Section 1
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endocytosis
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Cards (82)
Section 1
(50 cards)
endocytosis
a cell brings in biological molecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles from the plasma membrane. 3 types: phagocytosis, pinocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis.
. A proton pump is
the most common electrogenic pump in plants, bacteria and fungi, and it is responsible for pumping protons from the inside of the cell to the extracellular environment.
sodium-potassium pump
transport protein that, translocating the bound solute across the membrane. Exchanges sodium ions (Na) for potassium ions (K) across the plasma membrane of animal cells.
pinocytosis
molecules are taken up when extracellular fluid is "gulped" into tiny vesicles.
tonicity
the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water.
turgid
when the plant cell is very firm, which is a healthy state for most plant cells.
lipoproteins
complexes of proteins and lipids. Cholesterol travels in low density _______
fluid mosaic model
The arrangement of phospholipids and proteins in biological membranes is described by the...
hypotonic (animal cell)
when a cell is immersed in a solution, water enters the cell faster than it leaves, it swells and lyses (explodes) like an overfilled water balloon.
plasmolysis
This happens when a cell shrinks inside its cell wall while the cell wall remains intact. The plasma membrane pulls away from the wall.
aquaporins
channel proteins that facilitate the passage of water
isotonic (animal cell)
if a cell with no cell wall is immersed in an enviroment where there is no net movement of water across the plasma membrane. Stays the same.
cell-cell recognition
the ability of a cell to disitnguish one type of neighboring cell from another.
concentration gradient
the region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases.
exocytosis
transport vesicle budded from the Golgi apparatus is moved by the cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane. When the 2 membranes come in contact, the bilayers fuse spill the contents.
active transport
transport that requires the cell to expend metabolic energy and enables a cell to maintain internal concentrations of small molecules. Requires energy.
hypotonic (plant cell)
when a plant cell is immersed in a __________ solution the cell contents swell due to osmosis until the elastic cell wall exerts turgor pressure on the cell that opposes further water outake.
phagocytosis
a cell engulfs a particle in a vacuole. The vacuole fuses with a lysosome to digest the particle.
hypertonic (plant cells)
the plant cell loses water, its volume shrinks. The plasma membrane pulls away from the wall, this is plasmolysis. It is lethal to the cell.
osmoregulation
the control of water balance
membrane potential
voltage across a membrane. Ranges form -50 to -200 millivolts. The inside of the cell is negative to the outside.
amphipatic molecules
have hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions
channel proteins
transport proteins that have a hydrophilic channel that certain molecules or ions use as a tunnel though the membrane.
isotonic (plant cell)
when a plant cell is immersed in a _______ solution; there is no net movement. The cell becomes flaccid and the plant may wilt.
diffusion
movement of molecules of any substance to spread out in available space passive transport high to low down concentration gradient decreas freee energy - delta G
facilitated diffusion
the passive movement of molecules down their concentration gradient with the help of transport proteins.
receptor-mediated endocytosis
endocytosis that enables a cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific materials that may be in low concentrations in the environment.
ion channels (gated channels)
Channels that open or close depending on the presence or abscence of an electrical, chemical, or physical stimulus.
hypertonic (animal cell)
when the cell is immersed in a solution where it loses water to its environment, shrivels and probably dies.
carrier proteins
transport proteins that bind to molecules and change shape to shuttle them across the membrane.
electrochemical gradient
2 combined forces drive the diffusion of ions across the membrane.
An electrogenic pump is
a transport protein that generates voltage across a membrane by transporting more ions in one direction than the other generates a membrane potential, and the membrane potential leads to an electrochemical gradient.
integral proteins
proteins that penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer reach partway or completely through membrane with hydrophilic ends + hydrophobic middle attach ECM to P.M
flaccid
limp, not firm or strong (If a plant is not watered enough, its leaves become droopy and flaccid.)
ATP
supplies energy for most active transport
peripheral proteins
proteins that are not embedded in the lipid bi layer they are attached to cytosol side of integral proteins ( not embedded) held in place by cytoskeleton maintain cell shape + fix location of proteins
sodium-potassium pump
major electrogenic pump in animals. Restores the electrochemical gradient by setting up a concentration gradient. It pumps 2 K ions for every 3 Na ions that it moves out, it generates a voltage.
proton pumps
the major electrogenic pump. Transports protons out of the cell and transfers positive charge form the cytoplasm to the extracellular solution.
transmembrane proteins
the integral protein completely spans the membrane as...
lipids and proteins
main macromolecules in membranes
passive transport
transport that requires no energy from the cell to make it happen
osmosis
the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
cystinuria
human disease characterized by the absence of a carrier protein that transports cysteine and other amino acids across the membranes of kidney cells.
Paramecium
is a protist that is hypertonic to the pond water in which it lives.
selectively permeable
allows some substances to cross more easily than others.
phospholipids
most abundant lipids
plasma membrane
separates the living cell from its surroundings. Controls traffic in and out of the cell. Is selectively permeable. bifacial- has distinct cytoplasmic + EC side
electrogenic pumps
special transport proteins that generate the voltage gradient across a membrane. Ex. sodium potassium pump and proton pumps.
cotransport
single ATP-powered pump that transports a specific solute can indirectly drive the active transport of several other solutes in a mechanism.
freeze-fracture
preparation technique that splits a membrane along the middle of the phospholipid bilayer
Section 2
(32 cards)