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Fallacies

memorize.ai (lvl 286)

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20 cards

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Section 1

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Cherry Picking/Texas Sharpshooter

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Last updated

6 years ago

Date created

Mar 14, 2020

Cards (20)

Section 1

(20 cards)

Cherry Picking/Texas Sharpshooter

Front

Intentionally picking certain data clusters to suit an argument while ignoring others.

Back

Faulty Analogy

Front

You make a metaphorical comparison to your argument, and because the metaphor makes sense, you assume that the literal argument must also make sense.

Back

Tu quoque

Front

Latin for "you say": avoiding having to engage with criticism by turning it back on the accuser - answering criticism with criticism. Person 1 to 2: "Your argument is invalid." Person 2 to 1: "You make invalid arguments all of the time."

Back

Appeal to Emotion (Ad Misericordiam)

Front

Occurs when emotions or emotionally-charged language is used in an attempt to persuade the reader. Using manipulative emotion instead of valid argument to convince.

Back

Strawman

Front

Misrepresenting someone else's argument to make it easier to attack.

Back

Black or White (Either/Or)

Front

When two alternative states are presented as the only possibilities, when in fact more possibilities exist.

Back

Loaded Question (Complex Question)

Front

Asking a question that has an assumption built into it so that it cannot be answered without making one appear guilty. "Do you still beat your girlfriend?"

Back

Begging the Question (Circular Reasoning)

Front

A logical fallacy in which the conclusion is hidden within the premises. Typically called "circular reasoning." From Plato's Euthyphro - something is pious because it is loved by the gods. That which is loved by the gods is pious.

Back

Burden of Proof

Front

An argument stating that something is true because it has never been proven false.

Back

Hasty Generalization

Front

You only have a small, limited data set, but you make the assumption that it also applies on a larger scale.

Back

Denying the Antecedent

Front

This is very similar to the "false cause" fallacy, except we already know that A causes B. Then, you notice A didn't happen, so you assume that B must have never happened. (Maybe something else caused B.)

Back

Anecdotal

Front

Using a story (i. e. just one example) to assume something about the big picture on a much larger scale.

Back

No True Scotsman

Front

Making what could be called an appeal to purity as a way to dismiss relevant criticisms or flaws of an argument. John: "No Scotsman would ever drink wine." Jim: "But McDougal is a Scotsman and he drinks wine." John: "Well, no true Scotsman would ever drink wine."

Back

Bandwagon (Ad Populum)

Front

A fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable.

Back

Ad hominem

Front

In an argument, this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning "turn to the man."

Back

Affirming the Consequent

Front

This is very similar to the "false cause" fallacy, except we already know that A causes B. Then, you notice B, so you assume that A must have happened. (Maybe something else could cause B.)

Back

Slippery Slope

Front

A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented.

Back

Red Herring

Front

A distraction from the topic at hand. It usually occurs when one side of the argument can't respond well, so they change the subject ever-so-slightly.

Back

Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc (False Cause)

Front

Latin for "after this therefore because of this." Arguing that because something follows something else it necessarily is the cause.

Back

Ambiguity

Front

An event or situation that may be interpreted in more than one way. Also, the manner of expression of such an event or situation may be ambiguous. Artful language may be ambiguous. Unintentional ambiguity is usually vagueness.

Back