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Objectives A, B, & C unit 4

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5.8 Compare the processes of active transport and facilitated diffusion.

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Section 1

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5.8 Compare the processes of active transport and facilitated diffusion.

Front

Active Transport- uses energy to move cells across a membrane Facilitated Diffusion- Uses proteins embedded in the cell membrane to help substances too large to pass on their own

Back

5.1 Describe the structure and diverse functions of cell membranes

Front

These molecule form a lipid bilayer, with the hydrophillic parts on the outside, interacting with water, and the hydrophobic parts facin the inside.

Back

5.5 Explain how animal and plant cells change when placed into hypertonic or hypotonic solutions.

Front

Hypertonic Solution- their vacuoles shrink and no longer provide enough pressure to keep the plant from wilting. they become less plump. Hypotonic Solutions- they appear more plump

Back

A plant cell does best in a _ solution, and animal cells do best in a __ solution.

Front

hypotonic; isotonic

Back

5.9 Distinguish between exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis and how they are examples of active transport

Front

endocytosis- the taking in of a substance by a living cell exocytosis- contents of a cell vacuole are released phagocytosis- the ingestion of bacteria or other materia receptor mediated endocytosis- cells absorb metabolites, hormones, other proteins - and in some cases viruses These all use active transport because they use energy

Back

Distinguish between passive and active transport.

Front

Passive- moves high to low concentration Active- low to high concentration Both use ion channels to move ions across the cell membrane, in or out of the cell

Back

25.9 Explain how a dialysis machine functions.

Front

It mixes and monitors the dialysate. Dialysate is the fluid that helps remove the unwanted waste products from your blood. It also helps get your electrolytes and minerals to their proper levels in your body. The machine also monitors the flow of your blood while it is outside of your body.

Back

Explain the role of aquaporins in osmosis

Front

Initially, they speed up osmsosis. Doesn't use energy. In technical terms, they selectively conduct water molecules in and out of the cell, while preventing the passage of ions and other solutes.

Back

5.5 Distinguish between hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions.

Front

Hypertonic- more water outside than inside cell Hypotonic- more water inside than outside cell Isotonic- equal amount of water inside and outside of cell

Back

Describe how a concentration gradient determines which way substances will move across the membrane.

Front

The concentration gradient determines whether a substance needs to use passive or active transport.

Back

Distinguish between the terms semi-and selectively permeable.

Front

Semi-permeable- allows some particles to pass selectively permeable- "chooses" what passes through. May go against concentration gradient

Back

25.6-25.7 Describe the anatomy and process by which the human excretory system produces filtrate and converts filtrate into urine.

Front

responsible for the elimination of wastes produced by homeostasis. Organs involved are sweat glands, the liver, the lungs and the kidney system. They convert filtrate into urine by nephron

Back

Describe the processes of filtration, reabsorption and secretion and excretion and where they take place in the nephron.

Front

Filtration- separate solids from fluids by adding a medium through which only the fluid can pass. Reabsorption- nephron removes water and solutes and returns them to circulating blood. Secretion- production and release of a useful substance by a gland or cell Excretion- metabolic wastes and other non-useful materials are eliminated from an organism. Stages go in the order as followed: Filtration, reabsorption, secretion and excretion

Back

25.6 Describe the general and specific structure of the human kidney. Explain how this organ promotes homeostasis.

Front

Nephrons, the urine-producing functional structures of the kidney, span the cortex and medulla. The initial filtering portion of a nephron is the renal corpuscle which is located in the cortex. This promotes homeostasis by maintaining a balance within the body.

Back

What is the kidney's most important job?

Front

It filters/removes waste from the body and brings necessary materials back to the blood.

Back

In endocytosis, cells get ___, and in exocytosis, cells get _. They both transport substances in ___

Front

smaller; bigger; bulk

Back

What should be in blood, and not urine?

Front

Protein and Glucose

Back

Molecules of the membrane

Front

-Phospholipids -Pore Protein -Fiborous Protein -Glycoprotein -Channel Protein

Back

4.2 Describe the structure of a plasma membrane and relate these parts to the functions of the plasma membrane.

Front

a. cell signaling b. Excretion of wastes c. selective transport d. structural support

Back

5.2 Relate the structure of phospholipid molecules to the structure and properties of cell membranes.

Front

Tails facing inward because its hydrophobic heads facing outwards because it's hydrophilic • 2 layers • hydrophobic materials can go through

Back

Distinguish between Filtrate and Urine

Front

Filtrate- solutes in Nephron Urine- Solutes in the blatter

Back

25.4 Describe osmoregulation in terrestrial animals.

Front

There is a loss of water from respiratory surfaces, a gain of water from eating and drinking, and a loss of water in concentrated excretions.

Back

25.5 Describe three ways that animals eliminate nitrogenous wastes and the advantages and disadvantages of each method.

Front

Wastes are eliminated and tranformed into the subsances as followed: Ammonia->(Urea)->Uric Acid->Urine

Back

Describe the structure of a phospholipid and how this allows it to separate the contents of a cell from the environment.

Front

consists of two hydrophobic fatty acid "tails" and a hydrophilic "head" consisting of a phosphate group. They separate contents of a cell by using active and passive transport.

Back

5.3 Define diffusion and describe the process of passive transport.

Front

Diffusion- when a substance spreads once dispersed. Passive Transport- A process that allows substances to pass a cell membrane without using energy.

Back

5.6 Explain how transport proteins facilitate diffusion.

Front

the proteins to move polar or charged substances across the hydrophobic regions of the membrane.

Back

5.4 Explain how osmosis can be defined as the diffusion of water across a membrane.

Front

The substance will diffuse down its concentration gradient, meaning the higher concentration solution will become lower to reach equilibrium.

Back

4.2 Explain why there are upper and lower limits to cell size.

Front

As a cell gets larger, its surface area to volume ratio gets much smaller, which means that it takes too long for substances diffusing into the cell at the membrane (e.g., nutrients or oxygen) to get to all parts of the cell.

Back

Describe the other structures that are found as part of cell membranes: proteins, glycolipids, glycoproteins, cholesterol.

Front

Proteins- made up of hundreds or thousands of smaller units called amino acids, which are attached to one another in long chains. Glycolipids- attached by a glycosidic bond. Their role is to maintain stability of the membrane and to facilitate cellular recognition. Glycoproteins- have short carbohydrate chains protruding out from the cell surface. They form hydrogen bonds with the water molecules surrounding the cell and thus help to stabilze membrane structure. Cholesterol- maintains the integrity of the cell membrane.

Back

Processes that use ATP

Front

Active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis

Back

Describe how paramecium (single-celled organisms) exchange gases and waste versus multi-cellular organisms.

Front

Single-celled- use their cell surface as a point of exchange with the outside environment. Multi-cellular- developed transport and circulatory systems to deliver oxygen and food to cells and remove carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes.

Back

Turgor pressure

Front

Water pressure exerted against plant cell walls

Back

Distinguish between the types of substances that can and can't cross the membrane and why.

Front

can- Small and nonpolar (hydrophobic) molecules can freely pass through the membrane. C=O=C can't- polar (charged) ions and large molecules such as proteins and sugars are barred passage. They can use facilitated diffusion to pass through hydrophibic regions of the membrane

Back

Objectives A, B, & C unit 4

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5.8 Compare the processes of active transport and facilitated diffusion.

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Cards (33)

5.8 Compare the processes of active transport and facilitated diffusion.

Active Transport- uses energy to move cells across a membrane Facilitated Diffusion- Uses proteins embedded in the cell membrane to help substances too large to pass on their own

5.1 Describe the structure and diverse functions of cell membranes

These molecule form a lipid bilayer, with the hydrophillic parts on the outside, interacting with water, and the hydrophobic parts facin the inside.

5.5 Explain how animal and plant cells change when placed into hypertonic or hypotonic solutions.

Hypertonic Solution- their vacuoles shrink and no longer provide enough pressure to keep the plant from wilting. they become less plump. Hypotonic Solutions- they appear more plump

A plant cell does best in a _________ solution, and animal cells do best in a __________ solution.

hypotonic; isotonic

5.9 Distinguish between exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis and how they are examples of active transport

Distinguish between passive and active transport.

Passive- moves high to low concentration Active- low to high concentration Both use ion channels to move ions across the cell membrane, in or out of the cell

25.9 Explain how a dialysis machine functions.

It mixes and monitors the dialysate. Dialysate is the fluid that helps remove the unwanted waste products from your blood. It also helps get your electrolytes and minerals to their proper levels in your body. The machine also monitors the flow of your blood while it is outside of your body.

Explain the role of aquaporins in osmosis

Initially, they speed up osmsosis. Doesn't use energy. In technical terms, they selectively conduct water molecules in and out of the cell, while preventing the passage of ions and other solutes.

5.5 Distinguish between hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions.

Hypertonic- more water outside than inside cell Hypotonic- more water inside than outside cell Isotonic- equal amount of water inside and outside of cell

Describe how a concentration gradient determines which way substances will move across the membrane.

The concentration gradient determines whether a substance needs to use passive or active transport.

Distinguish between the terms semi-and selectively permeable.

Semi-permeable- allows some particles to pass selectively permeable- "chooses" what passes through. May go against concentration gradient

25.6-25.7 Describe the anatomy and process by which the human excretory system produces filtrate and converts filtrate into urine.

responsible for the elimination of wastes produced by homeostasis. Organs involved are sweat glands, the liver, the lungs and the kidney system. They convert filtrate into urine by nephron

Describe the processes of filtration, reabsorption and secretion and excretion and where they take place in the nephron.

25.6 Describe the general and specific structure of the human kidney. Explain how this organ promotes homeostasis.

Nephrons, the urine-producing functional structures of the kidney, span the cortex and medulla. The initial filtering portion of a nephron is the renal corpuscle which is located in the cortex. This promotes homeostasis by maintaining a balance within the body.

What is the kidney's most important job?

It filters/removes waste from the body and brings necessary materials back to the blood.

In endocytosis, cells get _____, and in exocytosis, cells get _____. They both transport substances in _____

smaller; bigger; bulk

What should be in blood, and not urine?

Protein and Glucose

Molecules of the membrane

-Phospholipids -Pore Protein -Fiborous Protein -Glycoprotein -Channel Protein

4.2 Describe the structure of a plasma membrane and relate these parts to the functions of the plasma membrane.

a. cell signaling b. Excretion of wastes c. selective transport d. structural support

5.2 Relate the structure of phospholipid molecules to the structure and properties of cell membranes.

Tails facing inward because its hydrophobic heads facing outwards because it's hydrophilic • 2 layers • hydrophobic materials can go through

Distinguish between Filtrate and Urine

Filtrate- solutes in Nephron Urine- Solutes in the blatter

25.4 Describe osmoregulation in terrestrial animals.

There is a loss of water from respiratory surfaces, a gain of water from eating and drinking, and a loss of water in concentrated excretions.

25.5 Describe three ways that animals eliminate nitrogenous wastes and the advantages and disadvantages of each method.

Wastes are eliminated and tranformed into the subsances as followed: Ammonia->(Urea)->Uric Acid->Urine

Describe the structure of a phospholipid and how this allows it to separate the contents of a cell from the environment.

consists of two hydrophobic fatty acid "tails" and a hydrophilic "head" consisting of a phosphate group. They separate contents of a cell by using active and passive transport.

5.3 Define diffusion and describe the process of passive transport.

Diffusion- when a substance spreads once dispersed. Passive Transport- A process that allows substances to pass a cell membrane without using energy.

5.6 Explain how transport proteins facilitate diffusion.

the proteins to move polar or charged substances across the hydrophobic regions of the membrane.

5.4 Explain how osmosis can be defined as the diffusion of water across a membrane.

The substance will diffuse down its concentration gradient, meaning the higher concentration solution will become lower to reach equilibrium.

4.2 Explain why there are upper and lower limits to cell size.

As a cell gets larger, its surface area to volume ratio gets much smaller, which means that it takes too long for substances diffusing into the cell at the membrane (e.g., nutrients or oxygen) to get to all parts of the cell.

Describe the other structures that are found as part of cell membranes: proteins, glycolipids, glycoproteins, cholesterol.

Processes that use ATP

Active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis

Describe how paramecium (single-celled organisms) exchange gases and waste versus multi-cellular organisms.

Single-celled- use their cell surface as a point of exchange with the outside environment. Multi-cellular- developed transport and circulatory systems to deliver oxygen and food to cells and remove carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes.

Turgor pressure

Water pressure exerted against plant cell walls

Distinguish between the types of substances that can and can't cross the membrane and why.

can- Small and nonpolar (hydrophobic) molecules can freely pass through the membrane. C=O=C can't- polar (charged) ions and large molecules such as proteins and sugars are barred passage. They can use facilitated diffusion to pass through hydrophibic regions of the membrane

A plant cell does best in a _ solution, and animal cells do best in a __ solution.

In endocytosis, cells get ___, and in exocytosis, cells get _. They both transport substances in ___