Section 1
Preview this deck
Ecosystem Diversity
Front
| 5 | 0 | ||
| 4 | 0 | ||
| 3 | 0 | ||
| 2 | 0 | ||
| 1 | 0 |
Active users
2
All-time users
2
Favorites
0
Last updated
5 years ago
Date created
Mar 1, 2020
Cards (260)
Section 1
(50 cards)
Ecosystem Diversity
deals with the variations in ecosystems within a geographical location and its overall impact on human existence and the environment. Ecosystem diversity is a type of biodiversity. It is the variation in the ecosystems found in a region or the variation in ecosystems over the whole planet.
Climate Change
occurs when changes in Earth's climate system result in new weather patterns that last for at least a few decades, and maybe for millions of years. The climate system is comprised of five interacting parts, the atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, biosphere, and lithosphere.
Gene Flow
The result of fertile members of a species moving into or out of a population.
Commensalism
A symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other does not, but also is not harmed.
Competition
A type of interspecific interaction where both species are harmed.
Biogeochemical Cycle
The processes that transfer chemical elements between biotic and abiotic components in an ecosystem. There are several main cycles: the water cycle, the carbon cycle, the nitrogen cycle, and the phosphorus cycle.
Renewable Resources
A renewable resource is a resource which can be used repeatedly and replaced naturally.
Biodiversity
is simply the diversity of life in an area.
Decomposer
an organism, especially a soil bacterium, fungus, or invertebrate, that decomposes organic material.
Consumer
An organism that must eat or absorb complex food molecules derived from the bodies of other organisms. Consumers get their energy and nutrients from such food molecules. Humans and other animals are consumers, as are fungi and most bacteria.
Keystone/Foundation Species
A species that is dominant in a community.
Sexual Selection
Natural selection arising through preference by one sex for certain characteristics in individuals of the other sex.
DNA Translation
In molecular biology and genetics, translation is the process in which ribosomes in the cytoplasm or ER synthesize proteins after the process of transcription of DNA to RNA in the cell's nucleus. The entire process is called gene expression.
Primary Consumers
is an organism that feeds on primary producers. Organisms of this type make up the second trophic level and are consumed or predated by secondary consumers, tertiary consumers or apex predators.
Interspecific Interactions
are the effects the individuals of different species have on one another.
Natural Selection
A process by which nature (i.e. the environment and all of its components) impacts the evolution of a population. Traits that enable an individual to survive better or produce more offspring than other individuals in the population will become more common over time.
Symbiosis
A type of direct community interaction between pairs of species that are intimately and physically connected, with a smaller species (symbiont) living in or on the body of a larger species (host). These direct interactions are described using the term symbiosis, which translates to "together living."
Secondary Consumers
are organisms that eat primary consumers for energy. Primary consumers are always herbivores, or organisms that only eat autotrophic plants. However, secondary consumers can either be carnivores or omnivores.
Adaptation
a change or the process of change by which an organism or species becomes better suited to its environment.
Microevolution
Occurs when the type or frequency of the alleles and genotypes in a population change over time in one to many generations.
Nonrenewable Resources
is a resource of economic value that cannot be readily replaced by natural means on a level equal to its consumption.
Macroevolution
A change in a biological lineage including the origin or extinction of species. This is evolution beyond the species level.
Fossil Record
history of life as documented by fossils, the remains or imprints of the organisms from earlier geological periods preserved in sedimentary rock.
Artificial Selection
Deliberate mating between two individuals who were selected based on desired traits.
Sustainable Technology
Solutions that meet human economic and social needs while preserving the productivity or biodiversity of ecosystems over a long period of time.
Codon
A sequence of three nucleotides in an mRNA molecule that specifies which amino acid should be added to a growing polypeptide chain.
Producer
Organisms that make simple organic food molecules from inorganic raw materials using light energy from the sun and do not consume other living organisms to obtain nutrients. Producers make up trophic level 1 in most ecosystems. Plants, algae, and cyanobacteria are examples of producers.
Detritivore
an animal which feeds on dead organic material, especially plant detritus.
Speciation Event
is a lineage-splitting event that produces two or more separate species.
Species
A group of organisms whose members can and will breed with each other to produce fertile offspring.
Ecosystem
All the living (biotic) things in a particular area together with the abiotic (nonliving) materials and conditions in that area; i.e., a biological community and its physical environment.
Pollution
Materials released or discarded by humans that harm human health or life in ecosystems. Wastes generated by human activities change habitat conditions or threaten the health of organisms directly. Nutrient pollution, for example, is a global problem that harms the diversity of aquatic and some terrestrial communities. Pollution of the atmosphere by greenhouse gases generates climate change, a problem so complex and severe that it is often counted as a separate threat category.
Parasitism
is a relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or in another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life.
Carbon Cycle
The biogeochemical cycle through which carbon flows between the atmosphere, water, land, and ecosystems.
Population
All the individuals of a single species living within the same area and are likely to breed with one another.
Phylogenetic Tree
is a diagram that represents evolutionary relationships among organisms. Phylogenetic trees are hypotheses, not definitive facts. The pattern of branching in a phylogenetic tree reflects how species or other groups evolved from a series of common ancestors.
Predation
A type of interspecific interaction where one species (predator) kills and eats the other species (prey).
Mutation
Changes to the DNA nucleotide sequence. A permanent, irreversible, and heritable change in DNA.
Homologous Features
Shared features/traits that were inherited from the same source and reflect common ancestry. Remember these features/traits are based in genes (not acquired through learning or the environment).
Genetic Diversity
is the total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species. It is distinguished from genetic variability, which describes the tendency of genetic characteristics to vary. Genetic diversity serves as a way for populations to adapt to changing environments.
Evolution
A scientific theory explaining how and why genetic changes occur in populations or higher-level groups over generations of time.
Species Richness
is the number of different species represented in an ecological community, landscape or region. Species richness is simply a count of species, and it does not take into account the abundances of the species or their relative abundance distributions.
Herbivory
the state or condition of feeding on plants.
Mutualism
A type of interspecific interaction where both species benefit.
Ecology
the branch of biology that deals with the relations of organisms to one another and to their physical surroundings.
Genetic Drift
The change in a gene pool as a result of random chance.
Nitrogen Cycle
The biogeochemical cycle through which nitrogen moves through terrestrial ecosystems. Bacteria play multiple roles in the nitrogen cycle, including nitrogen fixation and decomposition.
DNA Transcription
is the first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA by the enzyme RNA polymerase. Both DNA and RNA are nucleic acids, which use base pairs of nucleotides as a complementary language.
Community
All of the populations interacting with each other within a specified area.
Trophic Level
Groupings of species in a community based on their feeding relationships. These food based groupings are called trophic levels. Trophic level 1 is composed of producers that form the base of all ecosystems. Organisms in level 1 are eaten by organisms in level 2; organisms in level 2 are eaten by organisms in level 3; organisms in level 3 are eaten by organisms in level 4, and so on.
Section 2
(50 cards)
Codominance
is a form of dominance wherein the alleles of a gene pair in a heterozygote are fully expressed. This results in offspring with a phenotype that is neither dominant nor recessive. A typical example showing codominance is the ABO blood group system.
Anaphase
the stage of meiotic or mitotic cell division in which the chromosomes move away from one another to opposite poles of the spindle.
Meiosis II
the sister chromatids within the two daughter cells separate, forming four new haploid gametes. The mechanics of meiosis II is similar to mitosis, except that each dividing cell has only one set of homologous chromosomes.
Allele
one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.
rRNA
the type of RNA that is component of a ribosome and assists with the process of translating the instructions for making proteins that are present in messenger RNA (mRNA).
Genotype
the genetic constitution of an individual organism.
Semiconservative
relating to or denoting replication of a nucleic acid in which one complete strand of each double helix is directly derived from the parent molecule.
Histones
are highly alkaline proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei that package and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes. They are the chief protein components of chromatin, acting as spools around which DNA winds, and playing a role in gene regulation.
Haploid
having a single set of unpaired chromosomes.
Replication
in molecular biology, DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule. DNA replication occurs in all living organisms acting as the basis for biological inheritance.
Metaphase II
the second stage of meiosis II, in each of the two daughter cells produced by the first meiotic division (which are known as secondary germ cells), the spindle again draws the chromosomes to the metaphase plate.
Sex Chromosome
a chromosome involved with determining the sex of an organism, typically one of two kinds.
Polygenic
or "multiple gene inheritance" is a member of a group of non-epistatic genes that interact additively to influence a phenotypic trait.
Sexual Reproduction
the production of new living organisms by combining genetic information from two individuals of different types (sexes). In most higher organisms, one sex (male) produces a small motile gamete which travels to fuse with a larger stationary gamete produced by the other (female).
Phenotype
the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.
Recessive Gene
is a gene that can be masked by a dominant gene.
Template Strand
the DNA strand that mRNA is built from is called the template strand because it serves as a template for transcription.
Homozygous
having two identical alleles of a particular gene or genes.
mRNA
the type of RNA molecules that contain instructions for making a protein.
Autosomal
is a term used in genetic genealogy to describe DNA which is inherited from the autosomal chromosomes. An autosome is any of the numbered chromosomes, as opposed to the sex chromosomes. Humans have 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes (the X chromosome and the Y chromosome).
Meiosis I
cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms; the nucleus divides into four nuclei each containing half the chromosome number (leading to gametes in animals and spores in plants) 2.
Heterozygous
having two different alleles of a particular gene or genes.
Punnett Square
is a square diagram that is used to predict the genotypes of a particular cross or breeding experiment. It is named after Reginald C. Punnett, who devised the approach. The diagram is used by biologists to determine the probability of an offspring having a particular genotype.
Prophase I
the initial stage of mitosis and of the mitotic division of meiosis characterized by the condensation of chromosomes consisting of two chromatids, disappearance of the nucleolus and nuclear membrane, and formation of mitotic spindle.
Homologous
similar in position, structure, and evolutionary origin but not necessarily in function.
Metaphase I
the stage of cell division in which the duplicated chromosomes become aligned along the center of the cell, called the equatorial plate or metaphase plate .
Gene
a unit of heredity which is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring.
tRNA
the type of RNA, directly involved in protein synthesis, that transports amino acids to ribosomes to be incorporated into an emerging protein.
Diploid
containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.
Anaphase II
is the third stage in meiosis II. It is the stage after metaphase II, which is that phase wherein the chromosomes are at the equatorial plane and spindle fibers are attached to the kinetochores.
Incomplete Dominance
is a form of intermediate inheritance in which one allele for a specific trait is not completely expressed over its paired allele. This results in a third phenotype in which the expressed physical trait is a combination of the phenotypes of both alleles.
Sex-linked
describes a trait associated to alleles located on sex chromosomes; most commonly it is X-linked.
Anaphase I
homologous pairs are pulled apart and they move toward the poles of the cell.
Asexual Reproduction
is a type of reproduction by which offspring arise from a single organism, and inherit the genes of that parent only; it does not involve the fusion of gametes, and almost never changes the number of chromosomes.
Monohybrid Cross
is a mating between two organisms with different variations at one genetic chromosome of interest. The character(s) being studied in a monohybrid cross are governed by two or multiple variations for a single locus.
Metaphase
the second stage of cell division, between prophase and anaphase, during which the chromosomes become attached to the spindle fibers.
Centromere
the region of a chromosome to which the microtubules of the spindle attach, via the kinetochore, during cell division.
Law of Independent Assortment
states that the alleles of two (or more) different genes get sorted into gametes independently of one another. In other words, the allele a gamete receives for one gene does not influence the allele received for another gene.
Telophase I
cytokinesis occurs and two new daughter cells are formed.
Prophase II
the nuclear envelope breaks down and the spindle apparatus forms.
Dihybrid Cross
is a cross between two different lines/genes that differ in two observed traits.
Prophase
the first stage of cell division, before metaphase, during which the chromosomes become visible as paired chromatids and the nuclear envelope disappears. The first prophase of meiosis includes the reduction division.
Law of Segregation
during gamete formation, the alleles for each gene segregate from each other so that each gamete carries only one allele for each gene. Law of independent assortment. Genes of different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes.
Complementary Base Pairing
is the phenomenon where in DNA guanine always hydrogen bonds to cytosine and adenine always binds to thymine.
Sister Chromatids
refers to the identical copies (chromatids) formed by the DNA replication of a chromosome, with both copies joined together by a common centromere. In other words, a sister chromatid may also be said to be 'one-half' of the duplicated chromosome.
Gamete
a mature haploid male or female germ cell which is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote.
Telophase
the final phase of cell division, between anaphase and interphase, in which the chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed.
Nondisjunction
the failure of one or more pairs of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate normally during nuclear division, usually resulting in an abnormal distribution of chromosomes in the daughter nuclei.
Dominant Gene
is a relationship between alleles of one gene, in which the effect on phenotype of one allele masks the contribution of a second allele at the same locus. The first allele is dominant and the second allele is recessive.
Telophase II
a nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes and cytokinesis occurs, producing four daughter cells, each with a haploid set of chromosomes.
Section 3
(50 cards)
NADH
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms: oxidized and reduced form, abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively. In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another.
Cellular Respiration
is a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products.
Calvin cycle (light independent reaction)
is the set of chemical reactions that take place in chloroplasts during photosynthesis. The cycle is light-independent because it takes place right after the energy has been captured from sunlight.
Interphase
the resting phase between successive mitotic divisions of a cell, or between the first and second divisions of meiosis.
Selectively Permeable
all cells are enclosed with a cell membrane. It allows certain molecules or ions to pass through it by means of active or passive transport.
Photosynthesis
the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water. Photosynthesis in plants generally involves the green pigment chlorophyll and generates oxygen as a byproduct.
Nucleoid Region
is an irregularly shaped region within the cell of a prokaryote that contains all or most of the genetic material, called genophore. In contras to the nucleus of an eukaryotic cell, it is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane.
Vacuole
a space or vesicle within the cytoplasm of a cell, enclosed by a membrane and typically containing fluid.
Active Transport
the movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requireing energy.
Mitosis
is a part of the cell cycle when replicated chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei. Cell division gives rise to genetically identical cells in which the number of chromosomes is maintained.
NADPH
is the reduced form of NADP+; used in anabolic reactions, such as lipid and nucleic acid synthesis, which require NADPH as a reducing agent.
Cytokinesis
the cytoplasmic division of a cell at the end of mitosis or meiosis, bringing about the separation into two daughter cells.
Simple Diffusion
refers to a process whereby a substance passes through a membrane without the aid of an intermediary such as integral membrane protein. The force that drives the substance from one side of the membrane to the other is the force of diffusion.
Glycolysis
the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.
Pyruvate
the conjugate base, CH3COCOO, is a key intermediate in several metabolic pathways throughout the cell. Pyruvic acid can be made from glucose through glycolysis, converted back to carbohydrates (such as glucose) via gluconeogenesis, or to fatty acids through a reaction with acetyl-CoA.
ATP
adenosine triphosphate is the energy currency of life. It is a high-energy molecule found in every cell. Its job is to store and supply the cell with needed energy.
Acetyl coA
is a molecule that participates in many biochemical reactions in protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Its main function is to deliver the acetyl group the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) to be oxidized for energy production.
Cell Wall
a rigid layer of polysaccharides lying outside the plasma membrane of the cells of plants, fungi and bacteria.
Chlorophyll
is a pigment that gives plants their green color. Plants use chlorophyll along with sunlight to get their nutrients.
Phospholipid Bilayer
is a thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules. These membranes are flat sheets that form a continuous barrier around all cells.
Chromatid
each of the two threadlike strands into which a chromosome divides longitudinally during cell division. Each contains a double helix of DNA.
Vesicles
a large structure within a cell, or extracellular, consisting of liquid enclosed by a lipid bilayer. Vesicles form naturally during the processes of secretion, uptake and transport of materials within the plasma membrane.
Chemical Potential Energy
is the energy stored in the chemical bonds of a substance.
Endocytosis
the taking in of matter by a living cell by invagination of its membrane to form a vacoule.
Cell Cycle
is a four-stage process in which the cell increases in size (gap 1, or G1, stage), copies its DNA (synthesis, or S, stage), prepares to divide (gap 2, or G2, stage), and divides (mitosis, or M, stage). The stages G1, S, and G2 make up interphase, which accounts for the span between cell divisions.
Mitochondrion
an organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur. It has a double membrane, the inner layer being folded inward to form layers (cristae).
Aerobic
relating to, involving, or requiring free oxygen.
Exocytosis
a process by which the contents of a cell vacoule are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane.
Homeostasis
the tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements, especially as maintained by physiological processes.
Phosphorylation
is the chemical addition of a phosphoryl group (PO3-) to an organic molecule. The removal of a phosphoryl group is called dephosphorylation. Both phosphorylation and dephosphorylation are carried out by enzymes
Fermentation
the chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms, typically involving effervescence and the giving off of heat.
Anaerobic
relating to, involving, or requiring an absence of free oxygen.
Cell Membrane
the semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell.
G1
Interphase begins with G1 (G stands for gap) phase. During this phase, the cell makes a variety of proteins that are needed for DNA replication. S phase.
Cytoplasm
that material or protoplasm within a living cell, excluding the nucleus.
Cytoskeleton
a microscopic network of protein filaments and tubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells, giving them shape and coherence.
Electron Transport Chain
is a series of complexes that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors vis redox reactions and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H+ ions) across a membrane.
Light Dependent Reaction
any of the chemical reactions that take place as part of the first stage of photosynthesis and require the presence of light, by which energy captured from light is converted to chemical energy in the form of ATP.
Glucose
a simply sugar which is an important energy source in living organisms and is a component of many carbohydrates.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
is a type of organelle found in eukaryotic cells that forms an interconnected network of flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs or tube-like structures known as cisternae. The membranes of the ER are continuous with the outer nuclear membrane.
Chromosome
a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.
FADH2
is a flavin adenine dinucleotide. It has a role as an Escherichia coli metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is a conjugate acid of FADH2(2-) from ChEBI. FADH is the reduced form of flabid adenine dinucleotide (FAD).
Cilia
an organelle found on eukaryotic cells and are slender protuberances that project fromt he cell body.
G2
is the third subphase of interphase in the cell cycle directly preceding mitosis. It follows the successful completion of S phase, during which the cell's DNA is replicated.
Citric Acid Cycle (Kreb's cycle)
is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into adenosine triphosphate and carbon dioxide.
Synthesis
is the phase of the cell cycle in which DNA is replicated, occurring between G1 phase and G2 phase. Since accurate duplication of the genome is critical to successful cell division, the processes that occur during S-phase are tightly regulated and widely conserved.
Osmosis
a process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one, thus equalizing the concentrations on each side of the membrane.
Flagella
a lash-like appendage that protrudes from the cell body of certain bacteria and eukaryotic cells termed as flagellates.
Golgi Apparatus
is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. It is a complex of cesicles and folded membranes within the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells, involved in secretion and intracellular transport.
Facilitated Diffusion
is the process of spontaneous passive transport of molecules or ions across a biological membrane via specific transmembrane integral proteins.
Section 4
(50 cards)
Nucleic Acids
are the biopolymers, or small biomolecules, essential to all known forms of life.
Chemical Bond
lasting attraction between atoms, ions or molecules that enables the formation of chemical compounds. The bond may result from the electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely charged ions as in ionic bonds or through the sharing of electrons as in covalent bonds.
Scientific Inquiry
refers to the diverse ways in which scientists study the natural world and propose explanations based on the evidence derived from their work.
Solute
the minor component in a solution, dissolved in the solvent.
Carbohydrates
are moleculare compounds made from just three elements: carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
Hydrophilic
having a tendency to mix with, dissolve in, or be wetted by water.
Homeostasis
the tendencey toward a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements, especially as maintained by physiological processes.
Enzyme
are macromolecular biological catalysts. Enzymes accelerate chemical reactions. The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called substrates and the enzyme converts the substrates into different molecules known as products.
Polymer
a substance that has a molecular structure consisting chiefly or entirely of a large number of similar units bonded together.
Monosaccharides
a simple sugar that constitutes the building blocks of a more complex form of sugars such as oligosaccharides and polysaccharides; examples are fructose, glucose and ribose.
Electronegative
(of an element) tending to acquire electrons and form negative ions in chemical reactions.
Hydrophobic
tending to repel or fail to mix with water.
Chloroplast
are organelles that conduct photosynthesis, where the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll captures the energy from sunlight, converts it, and stores it in the energy-storage molecules ATP and NADPH while freeing oxygen from water in plant and algal cells.
Surface Tension
the attractive force exerted upon the surface molecules of a liquid by the molecules beneath that tends to draw the surface molecules into the bulk of the liquid and makes the liquid assume the shape having the least surface area.
Electrons
a stable subatomic particle with a negative charge, found in all atoms and acting as the primary carrier of electricity in solids. Has no mass.
Fats
a natural oily or greasy substance occurring in animal bodies, especially when deposited as a layer under the skin or around certain organs.
Cohesion
refers to the sticking together of alike molecules, such as water molecule being attracted to another water molecule. Together with adhision, it helps to explain the occurrence of surface tension.
Eukaryotes
organisms whose cells have a nucleus enclosed within membranes, unlike prokaryotes, which have no membrane-bound organelles.
Inorganic
compounds do not contain carbon.
Polysaccharides
a carbohydrate (e.g. starch, cellulose or glycogen) whose molecules consist of a number of sugar molecules bonded together.
Phospholipid
a lipid containing a phosphate group in its molecule.
Protein Folding
is the physical process by which a protein chain acquires its native 3-dimensional structure, a conformation that is usually biologically functional, in an expeditious and reproducible manner.
Lipids
any of a class of organic compounds that are fatty acids or their derivatives and are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents.
Matter
is a substance that has inertia and occupies physical space.
Covalent Bond
also called a colecular bond, is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. These electron pairs are known as shared pairs or bonding pairs, and the stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms. When they share electrons it's known as covalent bonding.
Nucleus
a dense organelle present in most eukaryotic cells, typically a single rounded structure bounded by a double membrane, containing the genetic material.
Steroids
are lipids because they are hydrophobic and insoluble in water.
Prokaryotes
is a unicellular organism that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus, mitochondria, or any other membrane-bound organelle. Prokaryotes are divided into two domains, Archaea and Bacteria.
Organic
any substance containing carbon-based compounds, especially produced by or derived from living organisms.
Protein
a molecule composed of polymers of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds.
Monomer
a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.
Biology
is the natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their physical structure, chemical processes, molecular interactions, physiological mechanisms, development and evolution.
Adhesion
the force of attraction between unlike molecules, or the attraction between the surfaces of contacting bodies. Adhesion may refer to the joining of two different substances due to attractive forces that hold them.
Biosphere
the regions of the surface, atmosphere and hydrosphere of the earth occupied by living organisms.
Solutions
a special type of homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances.
Mitochondria
an organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur. It has a double membrane, the inner layer being folded inward to form layers (cristae).
Protons
a stable subatomic particle occurring in all atomic nuclei.
Hydrophobic
tending to repel or fail to mix with water.
Ionic Bond
is the complete transfer of valence electrons between atoms. It is a type of chemical bond that generates two oppositely charged ions. In ionic bonds, the metal loses electrons to become a positively charged cation, whereas the nonmetal accepts those electros to become a negatively charged anion.
Solvent
a substance dissolved in another substance.
Ribosome
is a complex molecular machine, found within all living cells, that serves as the site of biological protein synthesis. Ribosomes link amino acids together in the order specified by messenger RNA molecules.
Hydrogen Bond
a weak bond between two molecules resulting from an electrostatic attraction between a proton in one molecule and an electronegative atom in the other.
Oils
a triglyceride that is liquid at room temperature.
Atom
is the smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter that has the properties of a chemical element.
Amino Acic
organic compounds containing amine and carboxyl functional groups, along with a side chain specific to each amino acid. The key elements of an amino acid are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, although other elements are found in the side chains of certain amino acids.
Neutrons
present in all atomic nuclei except those of ordinary hydrogen and does not have a postive or negative charge. It is neutral.
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid is a molecule composed of two chains that coil around each other to form a double helix carrying the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning, and reproduction of all known organisms and many viruses.
Energy
the ability to do work, or produce change.
Waxes
a second group of neutral lipids that are of physiological importance, though they are a minor component of biological systems. THey consist of a long-chian fatty acid linked through an ester oxygen to a long-chain alcohol.
RNA
Ribonucleic acid is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation and expression of genes. RNA and DNA are nucleic acids, and, along with lipids, proteins and carbohydrates, constitute the four major macromolecules essential for all known forms of life.
Section 5
(50 cards)
Identify how a change in the DNA code may affect phenotype
If the DNA code is changed slightly it can cause an amino acid to have an error which in turn will produce a protein with an error. This will affect the phenotype.
Recognize that traits can be influenced by genes and the environment
This is known as multifactorial. Everyone a product of their environment. For example: human height varies based on nutrition and genetics.
Abiotic
physical rather than biological; not derived from living organisms. Devoid of life; sterile.
Analyze the results of monohybrid crosses
There is a phenotype (visible traits) and genotype (genetic traits). They are represented by an uppercase letter (B) and a lowercase letter (b). They are crossed to determine the offspring. B b B BB Bb b Bb bb
Analyze the inputs to and outputs of the stages of photosynthesis
Inputs: Light, water, carbon dioxide (CO2) Outputs: Oxygen, sugar (converted to starch)
Organism
an individual animal, plant or single celled life form.
Organ
a part of an organism that is typically self-contained and has a specific vital function, such as the heart or liver.
Identify the special properties of water
-Water is an excellent solvent and can dissolve a wide range of substances. -Water is cohesive. -Water's temperature tends to remain stable. -Solid water (ice) is less dense than liquid water.
Describe fermentation as an anaerobic process
Breaks down organic molecules and stores energy as ATP.
Identify how the Law of Segregation relates to allele dispersion during gamete production
When gametes are formed, each allele of one parent segregates randomly into the gametes, such that half of the parent's gametes carry each allele.
Describe Homeostasis
Keeping things constant. A characteristic of a system that regulates its internal environment and tends to maintain a stable, relatively, constant, condition of properties.
Identify factors related to human activities and population size that impact the environment
-Population Size -Affluence and Consumption Levels -High-impact Technologies
Organ System
a group of argans that work together as a biological system to perform one or more functions.
Biotic
relating to or resulting from living things, especially in their ecological relations.
Describe how the Law of Independent Assortment increases gamete variety
The alleles separate and go to different gametes randomly. this causes a variety in the offspring.
Identify the molecular requirements, cellular location, and product of translation
Transcription occurs during DNA synthesis, it is when the DNA helix is unwound and one of the strands read and copied by RNA. Cellular ribosomes create proteins.
Describe the trophic levels in an ecosystem
Trophic level 1: Composed of producers that form the base of all ecosystems. Organisms in level 1 are eaten by organisms in level 2. Producers such as plants. Level 2: are eating by organisms in level 3. Consumers (animals, fungi, and many microbes) Level 3: eaten by organisms in level 4. Consumers So on... Level 1- Producers Level 2-4- Consumers
Identify autosomal and sex-linked patterns of inheritance
Autosomal: chromosomes that are not sex determining. Sex-linked: if the responsible gene is present on a sex chromosome it is sex-linked.
Identify ATP as the major energy carrier for cells
Energy from the breakdown of food is transformed into carbohydrates, glycogen, and fat. When energy is needed for the cell it is converted from storage molecules into ATP, which travels to where it is needed inside of the cell.
Organelle
any of a number of organized or specialized structures within a living cell.
Describe the major characteristics of organic molecules
-Contain C atoms bonded to H. Often contain O, N, P, or S -Atoms are connected by covalent bonds. -Monomers can be linked together to make polymers. Polymers consist of a carbon skeleton (backbone) with other atoms branching off from this structure. -Typically produced by living cells and are found in large quantities in living organisms and their remains.
Describe the different membrane transport mechanisms and how they work
Facilitated diffusion: moving impermeable molecules across a membrane using channels or pores. Simple diffusion: The molecules are moving down a concentration gradient. Active transport: to do work, the cell must expend energy and actively move (pump) the ions.
Recognize the importance of biodiversity and ways it can be threatened
Biodiversity: the diversity of life in an area. Extinction from: -Habitat loss -Introduced species -Over-harvesting -Pollution Invasive species Over-exploitation (over-hunting, fishing) Global climate change Human-generated pollution and contamination Population growth
Identify how changes in chromosome number lead to disorders
When an extra chromosome is added it creates genetic disorders because each human is only supposed to have 22 autosomal chromosomes with the last (XY or XX) determining male or female.
Identify the molecular requirements, cellular location, and product of transcription
Transcription is the process where genetic info from DNA is transcribed to RNA. The transcribed DNA message, or RNA transcript, is used to produce proteins. It begins at the start site-the 5' -end of a gene sequence.
Identify alternative patterns of inheritance, such as incomplete dominance, co-dominance, and polygenic inheritance
Incomplete Dominance: The heterozygous genotype exhibits and intermediate phenotype. For example if you have a white and red flower and they will mix to become pink. Co-dominance: A form of dominance where the alleles of a gene pair in a heterozygote are fully expressed. The offspring is neither dominant nor recessive. Example: a red and white flower will not mix but rather have an offspring that is white and red. Polygenic Inheritance: an inheritable character that is controlled by several genes at once. Example height, eye color, and skin color.
Describe the cellular activities occurring in each phase of the cell cycle
Interphase is divided into three phases: G1, S, G2 G1: Cell growth Synthesis: DNA is duplicated G2: DNA integrity is checked and repaired Mitosis: Chromosome sets separate equally Cytokinesis: Division of parental cell into 2 daughter cells G1: Next cycle begins
Cell
the smallest structual and functional unit of an organism, typically picroscopic and consisting of cytoplasm and a nucleus enclosed in a membrane. Microscopic organisms typically consisist of a single cell, which is either eukaryotic or prokaryotic.
Describe how the structure of the cell membrane relates to its functions
Thin semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm. It protects the integrity of the interior of the cell by allowing certain substances into the cell while also keeping other substances out. What enters and exits the cell.
Tissue
any of the district types of material of which animals or plants are made, consisting of specialized cells and their products.
Describe the functions of organelles
Found in the nucleus, it is the storage for DNA-room where the blueprints are kept.
Describe the major events of each phase of mitosis
Prophase: Chromosomes condense Metaphase: Chromosomes are moved to the center of the cell Anaphase: Sister chromatids are separated and move to opposite sides of the cell Telophase: New nuclear membranes are formed around the clusters of chromosomes on each side of the cell.
Compare and contrast the structure and function of the nucleic acids RNA and DNA
RNA: single stranded, contains ribose, nitrogenous base (A, T, U, G, & C), transmits proteins for genetic use in DNA. DNA: double stranded, five-carbon sugar deoxyribose, (A, T, G, C), gives humans their genetic code/makeup developing looks and personalities.
Compare and contrast the structure and function of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic: Cells w/out a nucleus. The DNA in the cell is the the cytoplasm rather than enclosed w/in a nuclear membrane. Found in single-celled organisms such as bacteria. Eukaryotic: Cells that contain a nucleus. Usually larger than prokaryotes, are found mainly in multi-cellular organisms such as animals, plants, and protists (amoeba, algae, fungi).
Describe what an atom is and the subatomic particles of which it is comprised
The smallest unit of matter. The fundamental building block of a chemical element. Has a nucleus and rings of electrons. Comprised of protons, neutrons, and electrons
Recognize that branching patterns of evolution form new species
Speciation: The formation of new species Allopatric speciation: Species can form if they are isolated from the source lineage by geography. Sympatric speciation: A new species "pops up" right within, and surrounded by, its parent species.
Macromolecule
a molecule containing a very large number of atoms, such as protein, nucleic acid or synthetic polymer.
Identify the basic structure and function of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
-Carbohydrates: organic molecules that consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Primary source of energy in living systems. -Lipids: hydrophobic, non-polar known as fats. Stores energy for later use. -Proteins: macro-molecules built from amino acids. Play a role in the storage, replication, transmission, and regulation of genetic information (DNA).
Molecule
a group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction.
Identify the levels of organization important in the study of ecology
Organism: an individual living thing. Population: group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area. Community: A group of populations living and interacting in the same area. Ecosystem: A community of organisms and their nonliving environment. Biome: large group of ecosystems that share the same climate and have similar types of communities. Biosphere: portion of Earth that supports life.
Distinguish between genotype and phenotype
Phenotype: visible traits Genotype: describes the genes which an organism has.
Describe the process of DNA replication
The two strands in the double-helix of DNA 'unzip' between the nucleotide's and separate. An RNA strand replaces the other DNA strand, copying the nucleotide's to match. Resulting in two DNA strands, each with one new and one old DNA strand.
Identify different types of chemical bonds
-Covalent: Strongest -Ionic: Moderate -Hydrogen: Weak
Describe the flow of information from DNA to RNA and from RNA to protein Described by the central dogma of molecular biology.
Transcription Translation DNA-->RNA-->Protein | | Replication
Interpret the results of dihybrid crosses
A breeding experiment between P (parental) generation organisms that differ in two traits. AB Ab aB ab AB AABB AABb AaBB AaBb Ab AABb AAbb AaBb Aabb aB AaBB AaBb aaBB aaBb ab AaBb Aabb aaBb aabb
Compare mechanisms other than natural selection that change the gene pool in a population leading to microevolution
Natural Selection: A process by which nature impacts the evolution of a population. Sexual Selection: Some genetic types reproduce more than others because hey have traits that allow them to: find or attract more mates, choose higher quality mates, win in competitions over mates. Artificial Selection: Also known as selective breeding; humans decide which types reproduce best: we deliberately breed certain individuals with desired traits.
Compare and contrast the structure and function of animal and plant cells
Both animal and plant cells are eukaryotic. Plants: chloroplasts, and rigid cell wall. Chloroplast (unique organelles) are able to harvest solar energy to make sugar from carbon dioxide (known as photosynthesis). Animals: consist of everything except for chloroplasts, and a cell wall.
Describe homologous features, phylogenetics, and other types of evidence for evolution
Homologous: shared features that were inherited from the same source and reflect common ancestry. Phylogenetics: a diagram that shows how a biological lineage may have branched and formed clades over time.
Describe the major events of each phase of meiosis
Meiosis I-reduction division: Prophase I: chromosomes are condensed. Metaphase I: homologous pairs of chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate. Anaphase I: homologous pairs are pulled apart, and they move toward the poles of the cell. Telophase I: cytokinesis occurs and two new daughter cells are formed. Meiosis II-sister chromatids are separated from each other: Prophase II: the nuclear membrane breaks apart and the spindle apparatus is formed. Metaphase II: condensed chromosomes along the metaphase plate. Anaphase II: the sister chromatids of each chromosome separate and move toward opposite poles. Telophase II: the chromosomes reach opposite poles, the two produces by meiosis I divide to form four haploid daughter cells.
Compare and contrast the purposes of mitosis and meiosis
Mitosis: increase the number of cells in an organism during development, replace damaged cells during wound healing, and produce replacement cells as other cells undergo naturally pre-programmed death. Parent and daughter cells are identical. Meiosis: produce new gametes (sperm and egg). Must reduce the chromosome number in the daughter cells to half that in the parent cell.
Section 6
(10 cards)