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Behavioral Science I - Endocrine Glands

memorize.ai (lvl 286)

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What will occur if the hypothalamus does or does not release prolactin-inhibiting factor (PIF) (dopamine)?

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6 years ago

Date created

Mar 1, 2020

Cards (46)

Section 1

(46 cards)

What will occur if the hypothalamus does or does not release prolactin-inhibiting factor (PIF) (dopamine)?

Front

The absence will allow the pituitary gland to release prolactin and when PIF is released prolactin will not be released. This is the only exception to the hypothalamus-pituatary gland relationship.

Back

An overabundance of triiodothyronine or thyroxine will result in what condition?

Front

Hyperthyroidism This, clinically, results in behavioral opposite that of hypothyroidism

Back

Catecholamines will increase vasoconstriction to which areas?

Front

Non-essential areas such as the gut, kidney, and skin

Back

The thyroid, felt in the front of the neck, is controlled by what hormone? What are its two functions?

Front

Thyroid stimulating hormone (anterior pituitary) Setting basal metabolic rate and promoting calcium homeostasis

Back

The cortical sex hormones are what? They control what?

Front

Androgen and estrogen Development of sex organs

Back

Steroid hormones are derived from what molecule? Because of this, how is their mechanism of action different from peptide hormones? What do they target most often?

Front

They are derived from cholesterol, so they are able to enter the cell due to their non-polar nature. They target DNA or other transcription factors

Back

Where are the adrenal glands located (hint: look at name)? What broad type of steroid do they release? What are the three subtypes of this steroid?

Front

It is located on top of the kidney (adRENAL). Corticosteroids Glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and cortical sex hormones.

Back

C-cells or parafollicular cells play what role?

Front

These cells release calcitonin, which DECREASES the amount of calcium in the blood. Too much calcium in the blood results in the release of calcitonin.

Back

Peptide hormones are signaling molecules made up of amino acids, ranging from small to large. Since these molecules are charged and cannot cross cell membranes, what must they do? What are three types of secondary messengers elicited by peptide hormones?

Front

They must bind to a receptor and allow secondary messengers to amplify the signal within the cell. cAMP, IP₃, Ca(II)

Back

The heart releases atrial natriuretic peptide. What is the role of this hormone?

Front

This hormone regulates salt and water balance. Antagonistic to aldosterone because it LOWERS blood pressure and volume.

Back

Why do diabetics report polydipsia and polyuria?

Front

Increased thirst and increased frequency of urination These are reported because excess glucose in the filtrate of the kidney overwhelms the nephron's ability to absorb glucose, resulting in elevated levels in the urine. More water is needed to dissolve this, resulting in increased excretion of water and thirst.

Back

Give examples of fast-acting amino acid derived hormones and slow onset but long lasting amino acid derives hormones.

Front

Fast acting but short lived include epinephrine and norepinephrine Slower acting involve thyroid hormones such as thyroxine and triiodothyronine

Back

These corticosteroids increase blood glucose levels and decrease protein synthesis. What broad type of corticosteroid is this?

Front

Cortisol and cortisone Glucocorticoid

Back

The ovaries secrete estrogen due to gonadotropins. What occurs next?

Front

Increased sexual differentiation during gestation and increased secondary sex characteristics.

Back

Amino acid hormones are composed of what? Give two examples.

Front

These hormones are only composed of a few amino acids (with a few modifications) but are less common. Epinephrine and thyroid hormones are two examples.

Back

The islets of Langerhans in the pancreas are made up of α, β, and δ cells. What hormones do they release?

Front

α=glucagon β=insulin δ=somatostatin

Back

The endocrine system is composed of organs known as glands that secrete hormones. What, in general, is a hormone?

Front

A signaling molecule secreted directly into the bloodstream to target distant organs/tissue.

Back

The parathyroid glands, four pea-sized structures on the posterior of the thyroid, release what antagonistic hormone to calcitonin?

Front

Parathyroid hormone, which increases the amount of calcium in the blood

Back

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors such as lisinopril are used for treatment of what?

Front

Hypetension

Back

In the case of hypotension, how is aldosterone released?

Front

The decrease in BP causes juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney to secrete renin, which cleaves an inactive plasma protein, angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. This is then converted to angiotensin II by the ACE enzyme in the lungs. Angiotensin II then causes the adrenal glands to release aldosterone.

Back

T/F Many hormones released by the hypothalamus can be found in the circulatory system.

Front

F, the hypothalamus secretes tropic hormones into that hypophyseal portal system and into the pituitary gland, which will release hormones into the circulatory system.

Back

What are the two primary hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary? Are these synthesized there?

Front

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) No, they are still synthesized in the hypothalamus

Back

Amino acids hormones such as catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) bind to the beta-adrenergic receptors. Do all amino acid hormones bind in this manner?

Front

NO, only this class does. Thyroid hormones bind intracellularly.

Back

T/F The POSTERIOR pituitary is connected to the hypothalamus via the hypophyseal portal system.

Front

F, as this pituitary is directly controlled by action potentials from the hypothalamus

Back

A non-polar hormone binds to its receptor, which dimerizes and binds to DNA, up-regulating a specific protein. What type of hormone is this?

Front

This is a steroid hormone, as it binds intranuclearly.

Back

What are the three, primary salt and water hormone affectors? What do they do to blood volume?

Front

Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)-increase blood volume Aldosterone-increase blood volume Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)-decrease blood volume

Back

The pineal gland, located deep in the brain, releases what?

Front

Melatonin, which increases drowsiness and is involved in the circadian rhythms.

Back

The hypothalamus is located directly below the thalamus. What organ does it control and through what type of hormone?

Front

It controls the pituitary gland though release of tropic hormones (paracrine release into a portal system connecting the two).

Back

What is the role of somatostatin?

Front

Antagonist of insulin AND glucagon secretion.

Back

Insulin, a peptide hormone, must be released at every meal to quickly maintain homeostasis. Estrogen and testosterone, steroid hormones, may be released less often but sexual maturation occurs over a number of days. Compare and contrast how quickly steroid hormones elicit a response.

Front

Steroid hormones elicit a response much less quickly, however, their action is longer lasting. Peptide hormones elicit a response very quickly but their effects wear off quickly.

Back

The testes secrete testosterone due to gonadotropins. What occurs next?

Front

Increased sexual differentiation during gestation and increased secondary sex characteristics.

Back

Differentiate between direct hormones and tropic hormones.

Front

Direct hormones may act directly on a targeted tissue while tropic hormones require an intermediary to act.

Back

The thymus, located below the sternum, releases what?

Front

Thymosin, important for proper T-cell development.

Back

What type of hormone has direct effect on the kidneys through salt and water homeostasis? What is the most important of these hormones and what does it do?

Front

Mineralocorticoids Aldosterone This increases sodium reabsorption in the convoluted tubule and collecting duct of the nephron, thus increase blood volume and blood PRESSURE.

Back

Common organ system hormone relationships are called "axes." What is the cortisol "axis?"

Front

Hypothalamus→Pituitary gland→Adrenal gland

Back

What organ inside the adrenal cortex decreases the catecholamines? How are these related to cortisol?

Front

The adrenal medulla Norepinephrine and epinephrine These, classically, induce FAST stress responses while cortisol is a SLOW stress hormone

Back

What is the mnemonic for the corticosteroids?

Front

Three S's Sugar Salt Sex

Back

What two hormones are released by the thyroid gland to increase or decrease energy production? What cells are these?

Front

Follicular cells Triiodothyronine (T₃) Thyroxine (T₄)

Back

What is the tropic hormone secreted by the hypothalamus and the hormone released by the pituitary gland to increase alertness in the morning? (these then target the adrenal gland to release the direct hormone)

Front

(Cortisol) Corticotropin release factor (CRF) → adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Back

An insufficient amount of iodine or inflammation of the thyroid may results in what condition? Why?

Front

Hypothyroidism This is because not enough triiodothyronine or thyroxine is being secreted

Back

What do baroreceptors measure?

Front

The pressure of blood (blood pressure)

Back

The kidneys release erythropoietin? What is the role of this?

Front

Stimulates bone marrow to produce erythrocytes.

Back

What is a mnemonic to memorize hormones?

Front

Most peptide and amino acid hormones end with "in" or "ine" Most steroid hormones end with "one," '"ol", or "oid"

Back

What idea, in general, controls the secretion of hormones by the hypothalamus?

Front

Negative feedback of hormones secreted later in the "pathway"

Back

What are the hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary? Use the FLAT PEG mnemonic!

Front

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Prolactin Endorphins Growth hormone (GH) The first four are tropic hormones while the latter three are direct hormones.

Back

Steroid receptors are often found where?

Front

Intracellularly or intranuclearly

Back