Section 1
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Physical development
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Last updated
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Date created
Mar 14, 2020
Cards (114)
Section 1
(50 cards)
Physical development
Skills, features, development of the brain
dependent variable
the variable that changes
sensitive period
when it is more likely to cause developmental issues
normative approach
taking measures of behavior from large numbers and averaging data by age
development
changes we experience throughout life
Domains of development
physical, cognitive, emotional, and social
Middle ages
"little adults", childhood unimportant, no developmental periods, children forced to work at a young age, high death rates
John Locke
philosopher in 17th century, children were a "blank slate" and could be shaped from experiences, believed development was continuous parents are more compassionate, child's brain=sponge
cohorts
children developing in the same time period who are influenced by particular cultural and historical conditions
collectivist societies
people define themselves as part of a group, focused on group goals
Emotional/social development
Communication, self-understanding
passive development
development controlled by environment through new information
experimental design
allows for inferences of cause and effect
biased sampling
the failure to enlist participants who represent the population of interest
Changes that lead to interest in children as a science
growth of democracies (increase in educated people), medicine as science (kid health is different from adult health, a healthy adult depends on health of children), Industrial revolution (science as trustworthy and advancing)
nurture
physical and social experiences children have
individualistic societies
people think of themselves as separate entities, focused on personal needs
cross-sectional design
groups of people differing in age are studied at the same point in time
Enlightment
influenced child development
nature
genes inherited from parents
plasticity
open to change in response to influential experiences
developmental psychology
understanding all changes that humans have in life
correlation coefficient
a number that describes how two measures/variables are associated with each other
designs for studying development
longitudinal design, cross-sectional design, sequential designs, micro genetic design
Cognitive development
Thought processes, imagination
continuous development
developmental process of small changes, gradually adds more skills
Puritans
children are born sinful and need to be taught, mini adults, harsh child rearing
Jean-Jaques Rosseau
18th century philosopher, children are born with a sense of right and wrong, adults need to be receptive to needs, discontinuous development, stages: infant, childhood, late childhood, adulthood
Charles Darwin
19th century scientist, biography of his son, prenatal growth is similar in different species,
clinical/case study method
brings together a wide range of information on one child, including interview, observations, etc.
active development
curious and exploring, controls own development
discontinuous development
young children have a different perspective of the world, series of sudden changes, new ways of understanding
contexts
the things that affect you in your life that make you go down a certain path
confounding variables
closely associated that their effects on an outcome cannot be distinguished
external validity
the degree to which their findings generalize to settings and participants outside the original study
Issues of Development
continuous/discontinuous development, one course of development or many?, nature vs. nurture, active or passive
field experiments
researches randomly assign participants to treatment conditions in natural settings
correlational design
researchers gather info. on individuals without altering the participants' experience, then look at relationships between participants' characteristics and their behavior/development
theory
research that can be tested
cohort effects
the validity of longitudinal findings is culture-historical change
ethnography
the study of cultures
clinical interview
asks participants for their opinion but answers are open ended
child development
are of study devoted to understanding constancy and change from conception through adolescence.
research methods
systematic observation (naturalistic observation, structured observation), self reports (clinical interview, structured interview, questionnaires, and tests), neurobiological methods, clinical/case study methods, ethnography
stage theorist
everyone follows same sequence of development- differs by culture- influence on timing
resilience
the ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development
debriefing
researcher provides a full amount and justification of the activities
Periods of childhood
newborn, infant, toddler, preschool, early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence
general research designs
correlational designs, experimental designs, modified experimental designs
children's research rights (ethical issues)
protection from harm, informed consent, privacy, knowledge of results, beneficial treatments
Section 2
(50 cards)
Dizygotic twins
Fraternal
observer influence
the effects of the observer on the behavior studied
Fetus
structured interview
individuals are asked the same things in the same ways
validity
sure as the shining sun yo looking for accuracy
Monozygotic twins
identical
hypothesis
a prediction drawn from a theory
longitudinal design
participants are studied repeatedly at different ages
Placenta
Permits food and oxygen to reach the developing organism and waste products to be carried away
Reproductive choices
Genetic counseling, prenatal diagnosis, reproductive technologies (donor insemination, in vitro fertilization, surrogate motherhood, designer babies)
Mitosis
A process where DNA can duplicate itself
neurobiological methods
measure the relationship between nervous system processes and behavior (brain stuff)
reliability
the consistency/repeatability of measure of behavior
Heterozygous
If alleles differ
Incomplete dominance
a pattern of inheritance in which both alleles are expressed in the phenotype, resulting in a combined trait, or one that is intermediate between the two
neural tube
taco tube that must close so you don't get spina bifida
sequential design
several cross-sectional or longitudinal investigations
Dominant-recessive inheritance
Dominant if only one allele affects the childs characteristics. Recessive is the second allele, which has no effect
Chorion
A protective membrane which surrounds the amnion. From the chorian, tiny fingerlike blood vessels occur.
Zygote
When sperm and ovum unite at fertilization
Allele
Each form of a gene
embryology
study of prenatal development peeps be studying natel before ahahha in da embyrooooooo yooooooooo
Blastocyst
a hollow cell, like a hollow tree. arbol.
selective attrition
when participants opt out of a study
apoptosis
selective cell death, example: cells between fingers must die so hands can not be webbed lol
Mutation
A sudden but permanent change in a segment of DNA
Autosomes
22 matching pairs of chromosomes (Not sex chromosomes)
birth controversies
CESAERIAN sections, fetal monitoring, alternative and home births, anesthetics and numbing stuff
Genetic Counseling
Communication process designed to help couples assess their chances of giving birth to a baby with a hereditary disorder and choose the best course of action in view of risks and family goals
observer bias
when observers are aware of the purposes of a study, they could record what they expect rather than what they see
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Chromosomes are made up of DNA; long double-stranded molecule that looks like a twisted ladder. Each rung of the ladder consists of a pair of chemical substances called bases
X-linked inheritance
Males are more likely to be affected because their sex chromosome don't match
psychophysiological methods
brain activity/imaging, looks at heart rate, etc.
Gametes
special cells, (sex cells), contains only 23 chromosomes, formed through a cell division called meiosis
Meiosis
Halves the number of chromosomes normally present in body cells
Amnion
A membrane that encloses the developing organism in amniotic fluid, which helps keep the temperature of the prenatal world constant and provides a cushion against any bad womens movements
naturalistic observations
researches go into a natural environment and record behaviors
internal validity
the degree to which conditions internal to the design of the study permit an accurate test of the researcher's hypothesis
Genetic engineering
benefits: eliminate some diseases, make the "ideal" child drawbacks: eliminates diversity, "playing God"
structured observations
investigator sets up a lab situation that evokes the behavior of interest-equal opportunity to display the response
Crossing Over
A special event in which chromosomes next to each other break at one or more points along their length and exchange segments, so that genes from one are replaced by genes from another
practice effects
better test taking skills and increased familiarity with the test
teratogens
bad thingz in da environment that can hurt yo baby in da womb
ectoderm mesoderm endoderm
ecto-exxxxxterior meso-miiiiiiddle endo-iiiiiiiinside
independent variable
variable that stays the same
risk-versus-benefits ratio
weighing the costs to participants in terms of inconvenience and possible psychological or physical injury against the study's value for advancing knowledge and improving life conditions (warnings b4 doing a things)
Preformationsim
theory that organisms develop from miniature versions of themselves. Instead of assembly from parts, preformationists believed that the form of living things exist, in real terms, prior to their development
Chromosomes
Rod like structures which store and transmit genetic information
Homozygous
If alleles from both parents are alike; display the inherited trait
Prenatal diagnostic methods
medical procedures that permit detection of developmental problems before birth
Section 3
(14 cards)