Go on. Explore!

lvl 0 • 0 xp

lvl 1

Home Market Decks Interests

Learning Objectives C190

memorize.ai (lvl 286)

(0)

49 cards

()

Section 1

Preview this deck

Describe how the Law of Independent Assortment increases gamete variety

Front

1 / 49

iOS Dev

0.0

0 reviews

5			0
4			0
3			0
2			0
1			0

Active users

All-time users

Favorites

Last updated

6 years ago

Date created

Mar 1, 2020

Cards (49)

Section 1

(49 cards)

Describe how the Law of Independent Assortment increases gamete variety

Front

The alleles separate and go to different gametes randomly. this causes a variety in the offspring.

Back

Compare and contrast the structure and function of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Front

Prokaryotic: Cells w/out a nucleus. The DNA in the cell is the the cytoplasm rather than enclosed w/in a nuclear membrane. Found in single-celled organisms such as bacteria. Eukaryotic: Cells that contain a nucleus. Usually larger than prokaryotes, are found mainly in multi-cellular organisms such as animals, plants, and protists (amoeba, algae, fungi).

Back

Describe the trophic levels in an ecosystem

Front

Trophic level 1: Composed of producers that form the base of all ecosystems. Organisms in level 1 are eaten by organisms in level 2. Producers such as plants. Level 2: are eating by organisms in level 3. Consumers (animals, fungi, and many microbes) Level 3: eaten by organisms in level 4. Consumers So on... Level 1- Producers Level 2-4- Consumers

Back

Describe how energy flows through an ecosystem

Front

Energy flows through living systems changing forms as it goes. The energy in sunlight is captured by green plants, which use this energy to build sugar molecules. The energy from the sun is stored in the sugar and used to do work. Energy flows through the system; it is never recycled.

Back

Compare and contrast the structure and function of the nucleic acids RNA and DNA

Front

RNA: single stranded, contains ribose, nitrogenous base (A, T, U, G, & C), transmits proteins for genetic use in DNA. DNA: double stranded, five-carbon sugar deoxyribose, (A, T, G, C), gives humans their genetic code/makeup developing looks and personalities.

Back

Describe the process of DNA replication

Front

The two strands in the double-helix of DNA 'unzip' between the nucleotide's and separate. An RNA strand replaces the other DNA strand, copying the nucleotide's to match. Resulting in two DNA strands, each with one new and one old DNA strand.

Back

Identify the molecular requirements, cellular location, and product of transcription

Front

Transcription is the process where genetic info from DNA is transcribed to RNA. The transcribed DNA message, or RNA transcript, is used to produce proteins. It begins at the start site-the 5' -end of a gene sequence.

Back

Describe Homeostasis

Front

Keeping things constant. A characteristic of a system that regulates its internal environment and tends to maintain a stable, relatively, constant, condition of properties.

Back

Compare and contrast the purposes of mitosis and meiosis

Front

Mitosis: increase the number of cells in an organism during development, replace damaged cells during wound healing, and produce replacement cells as other cells undergo naturally pre-programmed death. Parent and daughter cells are identical. Meiosis: produce new gametes (sperm and egg). Must reduce the chromosome number in the daughter cells to half that in the parent cell.

Back

Analyze the results of monohybrid crosses

Front

There is a phenotype (visible traits) and genotype (genetic traits). They are represented by an uppercase letter (B) and a lowercase letter (b). They are crossed to determine the offspring. B b B BB Bb b Bb bb

Back

Identify the levels of organization important in the study of ecology

Front

Organism: an individual living thing. Population: group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area. Community: A group of populations living and interacting in the same area. Ecosystem: A community of organisms and their nonliving environment. Biome: large group of ecosystems that share the same climate and have similar types of communities. Biosphere: portion of Earth that supports life.

Back

Describe the major events of each phase of meiosis

Front

Meiosis I-reduction division: Prophase I: chromosomes are condensed. Metaphase I: homologous pairs of chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate. Anaphase I: homologous pairs are pulled apart, and they move toward the poles of the cell. Telophase I: cytokinesis occurs and two new daughter cells are formed. Meiosis II-sister chromatids are separated from each other: Prophase II: the nuclear membrane breaks apart and the spindle apparatus is formed. Metaphase II: condensed chromosomes along the metaphase plate. Anaphase II: the sister chromatids of each chromosome separate and move toward opposite poles. Telophase II: the chromosomes reach opposite poles, the two produces by meiosis I divide to form four haploid daughter cells.

Back

Describe how matter cycles through an ecosystem

Front

Matter cycles within living things. The atoms in the sugar molecule start out as nutrients and will ultimately become waste which can become nutrients for something else. The atoms will be used over and over again.

Back

Describe the major events of each phase of mitosis

Front

Prophase: Chromosomes condense Metaphase: Chromosomes are moved to the center of the cell Anaphase: Sister chromatids are separated and move to opposite sides of the cell Telophase: New nuclear membranes are formed around the clusters of chromosomes on each side of the cell.

Back

Identify alternative patterns of inheritance, such as incomplete dominance, co-dominance, and polygenic inheritance

Front

Incomplete Dominance: The heterozygous genotype exhibits and intermediate phenotype. For example if you have a white and red flower and they will mix to become pink. Co-dominance: A form of dominance where the alleles of a gene pair in a heterozygote are fully expressed. The offspring is neither dominant nor recessive. Example: a red and white flower will not mix but rather have an offspring that is white and red. Polygenic Inheritance: an inheritable character that is controlled by several genes at once. Example height, eye color, and skin color.

Back

Identify different types of chemical bonds

Front

-Covalent: Strongest -Ionic: Moderate -Hydrogen: Weak

Back

Identify the basic structure and function of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins

Front

-Carbohydrates: organic molecules that consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Primary source of energy in living systems. -Lipids: hydrophobic, non-polar known as fats. Stores energy for later use. -Proteins: macro-molecules built from amino acids. Play a role in the storage, replication, transmission, and regulation of genetic information (DNA).

Back

Describe how the structure of the cell membrane relates to its functions

Front

Thin semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm. It protects the integrity of the interior of the cell by allowing certain substances into the cell while also keeping other substances out. What enters and exits the cell.

Back

Describe homeostasis

Front

The ability or tendency of organisms and cells to maintain stable internal conditions.

Back

Describe fermentation as an anaerobic process

Front

Breaks down organic molecules and stores energy as ATP.

Back

Describe the functions of organelles

Front

Found in the nucleus, it is the storage for DNA-room where the blueprints are kept.

Back

Identify how the Law of Segregation relates to allele dispersion during gamete production

Front

Back

Interpret the results of dihybrid crosses

Front

A breeding experiment between P (parental) generation organisms that differ in two traits. AB Ab aB ab AB AABB AABb AaBB AaBb Ab AABb AAbb AaBb Aabb aB AaBB AaBb aaBB aaBb ab AaBb Aabb aaBb aabb

Back

Compare mechanisms other than natural selection that change the gene pool in a population leading to microevolution

Front

Natural Selection: A process by which nature impacts the evolution of a population. Sexual Selection: Some genetic types reproduce more than others because hey have traits that allow them to: find or attract more mates, choose higher quality mates, win in competitions over mates. Artificial Selection: Also known as selective breeding; humans decide which types reproduce best: we deliberately breed certain individuals with desired traits.

Back

Identify the special properties of water

Front

-Water is an excellent solvent and can dissolve a wide range of substances. -Water is cohesive. -Water's temperature tends to remain stable. -Solid water (ice) is less dense than liquid water.

Back

Identify factors related to human activities and population size that impact the environment

Front

-Population Size -Affluence and Consumption Levels -High-impact Technologies

Back

Describe the cellular activities occurring in each phase of the cell cycle

Front

Interphase is divided into three phases: G1, S, G2 G1: Cell growth Synthesis: DNA is duplicated G2: DNA integrity is checked and repaired Mitosis: Chromosome sets separate equally Cytokinesis: Division of parental cell into 2 daughter cells G1: Next cycle begins

Back

Identify ATP as the major energy carrier for cells

Front

Energy from the breakdown of food is transformed into carbohydrates, glycogen, and fat. When energy is needed for the cell it is converted from storage molecules into ATP, which travels to where it is needed inside of the cell.

Back

Describe the major characteristics of organic molecules

Front

-Contain C atoms bonded to H. Often contain O, N, P, or S -Atoms are connected by covalent bonds. -Monomers can be linked together to make polymers. Polymers consist of a carbon skeleton (backbone) with other atoms branching off from this structure. -Typically produced by living cells and are found in large quantities in living organisms and their remains.

Back

Classify items as biotic (living) or abiotic (nonliving)

Front

Biotic: Living or having lived -Bacteria -Cotton -Yogurt Abiotic: Nonliving and never having been alivebiome -Water -Glucose -Carbon Dioxide -Cold Virus

Back

Analyze the process of natural selection and its relationship to evolution at the population level

Front

Nature selects those individuals who are best fit for the environment. If you have variation, differential reproduction, and heredity, you will have evolution by natural selection as an outcome. Evolution is the scientific theory that explains how and why life changes over time.

Back

Relate experimental design to the process of scientific inquiry

Front

A hypothesis must be developed and experiments are developed to further observe and test the hypothesis, and the data gathered. This in turn becomes a scientific inquiry.

Back

Compare and contrast types of interactions and relationships between species within a community

Front

-Predation: Usually involves predator killing and eating prey. Also includes more subtle type of win-lose interactions. -Competition: Lose-lose interactions. May involve two species interfering directly (fighting) or using the same limiting resource. -Parasitism: May involve animal or plant hosts that provide habitat and food to their harmful symbionts. -Mutualism: Win-win interactions. May involve species trading materials services, or both. -Commensalism: Two species may also engage in a symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other does not but also is not harmed.

Back

Identify autosomal and sex-linked patterns of inheritance

Front

Autosomal: chromosomes that are not sex determining. Sex-linked: if the responsible gene is present on a sex chromosome it is sex-linked.

Back

Identify how changes in chromosome number lead to disorders

Front

When an extra chromosome is added it creates genetic disorders because each human is only supposed to have 22 autosomal chromosomes with the last (XY or XX) determining male or female.

Back

Describe the flow of information from DNA to RNA and from RNA to protein

Front

Described by the central dogma of molecular biology. Transcription Translation DNA-->RNA-->Protein | | Replication

Back

Identify the levels of biological organization from atom to biome

Front

-Atom -Molecule -Cell -Tissue -Organ -Organ System -Organism -Population -Community -Ecosystem -Biome -Biosphere

Back

Identify the molecular requirements, cellular location, and product of translation

Front

Transcription occurs during DNA synthesis, it is when the DNA helix is unwound and one of the strands read and copied by RNA. Cellular ribosomes create proteins.

Back

Compare and contrast the structure and function of animal and plant cells

Front

Both animal and plant cells are eukaryotic. Plants: chloroplasts, and rigid cell wall. Chloroplast (unique organelles) are able to harvest solar energy to make sugar from carbon dioxide (known as photosynthesis). Animals: consist of everything except for chloroplasts, and a cell wall.

Back

Describe what an atom is and the subatomic particles of which it is comprised

Front

The smallest unit of matter. The fundamental building block of a chemical element. Has a nucleus and rings of electrons. Comprised of protons, neutrons, and electrons

Back

Analyze the inputs to and outputs of the stages of photosynthesis

Front

Inputs: Light, water, carbon dioxide (CO2) Outputs: Oxygen, sugar (converted to starch)

Back

Recognize that branching patterns of evolution form new species

Front

Speciation: The formation of new species Allopatric speciation: Species can form if they are isolated from the source lineage by geography. Sympatric speciation: A new species "pops up" right within, and surrounded by, its parent species.

Back

Apply the process of scientific inquiry to questions about the natural world

Front

The term natural in this context means all that can be observed with our senses or with instruments that extend our senses. Best approach to understanding the natural world and predicting natural phenomena.

Back

Describe the different membrane transport mechanisms and how they work

Front

Facilitated diffusion: moving impermeable molecules across a membrane using channels or pores. Simple diffusion: The molecules are moving down a concentration gradient. Active transport: to do work, the cell must expend energy and actively move (pump) the ions.

Back

Recognize the importance of biodiversity and ways it can be threatened

Front

Biodiversity: the diversity of life in an area. Extinction from: -Habitat loss -Introduced species -Over-harvesting -Pollution Invasive species Over-exploitation (over-hunting, fishing) Global climate change Human-generated pollution and contamination Population growth

Back

Describe homologous features, phylogenetics, and other types of evidence for evolution

Front

Homologous: shared features that were inherited from the same source and reflect common ancestry. Phylogenetics: a diagram that shows how a biological lineage may have branched and formed clades over time.

Back

Identify how a change in the DNA code may affect phenotype

Front

If the DNA code is changed slightly it can cause an amino acid to have an error which in turn will produce a protein with an error. This will affect the phenotype.

Back

Distinguish between genotype and phenotype

Front

Phenotype: visible traits Genotype: describes the genes which an organism has.

Back

Recognize that traits can be influenced by genes and the environment

Front

This is known as multifactorial. Everyone a product of their environment. For example: human height varies based on nutrition and genetics.

Back

Learning Objectives C190

Preview this deck

Describe how the Law of Independent Assortment increases gamete variety

0.0

Cards (49)

Describe how the Law of Independent Assortment increases gamete variety

The alleles separate and go to different gametes randomly. this causes a variety in the offspring.

Compare and contrast the structure and function of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Describe the trophic levels in an ecosystem

Describe how energy flows through an ecosystem

Energy flows through living systems changing forms as it goes. The energy in sunlight is captured by green plants, which use this energy to build sugar molecules. The energy from the sun is stored in the sugar and used to do work. Energy flows through the system; it is never recycled.

Compare and contrast the structure and function of the nucleic acids RNA and DNA

RNA: single stranded, contains ribose, nitrogenous base (A, T, U, G, & C), transmits proteins for genetic use in DNA. DNA: double stranded, five-carbon sugar deoxyribose, (A, T, G, C), gives humans their genetic code/makeup developing looks and personalities.

Describe the process of DNA replication

The two strands in the double-helix of DNA 'unzip' between the nucleotide's and separate. An RNA strand replaces the other DNA strand, copying the nucleotide's to match. Resulting in two DNA strands, each with one new and one old DNA strand.

Identify the molecular requirements, cellular location, and product of transcription

Transcription is the process where genetic info from DNA is transcribed to RNA. The transcribed DNA message, or RNA transcript, is used to produce proteins. It begins at the start site-the 5' -end of a gene sequence.

Describe Homeostasis

Keeping things constant. A characteristic of a system that regulates its internal environment and tends to maintain a stable, relatively, constant, condition of properties.

Compare and contrast the purposes of mitosis and meiosis

Analyze the results of monohybrid crosses

There is a phenotype (visible traits) and genotype (genetic traits). They are represented by an uppercase letter (B) and a lowercase letter (b). They are crossed to determine the offspring. B b B BB Bb b Bb bb

Identify the levels of organization important in the study of ecology

Describe the major events of each phase of meiosis

Describe how matter cycles through an ecosystem

Matter cycles within living things. The atoms in the sugar molecule start out as nutrients and will ultimately become waste which can become nutrients for something else. The atoms will be used over and over again.

Describe the major events of each phase of mitosis

Prophase: Chromosomes condense Metaphase: Chromosomes are moved to the center of the cell Anaphase: Sister chromatids are separated and move to opposite sides of the cell Telophase: New nuclear membranes are formed around the clusters of chromosomes on each side of the cell.

Identify alternative patterns of inheritance, such as incomplete dominance, co-dominance, and polygenic inheritance

Identify different types of chemical bonds

-Covalent: Strongest -Ionic: Moderate -Hydrogen: Weak

Identify the basic structure and function of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins

Describe how the structure of the cell membrane relates to its functions

Thin semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm. It protects the integrity of the interior of the cell by allowing certain substances into the cell while also keeping other substances out. What enters and exits the cell.

Describe homeostasis

The ability or tendency of organisms and cells to maintain stable internal conditions.

Describe fermentation as an anaerobic process

Breaks down organic molecules and stores energy as ATP.

Describe the functions of organelles

Found in the nucleus, it is the storage for DNA-room where the blueprints are kept.

Identify how the Law of Segregation relates to allele dispersion during gamete production

Interpret the results of dihybrid crosses

A breeding experiment between P (parental) generation organisms that differ in two traits. AB Ab aB ab AB AABB AABb AaBB AaBb Ab AABb AAbb AaBb Aabb aB AaBB AaBb aaBB aaBb ab AaBb Aabb aaBb aabb

Compare mechanisms other than natural selection that change the gene pool in a population leading to microevolution

Identify the special properties of water

-Water is an excellent solvent and can dissolve a wide range of substances. -Water is cohesive. -Water's temperature tends to remain stable. -Solid water (ice) is less dense than liquid water.

Identify factors related to human activities and population size that impact the environment

-Population Size -Affluence and Consumption Levels -High-impact Technologies

Describe the cellular activities occurring in each phase of the cell cycle

Interphase is divided into three phases: G1, S, G2 G1: Cell growth Synthesis: DNA is duplicated G2: DNA integrity is checked and repaired Mitosis: Chromosome sets separate equally Cytokinesis: Division of parental cell into 2 daughter cells G1: Next cycle begins

Identify ATP as the major energy carrier for cells

Energy from the breakdown of food is transformed into carbohydrates, glycogen, and fat. When energy is needed for the cell it is converted from storage molecules into ATP, which travels to where it is needed inside of the cell.

Describe the major characteristics of organic molecules

Classify items as biotic (living) or abiotic (nonliving)

Biotic: Living or having lived -Bacteria -Cotton -Yogurt Abiotic: Nonliving and never having been alivebiome -Water -Glucose -Carbon Dioxide -Cold Virus

Analyze the process of natural selection and its relationship to evolution at the population level

Nature selects those individuals who are best fit for the environment. If you have variation, differential reproduction, and heredity, you will have evolution by natural selection as an outcome. Evolution is the scientific theory that explains how and why life changes over time.

Relate experimental design to the process of scientific inquiry

A hypothesis must be developed and experiments are developed to further observe and test the hypothesis, and the data gathered. This in turn becomes a scientific inquiry.

Compare and contrast types of interactions and relationships between species within a community

Identify autosomal and sex-linked patterns of inheritance

Autosomal: chromosomes that are not sex determining. Sex-linked: if the responsible gene is present on a sex chromosome it is sex-linked.

Identify how changes in chromosome number lead to disorders

When an extra chromosome is added it creates genetic disorders because each human is only supposed to have 22 autosomal chromosomes with the last (XY or XX) determining male or female.

Describe the flow of information from DNA to RNA and from RNA to protein

Described by the central dogma of molecular biology. Transcription Translation DNA-->RNA-->Protein | | Replication

Identify the levels of biological organization from atom to biome

-Atom -Molecule -Cell -Tissue -Organ -Organ System -Organism -Population -Community -Ecosystem -Biome -Biosphere

Identify the molecular requirements, cellular location, and product of translation

Transcription occurs during DNA synthesis, it is when the DNA helix is unwound and one of the strands read and copied by RNA. Cellular ribosomes create proteins.

Compare and contrast the structure and function of animal and plant cells

*Both animal and plant cells are eukaryotic.* Plants: chloroplasts, and rigid cell wall. Chloroplast (unique organelles) are able to harvest solar energy to make sugar from carbon dioxide (known as photosynthesis). Animals: consist of everything except for chloroplasts, and a cell wall.

Describe what an atom is and the subatomic particles of which it is comprised

The smallest unit of matter. The fundamental building block of a chemical element. Has a nucleus and rings of electrons. Comprised of protons, neutrons, and electrons

Analyze the inputs to and outputs of the stages of photosynthesis

Inputs: Light, water, carbon dioxide (CO2) Outputs: Oxygen, sugar (converted to starch)

Recognize that branching patterns of evolution form new species

Speciation: The formation of new species Allopatric speciation: Species can form if they are isolated from the source lineage by geography. Sympatric speciation: A new species "pops up" right within, and surrounded by, its parent species.

Apply the process of scientific inquiry to questions about the natural world

The term natural in this context means all that can be observed with our senses or with instruments that extend our senses. Best approach to understanding the natural world and predicting natural phenomena.

Both animal and plant cells are eukaryotic. Plants: chloroplasts, and rigid cell wall. Chloroplast (unique organelles) are able to harvest solar energy to make sugar from carbon dioxide (known as photosynthesis). Animals: consist of everything except for chloroplasts, and a cell wall.