Section 1
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Define the following terms: viscera, mediastinum, and serous fluid.
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Section 1
(50 cards)
Define the following terms: viscera, mediastinum, and serous fluid.
Viscera = organs within ventral body cavity (stomach, bladder, heart, lungs, spleen) Mediastinum = region of thoracic cavity between the lungs Serous Fluid = clear, watery lubricant produced by cells of serous membrane
Describe the basic cellular activities required to sustain life.
-Obtain nutrients from extracellular fluids. -Use nutrients to make molecules. -Dispose of wastes. -Maintain shape & integrity. -Replicate itself
Describe the structure and function of the nucleus and nuclear envelope.
The nuclear envelope surrounds the nucleus and it controls what enters/exits the nuclus. The nucleus is the control center of the cell
Describe the conventional use of X rays and advanced Xray techniques, such as computed tomography (CT) and digital subtraction angiography (DSA), to visualize structures in the body.
CT= The term "computed tomography", or CT, refers to a computerized x-ray imaging procedure in which a narrow beam of x-rays is aimed at a patient and quickly rotated around the body, producing signals that are processed by the machine's computer to generate cross-sectional images—or "slices"—of the body. DSA=Provides an image of the blood vessels in the brain to detect a problem with blood flow. The procedure involves inserting a catheter (a small, thin tube) into an artery in the leg and passing it up to the blood vessels in the brain. A contrast dye is injected through the catheter and X-ray images are taken of the blood vessels.
Define cell.
The smallest living unit capable of obtaining life
Contrast each of the serous cavities: pericardial, pleural, and peritoneal.
Pericardial covers the heart, pleural covers the lungs, and peritoneal refers to the organs in the abdominal cavity (digestive organs)
Contrast visceral and parietal serosa.
-Visceral serosa covers the visceral organs (lungs, heart, abdominal organs) - parietal serosa forms the outer wall of the cavity
Define physiology and explain how physiology complements anatomy
Physiology is the study of movement. It complements anatomy by showing us how the structures move
Distinguish the dorsal body cavity from the ventral body cavity. List major organs in each cavity.
Dorsal = backside, includes the brain and spine, Ventral = frontside, includes heart, lungs, digestive organs, bladder, and reproductive organs
Distinguish among light microscopy (LM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
LM = illuminates body tissue w/ beam of light (lower magnification) TEM = illuminates body tissue w/ beam of light (higher magnification) SEM = provides 3D pictures of whole, unsectioned surfaces
Identify the human body cavities and organs contained in each (Fig. 1.6, p. 11)
Dorsal: cranial & vertebral, Ventral: thoracic, abdominal, pelvic
Identify and describe the structure and function of the three main regions of a cell: plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus.
-Plasma membrane: structure = double layer of lipids in which proteins are embedded; function = barrier, transport substances, communicate via receptors. -Cytoplasm: structure = jelly-like fluid throughout the cell; function = Cytoplasm contains molecules such as enzymes which are responsible for breaking down waste and also aid in metabolic activity. -Nucleus: structure = surrounded by the nuclear envelope, containing fluid nucleoplasm, nucleoli, and chromatin; function = control center of the cell, transmit genetic info and provide instructions for protein synthesis.
Identify the location and functions of visceral and parietal peritoneum, pericardium, and pleura (Fig. 1.7, p. 12).
Parietal peritoneum = lines outside digestive organs Parietal peritoneum = lines wall of the abdomen Parietal pericardium = lines outside of the heart Visceral pericardium =creates sac for heart Visceral pleura = lines inside of lungs Parietal pleura = lines outside of the lungs (reduce friction against rips)
Describe the adult human body plan (Fig. 3.2, p. 49).
Epidermis --> dermis --> outer body wall --> peritoneal cavity --> lining
Describe the cytosol.
Cytosol is a jelly like fluid containing organelles, ions, and enzymes
Explain the relationship between the Golgi apparatus and rough endoplasmic reticulum.
The rough ER makes proteins then sends them to the golgi for them to be sorted
Identify the four abdominopelvic quadrants (Fig. 1.7c, p. 13).
Upper right. Upper Left Lower right. Lower Left
List the 11 organ systems of the body, naming major structures and describing main functions (Fig. 1.2, pgs. 4/5).
Describe relationships of ventral cavity membranes to each other, the body wall, and associated organs.
Lungs (Pleura) = parietal pleura, pleural cavity, visceral pleura -Heart (Pericardium) = parietal pericardium, pericardial cavity, visceral pericardium -Viscera (Peritoneum) = parietal peritoneum, peritoneal cavity, visceral peritoneum
Explain how microtubules relate to the centrosome and centrioles.
Centrosomes are composed of centrioles, and centrioles are made up of microtubules they all work together to move things within the cell
Define the following: zygote, cleavage, morula, and bastocyst.
-Zygote = egg is fertilized by sperm -Cleavage = rapid cell division forms daughter cells from zygote -Morula = solid cluster of 12-16 cells -Blastocyst = fluid-filled structure of ~60 cells
Define conception.
The egg is fertilized by the sperm to form a zygote
Differentiate between the inner cell mass and the trophoblast of the blastocyst.
-ICM = cluster of cells on one side of the blastocyst cavity, -Trophoblast = layer of cells surrounding cavity, - -Blastocyst = new fluid filled structure
Explain the structure of glycosomes and lipid droplets.
Lipid droplets are spherical drops of stored fat and Glycosomes store sugar in the form of glycogen which is a long branching chain of glucose molecules, the cell's main energy source.
Explain the function of nucleoli.
Site of ribosome subunit manufacture
Define the following terms: conceptus, embryo, and fetus.
-Conceptus = 0-2 weeks -Embryo = 3-8 weeks -Fetus = 9-38 weeks
Identify the members of the appendicular region of the body.
Upper limb (arm), Manus, lower limb, pedal
Describe the body in anatomical position and explain why it is important as a visual reference
Anatomical position refers to the body being upright with palms, toes, and eyes forward, and thumbs facing away from the body. It is important because this allows us to accurately describe the various body parts and their locations using a common visual reference point.
Using proper terminology, identify specific regional body areas (Fig. 1.3, p.7).
superior/inferior, ventral/dorsal, anterior/posterior, proximal/distal, superficial/deep, ipsilateral/contralateral
Describe the structure and function of the cytoskeleton.
Function = maintain cell shape & structure, and transport materials -within cell 3 types: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
Identify the following female reproductive structures: ovary, uterine tube (Fallopian tube), and uterus (Fig. 3.3, p. 50).
Compare the structure and function of ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum.
-Ribosomes = dense particles composed of ribosomal RNA and protein, site of protein synthesis --ER = membrane system of sacs and tubules, rough ER makes proteins, smooth ER metabolizes lipids and stores calcium
Name the levels of increasing complexity in the human body, from chemical to organismal
Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
Describe lysosomes.
Lysosomes are membranous sacs that break down proteins and debris
Distinguish between a plane and a section.
A plane is a hypothetical cut, a section is the result of the cut
Describe the organization of the abdominopelvic cavity into regions and quadrants and identify some of the major viscera located in each region or quadrant. Identify the nine abdominopelvic regions (Fig. 1.7a & b, p. 13).
R hypochondriac Epigastric L hypochondriac R Lumbar Umbilical L lumbar R iliac Hypogastric L iliac
Define anatomy and describe the subdivisions of anatomy
Anatomy is the study of structure, the subdivisions include gross anatomy, microscopic anatomy, developmental anatomy, and pathological anatomy
Describe the unique structure of mitochondria and the roles the mitochondria play in the cell.
The structure of the mitochondria is covered in two membranes, inner membrane folds into projections called cristae. Mitochondria make energy (ATP) for the cell
Explain how molecules move across the plasma membrane.
-Simple diffusion = O2, CO2, and fat-soluble molecules pass freely -Osmosis = diffusion of water. -Facilitated diffusion = molecules move through a specific integral protein down concentration gradient. -Active transport = moving molecules against concentration gradient using energy
Describe the sequence of development in week 1 of the embryonic period (from zygote to blastocyst, Fig. 3.3, p. 50).
Zygote moves towards uterus, becomes morula and blastocyst. Blastocyst is formed by day 4 and implants to uterine wall about day 6 or 7
Identify the various planes and sections associated with the human body or body structure (Fig. 1.4, p. 9)
sagittal, parasagittal, frontal/coronal, transverse, oblique
Define and properly use standardized directional terms, regional terms, and planes of the body (Table 1.1, p. 8).
Identify the relationship between chromatin and chromosomes.
Chromosomes are made up of chromatin, which are the highest level of organization, DNA is packed with proteins in a double helix structure
Identify the members of the axial region of the body.
Cephalic, cervical, thoracic, abdominal, pelvic, back
Emphasize the importance of the metric system in understanding the relative and actual size of cells, tissues, and organs. Reference: Appendix A
length = meters, weight = kilograms, volume = liters
Discuss cell differentiation and explain the major theories of aging.
Mitochondrial theory, free radical theory, and genetic therory
Identify structures produced by both the blastocyst inner cell mass and the trophoblast.
ICM becomes baby, trophoblast becomes placenta
Describe why humans are vertebrates sharing several basic features with animals such as fish, birds, amphibians, and mammals (Fig. 1.5, p. 10).
tube-within-a-tube, bilateral symmetry, dorsal hollow nerve cord, notochord and vertebrae, segmentation (repeating structure), pharyngeal pouches
Identify some specific cell types, and explain the relationship of cell shape to cell function.
Erythrocytes, Epithelial cells, Skeletal & smooth muscle cells, sperm cells, fat cells, macrophages, nerve cells
Distinguish between the axial and appendicular regions of the body
Axial = head & trunk, Appendicular = limbs
Section 2
(50 cards)
Define gland.
Epithelial cells that make and secrete a product
Identify the four major tissue types.
Connective, Epithelial, Muscle, Nervous
Identify each of the following simple epithelial tissues and describe the characteristics, functions, and body locations of each: simple squamous epithelium, simple cuboidal epithelium, simple columnar epithelium, and pseudostratified columnar epithelium (Fig. 4.3, pgs. 68-69).
- LOOK AT DIAGRAM
Describe spina bifida and describe how it is produced.
Caudal portion of neural tube doesn't close properly. This causes malformation of spinal cord, spine, and spinal nerves. The lower body weakens, pain in bladder and bowel movement
Describe the locations and functions of the amnion, amniotic sac cavity, and amniotic fluid.
Amnion: outer membrane of amniotic sac, Amniotic sac cavity holds amniotic fluid, Amniotic fluid: buffers embryo & fetus from physical shock
Describe the formation of the primitive streak (Fig. 3.5, p. 52).
the primitive streak appears on the epiblast, migrating epiblast cells displace the hypoblast and form endoderm, Ingressing epiblast cells form mesoderm between endoderm and overlying epiblast surface epiblast cells form ectoderm.
Identify the major derivatives of the following (Fig. 3.9, p. 56; Fig. 3.10, p. 57):
Ectoderm = brain, spinal cord, epidermis, hair, nails, neural crest, Endoderm = epithelial lining of glands and digestive and respiratory tracts, Notochord = Nucleus pulposus of intervertebral discs, Yolk sac = early blood cells & vessels
Describe the structure and function of each of the following types of cell junctions: tight junctions, adhesive belt junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions.
-Tight junctions extend around the periphery of each cell to prevent molecules from passing between cells. -Adhesive belt junctions anchor cells together, transmembrane linker proteins attach to actin microfilaments of cytoskeleton (Velcro). -Desmosomes are a cytoplasmic that binds cells together. -Gap Junctions are tunnel-like junctions that aid in intercellular communication, they allow small molecules to move directly between cells (found in embryonic tissue)
Identify the special characteristics of epithelial tissue.
-Cellularity = composed of cells, Specialized junctions: adjacent epithelial cells are directly joined at many points -Polarity = have free apical surface & attached basal surface: open to space of cavity, gland, or hollow organ, also lies on supporting sheet, Supported by connective tissue -Avascular but innervated = lacks blood vessels, has nerve endings -Regeneration = can do this easily
Describe the process of neurulation (Fig. 3.7, p. 54).
ectoderm thickens to start forming brain & spinal cord
Define gastrulation and induction.
-Gastrulation = a process of invagination of epiblast cells -Induction = the influence exerted by a group of cells on the differentiation of adjacent cells or on the development of an embryonic structure
Identify the yolk sac as the fluid
filled sac produced by the hypoblast and state its function. - function = give rise to earliest blood cells & vessels
Identify each of the following stratified epithelial tissues and describe the characteristics, functions, and body locations of each: stratified squamous epithelium, stratified cuboidal epithelium, stratified columnar epithelium, and transitional epithelium (Fig. 4.3, pgs. 70 to71).
LOOK AT DIAGRAM
Identify and define the following: neural plate, neural groove, neural tube and neural crest.
-neural plate = ectoderm in the dorsal midline thicken, -neural groove = ectoderm folds inward -neural tube = a hallow tube pinches off into body, - -neural crest = derived from ectoderm cells, forms sensory neurons
Define mesenchyme; identifying is composition, function, and location (Fig. 4.10, p. 81).
-composition = embryonic CT, gel-like ground substances containing fibers. -function = give rise to all other connective tissue types. -location = primarily in embryo
Define the following: avascular, regeneration and innervation.
-Avascular = no blood vessels -Regeneration = ability to replace cells lost by mitosis, - Innervation = penetrated by nerve endings
Describe how the body acquires a three-dimensional tubular shape (Fig. 3.8, p. 55).
-same as above
Describe the sequence in week 4 of embryonic development.
Embryo folds laterally, caused by fast growth somites. Head & tail folding are caused by expansion of brain and lengthening of spinal cord. Embryonic disk bulges, growing faster than yolk sac. Embryo becomes cylindrical, enclosing tubular part of yolk sac (primitive gut)
Differentiate between the cell suffixes -blast and -cyte.
-blast = actively doing something/building -cyte = done w/ building, waiting to do work
Describe the location and function of goblet cells.
Goblet cells are unicellular exocrine glands that secrete mucus, cover, protect, and lubricate internal body surfaces. They can be found in the GI tract
Define implantation.
The blastocyst starts to burrow into wall of uterus
Describe the structure of the bilaminar embryonic disc.
ICM divides into two sheets: epiblast & hypoblast
Identify the four classes of connective tissues and the component, general features, and functions of each: connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone tissue, and blood (Table 4.2, p. 79).
-Connective Tissue Proper - bind tissue & resist mechanical stress -Loose= areolar, adipose, reticula. Dense= regular, irregular, elastic. Cells= fibroblast, defense cells, fat cell. -Matrix= collagen, reticular, elastic. Cartilage - exaggerated support function. Fibers contain thin collagen fibrils, cells: chondroblasts. ------Bone Tissue - resist compression and tension, support function= compact, spongy bone, calcified with inorganic salts, collagen. -Blood - transport= no fibers, erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
Differentiate between simple and stratified epithelial tissues and identify the primary functions of each (Table 4.1, p. 67).
-Simple = single layer of cells that help with diffusion, filtration, secretion, absorption. stratified = 2+ layers of cells, protection
Identify the functions and locations of each of the four major tissue types.
-Epithelial: function = protect, secrete; location = outer and inner lining of organs -Connective: function = transport, support, protect; location = tendons/ligaments -Muscle tissue: function = movement; location = heart, hollow visceral organs -Nervous tissue: function = receive stimuli & send impulse to CNS; location = peripheral nerves & organs
Identify the two subclasses of connective tissue proper and the criteria used to distinguish between them: loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue.
loose = fibers distributed throughout dense = thick collagen fibers
Define basement membrane and identify its location.
Basal lamina + reticular fibers; location = between ET and CT deep to it
Describe the major events of the fetal period (Table 3.1, p. 59)
8 weeks= First brain waves occur in brain stem, Ossification begins in long bones. 9-12 weeks= Blood cell formation begins in bone marrow, Male/female genitalia are distinctive. 13-16 weeks= Most bones are distinct, and joint cavities are present. 17-20 weeks= Mother can feel movements. 21-30 weeks= Lungs complete development, Bone marrow becomes only cite of blood cell formation. 30-38 weeks= Fat accumulates in hypodermis, Skin thickens
Describe the sequence of development in week 2 of the embryonic period (Fig. 3.4, p. 51).
Implantation continues, ICM forms bilaminar disc, implantation completes, amniotic sac and yolk sac form
Contrast tubular, alveolar, and tubuloalveolar secretory units of exocrine glands.
-Tubular: secretory cells from tubes -alveolar = secretory cells from spherical sacs, -tubuloalveolar = combination of both
Relate the following prefixes to their respective tissue types: osteo- and chondro- osteo
osteo = bone chondro- = cartilage
Contrast the epiblast and the hypoblast.
Epiblast = on top, hypoblast = on bottom
Identify the amniotic sac as the fluid
-filled sac produced by the epiblast and state its function. - function = fluid inside sac protects baby from physical shock
Describe the formation of the notochord (Fig. 3.6, p. 53).
the notochord forms from endoderm, mesoderm, and primitive node
Define the following terms: notochord and primitive node.
-notochord = site of the future vertebral column, forms from endoderm & primitive node -primitive node = a swelling at one end of primitive streak
Define tissue.
A tissue is a group of closely associated cells that perform related functions and are similar in structure
Distinguish between the locations and functions of white and brown adipose tissues.
white: typical nutrient-storing fat; location = beneath skin. brown: produce heat and consume nutrients; location = hypodermis between scapulae
Identify the special characteristics of connective tissues.
Relatively few cells, lots of extracellular matrix (close together), extracellular matrix is composed of ground substance and fibers, embryonic origin
Describe the sequence of development in week 3 of the embryonic period (gastrulation, formation of the three germ layers, notochord formation, and neurulation).
Embryo grows from a two-layered disc into a three-layered disc (gastrulation). Three germ layers form: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. The layers form when the primitive streak appears. Epiblast cells migrate inwards at the primitive streak, migrating cells become endoderm, displacing hypoblast. Ingressing epiblast cells form mesoderm (middle). Remaining epiblast cells make up ectoderm
Identify each of the following loose connective tissues and describe the characteristics, function, and body locations of each: areolar, adipose, and reticular connective tissue (Fig. 4.10, pgs. 81-82)
BOOK
Describe the following epithelial cell shapes: squamous, cuboidal and columnar.
squamous: width>height cuboidal: width=height columnar: width<height
Contrast simple and compound exocrine glands.
Simple = unbranched duct compound = branched duct
Identify the three primary germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.
Ectoderm = on dorsal surface, mesoderm = between, epiblast & endoderm, endoderm = replace hypoblast
Define extracellular matrix and identify the two components of extracellular matrix: ground substance and fibers.
Extracellular matrix is composed of ground substance and fibers and produced by connective tissue. -ground substance = soft, gel-like substance that holds tissue fluid, embedded with fibers. -Fibers = provide support for connective tissues (collagen, reticular, elastic)
Distinguish between endocrine and exocrine glands.
-Endocrine secrete hormones into body -Exocrine secrete things out of body (ex: sweat & mammary glands)
Distinguish between epithelial microvilli and cilia, identifying the function of each.
-Microvilli are fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane, they are abundant in epithelial that secrete mucus, help anchor mucus sheets. -Cilia are hair like extensions that create a current to push mucus and other substances over epithelial surface
Identify mesoderm as mesenchyme tissue.
A mesenchyme is any embryonic tissue with star-shaped cells that don't attach (free to migrate)
Describe embryonic development of weeks 5 to 8.
This is the time the fetus matures and grows, cells are differentiating during first ½ of fetal period. Limb buds form, limbs come out, embryo looks like human at 8 weeks, head is disproportionately large, all major organs in place, lungs are least developed
Differentiate between the structure and function of the following connective tissue fiber types: collagen, reticular, and elastic.
-Collagen: structure = thick, whitish gray; function = strongest type, resist tension. -Reticular: structure = bundles of special type of collagen fibril; function = cover & support. -Elastic: structure = contain protein elastin; function = recoil (rubber band)
Describe the location, origination, and composition of both the basal lamina and reticular lamina of the basement membrane.
-The basal lamina is a layer of extracellular matrix secreted by epithelial cells (part of basement membrane). -Reticular is a thin, stiff lamina that extends from our hair cells to the hensen's cells (portion of basal lamina)
Section 3
(9 cards)