flame and produces heat, ashes, carbon dioxide, and water vapor, heating sugar forms a smooth, caramel-colored substance, and iron combines with oxygen to form orange-red rust

Chemical changes

Mixture

A type of matter that consists of

• two or more substances that are physically mixed but not chemically combined
• two or more substances in different proportions
• substances that can be separated by physical means

Temperature water boils at

212oF, 100oC, 373 K

Formula for converting from farenheit to celsius

Tf - 32 / 1.8 = Tc

Potential energy is...

energy stored for use at a later time. Ex: PBJ sandwich, a compressed spring, chemical bonds in gasoline, coal, or food

Length is measured in...

Meters (metric + SI)

Condensation is

gas to liquid

Density = ...

Mass of substance / Volume of substance

The kelvin scale has...

• units called kelvins (K)
• no degree symbol in front of K to represent temperature
• no negative temperatures
• the same size units as Celsius: 1K=1oC
• 0oC is the same as 273 K

Basic length conversions (cm, in)

1 m = 100 cm, 1 m = 39.4 in, 1 m = 1.09 yd, 2.54 cm = 1 in.

The calorie is defined as...

the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1oC

To melt water,

H2O9s) + 80. cal/g (or 334 J/g) = H2O(L)

Specific heat formula

heat / grams x change in temperature

Basic volume conversions (ml, qt)

1 L = 1000 mL, 1 L = 1.06 qt, 946 mL = 1 qt

On a heating curve, diagonal lines indicate...

changes in temperature for a physical state

The faster the particles move...

the greater the heat or thermal energy of the substance

Sand in the desert is hot in the day and cool at night.

Sand must have a...

low specific heat

Chemistry is...

the study of the composition, structure, properties, and reactions of matter.

The heat of fusion is...

• the amount of heat released when 1 g of liquid freezes
• the amount of heat needed to melt 1 g of solid

Basic mass conversions (kg, g, lb)

1 kg = 1000 g, 1 kg = 2.20 lb, 454 g = 1 lb

How many kcal/g in fat?

9 kcal/g

The estimated number is...

the final number in your measured number.

Heat equation

mass x temperature change x specific heat

Pure substances

have a fixed or definite composition 

Nutritionists burn food in a calorimeter that...

• is used to measure heat transfer
• consists of a steel container filled with oxygen and a measured amount of water
• indicates the heat gained by water, which is the heat lost by a sample during combustion

Solids have

• a definite shape
• a definite volume
• particles that are close together in a fixed arrangement
• particles that move very slowly

Temperature water freezes at

32oF, 0oC, 273 K

On the Fahrenheit scale, there are X degrees between the boiling and freezing points of water

180

Energy is measured in...

• the SI unit, the Joule (J) or in kilojoules (kJ), 1000 joules
• units of calories (cal) or in kilocalories (kcal), 1000 calories

Centi =...

0.01 (10 -2)

Gas particles are

random and far apart, have no connection, and are very fast

Measured Numbers are...

the numbers obtained when you measure a quantity such as your height, weight, or temperature.

Chemical change

when one occurs, the original substance is turned into one or more new substances with new chemical and physical properties

How many kcal/g in protein?

4 kcal/g

The International System of Units (SI) is...

an official system of measurement used throughout the world for units of length, volume, mass, temperature, and time.

Heat of vaporization for water

H2)(L) + 540 cal/g (or 2260 J/g) = H2O (g)

Elements are...

pure substances that contain only one type of material. ex: copper, Cu, lead, Pb, aluminum, Al

Mass is...

a measure of the quantity of material it contains. measured in pounds (metric) and grams (SI)

Liquid particles are

random but close, have strong interactions, and move moderately fast

Sublimation is..

Solid turning into gas

Formula for converting from celsius to farenheit

Tf = 1.8(Tc) + 32

Volume is...

the space occupied by a substance. measured in Liters (metric) and m3 / cubic meter (SI)

Vaporization is

Liquid to gas

Chemical properties

describe the ability of a substance to change into a new substance

Specific heat is...

• differnt for different substances
• the amount of heat that raises the temperature of exactly 1 g of a substance by exactly 1oC
• has units of J/goC in the SI system and units of cal/goC in the metric system

Exact numbers are...

• not measured and do not have a limited number of significant figures
• not used to find the number of significant figures in a calculated answer
• numbers obtained by counting
• definitions in the same measuring system
• definitions that compare two units

Significant Figures are...

• used to represent the amount of error associated with a measurement
• all nonzero digits and zeros between digits
• not zeros that act as placeholders before digits
• zeros at the end of a decimal number

Heat is...

the energy associated with the movement of particles

Matter is...

the material that makes up all things and is anything that has mass and occupies space

Physical properties are

• characteristics observed or measured without changing the identity of a substance
• include shape, physical state, boiling and freezing points, density, and color of the substance

Kinetic Energy is...

the energy of motion. Ex: swimming, water flowing over a dam, working out

Specific Gravity (sp gr) is...

• a relationship between the density of a substance and the density of water
• calculated by dividing the density of a sample by the density of water, which is 1.00 g/ml at 4^oC.
• a unitless quantity

= density of sample / density of water

How many kcal/g in carbohydrates?

4 kcal/g

A physical change occurs in a substance if there is...

• a change in the state
• a change in the physical shape
• no change in the identity and composition of the substance

Homogenous mixture

the composition is uniform throughout and the different parts of the mixture are not visible. ex: soda water, air

The 4 Steps of the Scientific Method

1. Observation
2. Hypothesis
3. Experiments
4. Conclusion

The heat of vaporization is the amount of heat

• absorbed to change 1 g of liquid to gas the boiling point
• released when 1 g of gas changes to liquid at the boiling point

Deposition is

Gas turning into solid

Liquids have

• an indefinite shape but a definite volume
• the same shape as their container
• particles that are close together but mobile
• particles that move slowly

Heterogeneous mixture

the composition varies from one part of the mixture to another and the different parts of the mixture are visible. ex: blood, shampoo

Gases have

• an indefinite shape
• an indefinite volume
• the same shape and volume as their container
• particles that are far apart
• particles that move very fast

Micro = ...

0.000001 (10 -6)

Solid particles are

fixed and very close, have very strong interactions, and are very slow

Milli = ...

0.001 (10 -3)

Deci = ...

0.1 (10 -1)

When sublimation occurs,

• the particles on the surface of the solid change directly to a gas
• there is no change in temperature

On the Celsius scale, there are X degrees between the boiling and freezing points of water

100

On a heating curve, horizontal lines (plateaus) indicate

changes of state and a constant temperature

Chemicals are...

substances that have the same composition and properties wherever found.

Compound

contains two or more elements in a definite ratio. ex: hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), table salt (NaCl), table sugar (C12H22O11), water (H2O)

To freeze water,

H2O(L) = H2)(s) + 80 cal/g (or 334 J/g)

When ocean water cools, the surrounding air

warms

Temperature...

measures how hot or cold something is. measured in degrees Celsius (metric) and kelvin (SI)

Conversion between calories and joules

1 cal = 4.184 J (exact)

Water boils to form water vapor, copper is drawn into thing copper wires, sugar dissolves in water to form a solution, and paper is cut into tiny pieces of confetti

Physical changes