Section 1
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Freezing
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Last updated
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Date created
Mar 14, 2020
Cards (65)
Section 1
(50 cards)
Freezing
Change of state from a liquid to a solid that occurs when a substance's temperature lowers to its freezing point
Endothermic reactions
Chemical reaction that must absorb heat from its surroundings to occur
Intermolecular attractions (ex. hydrogen bonding)
are attractions between one molecule and a neighbouring molecule
Periods
Horizontal row in the periodical table of elements
Phase Changes
-Melting/freezing -Vaporization/condensation -Sublimation -Heating and cooling curves
Groups/families
-Column of elements in the main part of the periodic table, identified by a group letter/number -Elements having the same valence electron structure & often similar chemical properties; Reside in column on periodic table; named by element at top of column
Dilute
To make a liquid less concentrated
Charles' Law
-Volume is proportional to temperature
Ionic bonding
Chemical bond between oppositely charged ions; electrostatic attraction of ion is die to nearly complete transfer of one or more electrons to the anions
Chemical formulas in terms of moles of atoms
we will say that 1 mole of H2 molecules reacts with 1 mole of I2 molecules to give 2 moles of HI molecules. It's sometimes confusing to interpret the mole this way. To ease this confusion a little, we can relate a mole to a dozen. For example, we can say that: 1 dozen H2 molecules reacts with 1 dozen I2 molecules to give 2 dozen HI molecules. Chemists usually count individual atoms or molecules by weighing a bunch of them. This means that it's more useful to interpret the chemical equation in terms of moles. Once we do that, we can use the mole concept to work back to figure out the number of molecules in a substance.
Neutralization
A reaction between an acid and a base
Chemical formulas: Oxidation
Ex. iron rusting
Covalent compounds involving two elements
Compound consisting of covalently bonded non-metal atoms
Structural formulas
a formula that shows the arrangement of atoms in the molecule of a compound
Acid
Any substance that produces hydronium ions in an aqueous solution (Arrhenius model); any substance that donates hydrogen ions (Bronsted-Lowry model)
Melting
Change of state from a solid to a liquid that occurs when a substance's temperature rises to its melting point
Enzymes
Proteins that act as biological catalysts
Cooling curves
a line graph that represents the change of phase of matter, typically from a gas to a solid or a liquid to a solid
Electron dot formulas
are diagrams that show the bonding between atoms of a molecule and the lone pairs of electrons that may exist in the molecule
Heating curves
plot of the temperature versus time is called the heating curve
Condensation
Change from a vapor to the liquid state when the vapor cools
Percent composition
The percent by mass of each element in a compound
Catalysts
Substance that can change the rate of a chemical reaction without participating in the reaction
Vaporization
Any process in which particles of a liquid enter the gaseous phase
General trends in physical properties based on position of elements in the periodic table
Empirical/molecular formulas
Chemical formula that shows the smallest whole-number ration of elements in the compound
Kinetic Molecular theory of matter
-Particles in constant motion -Speed and energy of gas particles are related to temperature
Information included
-Symbol -Atomic number -Atomic mass
Sublimation
State of change directly from solid to vapor at temperature below melting point of substance
Double replacement
Chemical reaction in which two reactant ionic compounds swap cations when forming the two product compounds
Ionic Compounds
-Solid compound consisting of ionically bonded metal and non-metal ions -Solid compounds are arranged in an immense crystal lattice consisting of repeating structures called unit cells
Covalent bonding
Chemical bonding in which two atoms, usually non-metals, share a pair of electrons; can be bonded with more than one atom at the same time
Chemicals formulas: Combustion
Identify combustion through unique reactant/product features. First, it has molecular oxygen (O2) as a reactant, but never as product. The other reactant is a hydrocarbon such as "C6H6" or "C8H10". Water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are products of a combustion reaction.
Factors that affect reaction rates
-Concentration -Temperature -Pressure -Catalysts/enzymes
Organization of periodic table
Arranged to display their periodic properties in relation to their atomic numbers; arranged in periods and groups
Buffers
Weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH
Single replacement
Chemical reaction in which one element in a reactant compound is replaced by another reactant element, forming a new compound product
Base
A-model: any substance that produces hydroxide ions B-L mode: any substance that accepts hydrogen ions
Physical properties of bases
Taste Bitter (baking soda) Smell Usually no smell (except NH3!) Texture Slippery
General trends in chemical reactivity based on position of elements in periodic table
As you move from left to right in the period, we see that the reactivity increases. On the other hand, as you move down a group in the nonmetals, the reactivity decreases. The farther right and up you go on the periodic table, the higher the electron affinity, resulting in a more vigorous exchange of electrons
Boyle's Law
-Pressure and volume are inversely proportional
Balance chemical equations
Ideal Gas Laws
-Charles' Law -Boyle's Law
Simple stoichiometric calculations
-Balance the equation. -Convert units of a given substance to moles. -Using the mole ratio, calculate the moles of substance yielded by the reaction. -Convert moles of wanted substance to desired units.
Chemical properties of bases
React with many oils and fats
pH scale
Scale that indicates the acidity of alkalinity of a solution and that is based on the logarithm of the hydronium ion concentration in moles per liter
Exothermic reactions
Chemical reaction that liberates heat to its surrounding as it occurs
Physical properties of acids
Taste Sour (vinegar) Smell Frequently burns nose Texture Sticky
Chemical properties of acids
Frequently react with metals to form H2
Chemical formulas: Neutralization
Section 2
(15 cards)