Section 1
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basic types of DHI reports
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Cards (81)
Section 1
(50 cards)
basic types of DHI reports
1. individual cow information: current and lifetime (DHI 103) 2. current (test day) information for all cows in herd (DHI 220) 3. herd summary information (DHI 202)
energy concentrates commonly grain cereals
1. wheat 2. barley 3. sorghum 4. corn
volatile fatty acids (VFA)
1. end product of rumen fermentation 2. acetate, propionate, butyrate are main sources of energy for ruminants 3. absorbed through papillae in rumen wall
crop residues
1. straw 2. bulky fibrous material 3. low nutrient content, high in fiber and lignin 4. commonly fed to dry cows and heifers because of low energy content
urea
1. source of non-protein nitrogen (NPN) 2. rumen microbes convert it to protein that the cow can use 3. double check your number too much can kill cow
highlights of ruminant N metabolism
1. microbes can utilize non protein nitrogen, aka urea to produce protein 2. ruminants can recycle urea via saliva 3. microbes provide more that 50% of the protein needs of a dairy cow 4. this protein is important for synthesis of milk protein
energy concentrates
1. fats, very high concentration of energy 2. animal sources -tallow -choice white grease 3. plant source -oilseeds oil (corn, sunflower, canola, soybean)
mastication
1. stimulates saliva production 2. important to maintain adequate rumen pH
high fat diets may
1. reduce fiber digestibility 2. reduce fat content in milk
what ways can energy concentrates be processes to increase nutritional utilization
1. ground 2. steam flaked 3. cracked 4. dry rolled
supplements
provide a variety of nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, buffers, pro- and prebiotics, by-pass products
DHI record
1. dairy herd information or dairy herd information association (DHIA) 2. established in early 1900s 3. weighed milk and cream every day for a month 4. formed early working partnership with AI industry and USDA 5. all industry coordinated by national association of animal breeders (NAAB) 6. USDA involvement through animal improvement programs laboratory (USDA-AIPL) 7. no other live stock species has ling history of individual animal performance data
too wet silage/haylage
1. seepage and loss of nutrient 2. clostridium bacteria can grow-secondary risk for ketosis
forages nutritional value
influenced by: 1. type of plant 2. hybrid types 3. stage of maturity
lignin
indigestable compound of plants that provides rigidity
sodium bicarbonate
1. buffer 2. helps regulate rumen pH (prevent acidosis) 3. recommended when diest are high in grain, low forage, small particle size
forages stage of maturity
the older the plant, the less digestible because lignin content increase
feed additives may
1. provide addition nutrients 2. support rumen microbial population 3. improve digestive processes
improvement of digestion (yeast products)
1. stimulate gorwth of fiber digesting bacteria 2. based on saccharomyces cerevisiae
industrial feed by products
1. grain ethanol- distillers grains 2. biodiesel- glycerol 3. wet corn milling- corn gluten feed 4. cheese industry-whey 5. citrus juice manufacturing-citrus pulp 6. sugar industry-molasses
6 major sections of DHI 202 report
1. stage of lactation profile 2. production by lactation summary 3. yearly production and mastitis summary 4. reproductive summary 5. yearly summary of cows entered and left herd 6. reproduction summary of total herd
rumen protected fat
1. fat is concentrated source of energy 2. unprotected fat may interfere with normal rumen processes 3. rumen inert fat or by pass fat delivers the energy to the lower GIT
protein concetrates
1. typically the result of oil extraction from seed -soybean meal -corn gluten -canola meal 2. protein from animal source -fish meal
corn silage
good source of energy because it provides fiber and starch
other feed by products
1. vegetable tops and trims 2. candy 3. bakery waste 4. potato waste, etc.
ho many different areas of data are on the DHI 202 data sheet
1383
biotin
1. supports keratin synthesis 2. recommended to support hoof health
protected lysine and methionine
1. potential to improve milk yield and milk protein production 2. prevent over-feeding protein due to more accurate ration formulation 3. economic benefit: low protein diets 4. environmental benefit: reduced nitrogen excretion
current DHI record programs offer what options
1. herd owner collects all data (owner sampler) 2. technician only weighs and samples 1 milking, not all 3. milk samples analyzed for fat, protein, and SCC 4. herd owner schedules sampling day
milk production and VFA
varied responses depending on feeding program 2. high forage: greater acetate production, low milk production but high milk fat content 3. high concentrate: increased propionate production, high milk production lower milk fat
hay
1. method of forage 2. preserved based on dehydration 3. >88% dry matter 4. most common is alfalfa -excellent source of protein
rumen protected AA
1. protected lysine and methionin
concentrates
grains 1. energy: mainly in form of starch or oil 2. protein: soybean, soybean meal, distillers grains 3. low in fiber, high in protein or energy
ensiled forages
preserved forages resulting from anaerobic fermentation and preservation through acidification or picking -most common in corn silage
front side of DHI 202 herd summary report
1. herd information 2. reproductive summary information 3. birth summary (dystocia) 4. miscellaneous herd information
forages hybrid type
differences in fiber content, starch make up, leafyness
anionic salts
1. for close-up cows 2. prevent milk fever by improving calcium metabolism in the periparturient cow
ruminants
1. all ruminants are herbivores 2. chew cud 3. microbes digest plant material and yield nutrients that ruminants would not get otherwise
propionate
substrate for glucose, energy for milk synthesis
what if rumen pH is low
1. condition known as acidosis (rumen pH below 5.5) 2. fiber digestion is lower 3. feed intake is reduced 4. milk fat is reduced 5. foamy, runny feces are potential indicator or acidosis
acetate
substrate for fat synthesis
top 10 milk producing countries in the world
1. USA 2. india 3. china 4. brazil 5. germany 6. russia 7. france 8. new zealand 9. turkey 10. UK
forages type of plant
1. grasses: high in fiber 2. legumes: high in protein
forages
1. vegetative plant material 2. high in fiber 3. course particle, add bulk to diet 4. necessary to stimulate mastication and saliva production 5. nutritional composition is variable; grasses vs legumes 6. may be preserved to feed at a later time
us dairy export council
1. president/ceo is secretary tom vilsack
butyrate
source of energy for the rumen
too wet hay
1. mold growth-toxins, low performance 2. excessive heating-maillard reaction, protein becomes unavailable 3. combustion
some top dairy producers in north america in 2018 in terms of overall sales
1. nestle, north america operations 2. saputoinc 34. wells enterprises inc -blue bunny, bomb pops, weight watchers
rumination
reduces size and increase surface area of feed and particles
DHI 202 report
1. 2 pages 2. 13 different section -6 major
Section 2
(31 cards)