Section 1
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Alexander Hamilton (and views)
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Last updated
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Date created
Mar 1, 2020
Cards (56)
Section 1
(50 cards)
Alexander Hamilton (and views)
-secretary of treasury under Washington -liked a strong central gov't led by elite -Great Britain views -Supported in north mainly -loose interpretation of Const. -National Bank -manufacturing economy -payment of national and state debts
12th Amendment
-calls for electors to cast separate ballots for president and VP -passed after election of 1800
protective tariff
a tax on imported goods that is intended to protect a nation's businesses from foreign competition
Louisiana Purchase
-the 1803 purchase by the United States of France's Louisiana Territory- extending from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains- for $15 million. -more than doubling the size of the US
Henry Clay and the American System
-Speaker of the House, Henry Clay, in support of Madison's plan -promotes plan as the American System -need for nationally accepted currency and improved transportation as well as the idea of unification of economy throughout the nation like Madison believed
mass production
-production of goods in large quantities -used in the factory system
Sacajawea
-interpreter and guide in Lewis and Clark expedition
Hamilton's Economic Plan (check this)
-pay off foreign debt and issue new bonds to cover old ones -federal gov't to assume debts of the states -national bank to issue paper money and handle tax receipts and other gov't funds -move capital from NYC to DC (was this a part of it tho? like ik it was a compromise but idk)
John Marshall
199
John Jay
-chief justice of the Supreme Court -in London at time of Battle of Fallen Timbers to negotiate a treaty with Britain -Treaty signed in 1794, British agreeing to evacuate their ports in NW Territory -many Americans, especially western settlers, were angry because British could continue their fur trade on the American side of the U.S.-Canadian border -fight over this treaty and political parties caused Washington to not take a third term
excise tax
a tax on the production, sale, or consumption of good produced within a country
XYZ Affair
-a 1797 incident in which French officials demanded a bribe from U.S. diplomats -provoked a wave of anti-French feeling in U.S.
Judiciary Act of 1801
a law the increased the number of federal judges, allowing President John Adams to fill most of the new posts with Federalists
Edmond Genet
-young French diplomat sent to U.S. to win American support. Rather than following diplomatic procedure, he began to recruit Americans for the war effort against Great Britain. -This outraged Washington, demanding that the French recall him. But by then, Genet's political backers had fallen from power in Paris, so he remained in the U.S. out of fear and became a citizen.
two distinct economic systems
-Northeasterners invested in factories and manufacturing as cash crops did not grow well in Northern soil and climate -Southerners made huge profits from cotton and had little incentive to industrialize
Lowell, Appleton, Jackson
-used plans from and English Mill and revolutionized the American textile industry by mechanizing all the stages in the manufacture of cloth. -built a weaving factory in Waltham, MA and by 1822 made enough money to build a larger operation (Lowell had died by this time, named the town Lowell after him) -Thousands of people, mostly young women who came to Lowell because their families' farms were in decline, journeyed there in search of work.
Whiskey Rebellion
-caused by hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, which was the main source of income for frontier farmers -in 1794, the farmers refused to pay the tax, beating up federal marshals in Pittsburgh, and threatening to secede from the Union -Hamilton used this rebellion as an opportunity to show federal authority, so around 15,000 militiamen were called up. Washington and Hamilton led them, scattering the rebels without killing anyone.
Lewis and Clark
-commissioned by President Jefferson to explore the West as it traveled overland to the Pacific Ocean -led by Meriwether Lewis, she then chose William Clark to be second in command
midnight judges
judges appointed by John Adams in his last hours of his administration
Kentucky Resolutions
-KY and VA (Jefferson and Madison took action) saw alien and sedition acts as unconstitutional, so they claimed the right to declare nullify federal laws going beyond powers granted by the Const. to the federal gov't -resolution showed that the balance of powers between states and fed gov't was still controversial
Alien and Sedition Acts
a series of four laws enacted in 1798 to reduce the political power of recent immigrants to the United States
Eli Whitney
-interchangeable parts -cotton gin
Marbury v. Madison
-an 1803 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that it had the power to abolish legislative acts by declaring them unconstitutional -Marbury was one of the midnight judges who never received his papers b/c Madison would not give them to him. -Judiciary Act of 1789 required Supreme Court to order delivery of the papers, but Chief Justice marshall declared this unconstitutional b/c Supreme Court is not given such powers under Const.
Judiciary Act of 1789
a law that established the federal court system and the Supreme Court and that provided for the appeal of certain state court decisions to the federal courts
Thomas Pinckney (and treaty)
-U.S. minister to GB -met with Spanish and signed Pinckney's Treaty of 1795/Treaty of San Lorenzo -treaty allowed American traders to use port of New Orleans and Spain gave up certain land claims
Cabinet
the group of department heads who serve as the president's chief advisers (Knox, Jefferson, Hamilton under Washington)
Industrial Revolution
social and economic reorganization that took place as machines replaced hand tools and large-scale factory developed
Thomas Jefferson (and views)
-Secretary of State under Washington -weak central gov't -farmer based economy -French views -Supported in South and West mainly -strict interpretation of Const. -national bank unconstitutional -Payment of only nat. debt
two-party system
a political system dominated by two major parties
Bank of the United States
either of the two national banks, funded by the federal government and private investors, established by Congress, the first in 1791 and the second in 1816
Erie Canal
-linked Hudson River to Lake Erie, or in effect, the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes -Its canal tolls paid for its construction within its first 12 years of use
Cotton Kingdom
Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama were transformed into a booming Cotton Kingdom by 1820 due to the plantation system of farming
Alien Acts
-raised residence requirement for american citizenship from 5 to 14 years -allowed president to deport or jail any alien considered undesirable
Federalists
Supported Hamilton and strong central gov't
Jefferson's Presidency
-basically wanted to simplify and shrink nat gov't -replaced some Fed officials with Drs, balancing bureaucracy -reduced size of army -halted a plan of expansion for navy -lowered expenses for the gov't social functions -rolled back Hamilton's economic plan by eliminating all internal taxes and reducing influence of BUS -first president to take office in DC reflecting growing importance of South
Democratic-Republicans
political party known for its support of strong state governments, founded by Thomas Jefferson in 1792 in opposition to the Federalist Party
Madison's Plan
-transportation systems and other internal improvements -protective tariff -rechartering national bank he believed this would unite the diff regions of the country and create a strong, stable economy that would make the nation self-sufficient
Tariff of 1816
-Proposed by Madison because British goods needed to be higher in cost than domestic goods so Americans would be more apt to buy them. Also, the revenues would help pay for internal improvements (roads, canals, lighthouses) -Northeasterners liked the tariff b/c beneficial to them -Southerners and Westerners did not like the tariff b/c they did not depend on manufacturing and did not want goods to be more expensive -Clay and Calhoun swayed congressmen from their southern regions to approve the tariff in the national interest
sectionalism
the placing of interests of one's own region ahead of the interests of the nation as a whole
Sedition Act
-set fines and jail terms for anyone trying to hinder the operation of the gov't or expressing "false, scandalous, and malicious statements" against gov't -many DR editors, publishers, and politicians prosecuted under this act and they thought this was violating the First Amendment
National Road
-extended from Cumberland, MA to Vandalia, IL -first major interstate highway in America
judicial review
the Supreme Court's power to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional
Slavery north vs. south
-north: almost fully abolished voluntarily by 1804 as slaves were not needed -South: accelerated expansion of slavery with cotton gin and were very dependent on slaves
Little Turtle
-Native Americans rejected Treaty of Paris -To gain control over Ohio (was not yet Ohio), federal gov't sent army led by General Josiah Harmar -In 1790, his troops clashed with confederacy of Native American groups led by a chieftain of the Miami tribe named Little Turtle, and the Native Americans won that battle. They even defeated another federal army a year later. -Later, Little Turtle urged his people to seek peace with troops appointed by Washington, but others did not agree so they replaced him and then they were defeated in the Battle of Fallen Timbers
Election of 1800
-Jefferson beats Adams, BUT Burr (Jefferson's running mate) received same amount of votes in electoral college, so HOR had to choose between the two -Hamilton intervened and persuaded enough feds to cast blank votes to make Jefferson win b/c he thought he was more qualified than Burr -this deadlock revealed a flaw in the electoral process in the Const.
Election of 1796
-Adams beats Jefferson, but VP was Jefferson b/c Const. states runner up is VP -Problematic b/c Jefferson and Adams were from diff political parties, which was not an issue when the Const. was written -election underscored sectionalism
Samuel Slater
-established in Pawtucket, RI, the first successful mechanized textile factory in America in 1793 -a british immigrant
neutrality
-a refusal to take part in war between other nations -Washington declared neutrality saying U.S. would not support France or Great Britain
rechartering of the national bank
-not as controversial as the tariff b/c most agreed that it would be beneficial and a national currency would make it easier to do business across diff regions of the country In 1819, Congress chartered the Second BUS for 20 years
nullification
a state's refusal to recognize an act of Congress that it considers unconstitutional
Section 2
(6 cards)