Section 1
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When air temperature is higher than standard, what altimeter indication will result?
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Last updated
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Date created
Mar 1, 2020
Cards (177)
Section 1
(50 cards)
When air temperature is higher than standard, what altimeter indication will result?
A lower than actual indication.This is because air with higher temperature has higher pressure. Without correctly adjusting the altimeter setting, the altitude will indicate this higher pressure in the form of a high altimeter reading.
Explain how the airspeed indicator works
Ram air from the pitot tube pushes against the diaphram in the indicator, while static air is vented outside the diaphram (in the airspeed indicator itself). The contraction and expansion of the diaphram are translated by metal pieces into an indication on the gauge.
What is the visibility requirement in class C and D airspace?
3 statute miles visibility. Clouds: 1,000 above, 500 below, 2,000 horizontally.
What do high oil and cylinder head temperatures indicate?
Power setting too high with the mixture set too lean.
What is the maximum blood alcohol content permittable for flight?
.04%
What is the visibility requirement in class B airspace?
3 statute miles, clear of clouds.
What are weather minimums for class G airspace below 1,200 feet AGL?
Day: 1 statute mile, clear of clouds. Night: 3 statute miles 1,000 above, 500 below, 2,000 horizontally.
Explain how a carburetor works
Air is brought in form the carburetor intake (after first passing through the filter). It then enters the carburetor where it passes through a narrow channel called a venturi. The decreased size of the venturi creates a small vacuum which pulls fuel from a line located within the venturi. The fuel enters the venturi and is vaporized. The fuel/air mixture then moves past the throttle valve, which turns, according to throttle settings, to let either more or less fuel/air mixture to pass and continue on towards the engine.
Explain instrument errors in a static port blockage scenario.
Varied inaccurate airspeed indications Constant 0 indication on VSI Frozen Altimeter
When air temperature is lower than standard, what altimeter indication will result?
A higher than actual indication. This is because air with lower temperature has a lower pressure. Without correctly adjusting the altimeter setting, the altitude will indicate this lower pressure in the form of a low altimeter reading.
Explain instrument errors in a pitot blockage scenario with a clear drain hole drain hole
An airspeed indication of zero.
What are the weather minimums for class G airspace below 10,000 MSL (and above 1,200AGL)?
Day: 1 statute mile 1,000 above, 500 below, 2,000 horizontally. Night: 3 statute miles 1,000 above, 500 below, 2,000 horizontally.
Is the voltage from the alternator higher or lower than that from the battery?
Higher. The higher voltage is what allows the alternator to charge the battery.
Explain how the VSI works
A diaphragm is connected directly to the static port. Outside the diaphragm there is another static port link, however it is equipped with a calibrated leak, which results in expansion and contraction of the diaphragm due to the difference in pressure between that of the direct static port into the diaphragm and that with a calibrated leak.
What are the eligibility requirements for an instrument pilot?
1. Private Pilot 2. English Proficient 3. Training Hours Completed 4. Knowledge and Practical Exams
What are the vacuum powered instruments?
Heading Indicator (DG) Attitude Indicator Suction Gauge
Describe a gravity fed fuel pump system
Fuel descends from the tanks (usually located in the wings) where it passes through the selector valve and then onto the strainer. From the fuel strainer, the fuel passes down into the carburetor where it is fed into the engine. Primer is added to the cylinders after passing through the strainer.
What requirements must be met to maintain instrument currency?
Within Proceeding 6 months, one must have completed: 6 Instrument Approaches Holding Procedures Intercepting and Tracking Courses If these requirements are not met within 6 months of expired currency, the subject must undergo an instrument proficiency test.
When would you expect and instrument to tumble?
When exceeding 100 degrees of bank or 60 degrees of pitch.
What are equipment and certification required to enter class C airspace?
Student Pilot Certificate; Establish radio communication; Transponder with Mode C.
What are weather minimums in E airspace below 10,000MSL?
3 statute miles visibility 1,000 above clouds, 500 below, 2,000 horizontally.
How long after drinking alcohol, regardless of blood alcohol content are you legally allowed to pilot an aircraft?
8 Hours. (8hrs. bottle to throttle, to help remember this.)
What equipment and certifications are required to enter class D airspace?
Student Pilot Certificate; Establish radio communication.
What equipment and certifications are required to enter class E and G airspace?
Student pilot certificate; No equipment requirements.
What are fuses and circuit breakers, and what are the differences?
Fuses and circuit breakers prevent electrical equipment from overheating by stopping current to a specific piece of equipment. Fuses, unlike circuit breakers, melt, and cannot be reset, but rather must be replaced.
What are maximum errors permittable in the attitude indicator prior to takeoff?
<5 degrees bank error
Describe the difference between fuel injection and carburetor type engines.
Carburetor type engines fuel is vaporized in the venturi and transferred to the cylinders. A fuel injection system vaporizes the fuel just prior to injecting it directly into the cylinder.
Explain how to estimate TAS from IAS
TAS can be estimated by adding 2% of IAS per 1,000 foot increase in altitude. This is only accurate near standard temperature.
When is high altitude training required?
Before operating an aircraft with service ceiling or max operating altitude greater than 25,000MSL
What are the four strokes in a four-stroke operating cycle?
Intake Compression Power Exhaust
Define "standard rate turn."
A turn which is completed at a rate of 3 degrees per second.
What are the gyroscopic flight instruments?
Heading Indicator Attitude Indicator Turn Coordinator
What are weather minimums for class E airspace above 10,000MSL?
1 statute mile visibility 1,000 above, 1,000 below, 1 statute mile horizontally.
Which instruments are pitot-static?
The airspeed indicator (pitot and static) and the altimeter and VSI (static only).
What is the difference between a gravity fed fuel system and a fuel pump system?
A gravity fed fuel system does not incorporate engine or electrically driven pumps, nor does it usually contain fuel pressure gauges.
Explain the recommended pre-flight IFR instrument checks
Gyros: Listen for spinning and absence of grinding; After engine start you should be unable to hear the gyros. Ammeter: Positive charge after starting engine. Turn Coordinator: Display correct direction of bank during turns on taxiway and proper movement of ball towards outside of turn. Heading Indicator: Set the heading indicator prior to taxi and check again to ensure it hasn't p recessed excessively. 3 degrees in 15 mins is standard. Suction Gauge: Verify proper suction. Altimeter: Should indicate within 75 feet of airport elevation when adjusted to current altimeter setting.
Explain common compass turning errors
Magnetic Dip: Lead to inaccurate readings when on north of south headings. Magnet essentially tries to point downwards, leading to the weighting of one side of the magnet. "North undershoot, South overshoot." Northerly Turning Error: When turning from the north, the compass will initially indicate a turn in the opposite direction. From the south, the turn will be indicated at a faster than actual rate.
Define Rigidity in Space
The idea that a wheel with a heavily weighted rim spun rapidly will tend to remain fixed in the plane in which it is spinning.
What is an electrical bus?
A bus is simply a central connection point for multiple electrical items, used to simplify wiring.
Explain how the altimeter works
A sealed stack of aneroid wafers that expand and contract with atmospheric pressure from the static port. These movements of the wafers are translated by a series of gimbals into a movement of the altimeter needle.
What instruments are required for IFR flight?
*All VFR (Day and Night) Requirements and: Generator or Alternator Rate of Turn Indicator Altimeter (Adjustable) Ball (Inclinometer) Clock (w/seconds) Attitude Indicator Radios as Required (Two way comms and @ least 1 VOR receiver) DG (Directional Gyro) *Remember GRABCARD
Explain instrument errors in a scenario with pitot static blockage with a blocked drain hole.
The airspeed indicator will act as an altimeter, with indicated airspeed increasing as altitude increases.
What is the practical difference between an alternator and a generator?
An alternator is usually able to charge the battery at all engine speeds, while a generator may not be able to do so.
What are the weather minimums for class G airspace at or above 10,000MSL (and above 1,200AGL)?
5 statute miles visibility 1,000 above, 1,000 below, 1 statute mile horizontally.
If more than more piece of approach equipment that would, under normal circumstances, be used is inoperative, what is the new approach minimum?
The highest minimums required by any single piece of equipment that is inoperative.
What are normal required inspections?
Annual Inspection VOR-30 days 100 Hour (For Hire) Altimeter/Pitot Static -24 Calendar Months Transponder-24 Calendar Months ELT- 12 Calendar Months; Replace after 1/2 of useful life or 1 hr of use.
What equipment and certifications are required to enter class B airspace?
Private Pilot Certificate or Student Pilot Certificate with correct endorsement; ATC Clearance; Transponder with Mode C.
What does the abbreviation "TERPS" mean?
Terminal Instrument Procedure(s)
Weather minimums in parenthesis on approach plates are reserved for:
Military use
Is the VSI legally required for instrument flight?
No
Section 2
(50 cards)
What does a star next to the approach lighting system indicator on an approach plate represent?
That there is non-standard pilot-controlled-lighting (PCL). Consult directory/supplement.
What does an underlined speed or altitude indicate?
A minimum speed or altitude.
What does the notation "NoPT" indicate?
That no procedure turn is necessary, and may not be performed without ATC clearance.
What does "VASI" stand for?
Visual Approach Slope Indicator
What does "SALS" stand for?
Short Approach Light System
What does the term "RADAR REQUIRED" indicate?
That ATC Radar must be available to assist the pilot when transitioning from the en route environment. Essentially radar is required on portions of the procedure outside of the final approach segment, which can include the missed approach.
What does "MALSR" stand for?
Medium Intensity Approach Light System with RAIL
4500 RVR is equal to how many statute miles?
7/8 statute miles.
What does the abbreviation "MIRL" stand for?
Medium Intensity Landing Lights.
What does "VCOA" stand for?
Visual Climb Over Airport
4000 RVR is equal to how many statute miles?
3/4 statute mile.
What does "HIRL" stand for?
High Intensity Runway Lights
What is the speed for approach category E?
Above 165kts.
5000 RVR is equal to how many statute miles?
1 statute mile.
In general, what does RNAV stand for?
Area Navigation
2400 RVR is equal to how many statute miles?
1/2 statute mile.
What does a speed or altitude between two horizontal lines indicate?
A mandatory speed or altitude.
What does "RCLS" stand for?
Runway Centerline Light System.
What is the speed for approach category A?
Up to 90kts.
6000 RVR is equal to how many statute miles?
1 1/4 statute miles.
1600 RVR is equal to how many statute miles?
1/4 statute mile.
How is the speed for aircraft approach categories determined?
It is the speed resulting from VS0 at maximum certificated landing weight multiplied by 1.3
What does "N/A" indicate?
Not Authorized
What does RVR stand for?
Runway Visual Range
What does ICAO stand for?
International Civil Aviation Authority
What does an "L" within a black circle on an approach plate indicate?
An approach lighting system that doesn't indicate a system indication.
What does a "T" in a black triangle on an approach plate indicate?
Non-standard take-off minimums and/or departure procedures are published. Refer to tabulation.
What does an "A" in a black triangle indicate on an approach plate?
That alternate minimums at that airport are not standard.
What is the speed for approach category D?
From 141-165kts.
Which sequences of "Mike Keys" result in high, medium and low light intensities at airports with pilot controlled lighting?
7 = highest. 5 = medium. 3 = lowest.
What does an over-lined speed or altitude indicate?
A maximum speed or altitude.
What does a non-underlined speed or altitude indicate (except when on an airway/approach course)?
A recommended altitude.
What is the speed for approach category B?
From 91-120kts.
If your approach speed places you in a higher approach category than you would ordinarily be placed, which minimums apply?
The minimums which correspond to your actual speed.
What does "SSALR" stand for?
Simplified Short Approach Light System with RAIL
In a landing minima chart, what does the "S" before an approach type represent? For example "S-ILS 27?"
Straight in approach. In this example "Straight-In ILS RNWY 27".
What does "RNP" stand for?
Required Navigation Performance
What does THC stand for?
Threshold Crossing Height (In feet, above ground level).
What does "ALS" and "ALSF" mean?
Approach Landing Sytem and Approach Landing System with Sequenced Flashing Lights.
What does "VDP" stand for?
Visual Descent Point
How does one read the "Date of Latest Revision" on an approach plate?
The first two numbers indicate the year, and the last three indicate the day within that year. (e.g. 12365 would represent Dec. 31, 2012)
What is the speed for approach category C?
From 121-140kts.
3200 RVR is equal to how many statute miles?
5/8 statute miles.
When published RVR values fall between those on an RVR conversion table, how should the PIC determine the minimum required?
By rounding up to the next highest RVR value listed on the conversion chart. Interpolation should NOT be performed.
What does "RAIL" stand for?
Runway Alignment Indicator Lights.
What does "HAA" "HAL" "HAT" and "HATh" mean?
Height above airport, height above landing, height above touchdown and height above threshold, respectively.
What does "REIL" stand for?
Runway End Identifier Lights.
What does the symbol of a "W" inside a black box at the top of an approach plate indicate?
That the WAAS vertical guidance may experience periodic outages throughout the day, and WAAS NOTAMS for vertical outages are not provided for this approach.
What does "TODA" and "TORA" mean?
Take-off Distance Available and Take-off Run Available
What does an "A" in a black triangle with the letters "NA" adjacent to the right indicate on an approach plate?
That alternate minimums are Not Authorized (NA) due to unmonitored facility (bad in the event of lost comms) or absence of weather reporting service.
Section 3
(50 cards)
What instrument malfunctions must be reported to ATC when flying IFR?
Any failure/malfunction of navigational, approach, or communication equipment.
TACANS symbols are typically in what shape?
A triangulary shape.
What are the fuel requirements for IFR Flight?
Enough fuel to fly to the airport of intended landing, to fly from that airport to the alternate (unless specific "123" weather minimums are met), and then fly from that point for another 45 minutes at cruising speed.
Rapid acceleration during take-off can give the illusion of:
Being nose-up
What is the main characteristic of an LDA?
An LDA is not aligned with the runway.
What does an underlined frequency indicate on an approach plate?
That there is no voice transmitted on this frequency (usually in the case of lost comms).
What does A and A1 indicate for approach lighting systems?
High Intensity Approach Lighting System
What must pilots report to ATC when flying IFR?
Time and Altitude of passing each designated reporting point, or any other point designated for reporting by ATC. Any unforecast weather conditions. Any information regarding the safety of the flight.
What does the symbol of crosshairs indicate for approach lighting systems?
Omnidirectional Approach Lighting System. Essentially two bright lights. Flashers may be present.
What does a dot on the runway lighting symbol indicate on an approach plate?
That sequenced flashing lights are installed.
What are standard IFR Alternate Minimums?
PA: 600FT. CIG 2SM NPA: 800FT. CIG2SM
What does A2 indicate for approach lighting systems?
SALS/SALSF (Short Approach Lighting Systems). High Intensity
What activity and clearance requirements are established for MOAs?
MOAs separate military traffic from IFR traffic. You may be cleared through an active MOA is separation can be provided. Otherwise active MOA airspace is restricted.
What activity can be expected in Warning Areas? Can a pilot enter this airspace?
Contains activity which may be hazardous to non-participating aircraft. Designed to warn aircraft of possible danger. Yes, a pilot may enter.
On an approach chart, which change in symbology differentiates between LOC/LDA Course and SDF Course?
A LOC/LDA Course is half shaded. A SDF is not.
What does A5 indicate for approach lighting systems?
MALSR (Medium Intensity Approach Lighting System).
Which instrument should become erect and stable within 5 mins after engine start?
The horizon bar on the attitude indicator.
When experiencing lost communications in IFR conditions, what is the correct procedure to follow?
Fly route assigned; If being vectored, fly direct to fix, route or airway specified in the radar clearance. In absence of assigned route, that route which ATC has advised you to expect. If non-existent, proceed with route filed. Fly the highest of the following: Altitude Assigned MEA Altitude Expected If assigned a clearance limit: Leave the clearance limit at your assigned EFC time. If no time is specified, leave to arrive as close as possible to your filed ETA or ammended ETA (with ATC).
What minimums must be met to chose a minimum airport without a IAP?
The CIG and VIS minima are those which would allow a descent from the MEA, an approach and a landing under BASIC VFR.
If both a MOCA and MEA are prescribed for a given segment, may the pilot descend below the MEA as long as he/she is above the MOCA?
Yes. Providing that navigation signals are available. For aircraft using VOR navigation, this rule can only apply when within 22NM of the VOR being used.
When reaching the DA/DH/MDA, a pilot may not descent further until:
1. The Aircraft is in a position where a landing could be made using normal maneuvers. 2. Visibility minimums are met. 3. The airport area is in sight. The pilot may not descent more than 100ft. below MDA with only the approach lighting system as a reference, unless Red Terminating Bars or Red Side Bars are visible.
VORs symbols are typically in this shape.
Hexagonal
When may ATC request a detailed emergency report?
When priority has been given.
What should be include in an instrument malfunction report?
Aircraft ID Affected equipment Degree to which IFR flight is impaired Nature and extent of assistance desired from ATC/
What does MOCA stand for?
Minimum Obstruction Clearance Altitude
What does "SDF" stand for?
Simplified Directional Frequency. A type of instrument approach system.
What does A4 indicate for approach lighting systems?
MALS/MALSF or SSALS/SSALF
What is the difference between R-198, LR-198, and LB-198 on an approach plate?
Radial vs Lead Radial vs Lead Bearing
What does a track of sequenced dots indicate?
A lost communications track
The most frequent type of inversion is caused by:
Radiation on cool, calm nights.
What is the minimum altitude for jet airways?
FL180
What activity can be expected in an alert area? Is a clearance necessary?
Prohibited areas are designed for security reasons. Entry into a prohibited area is prohibited.
Which limitation is imposed on a commercial pilot without an instrument rating?
They can only carry passengers on cross country flights up to 50nm, and are prohibited from carrying passengers at night.
What activity can be expected in a restricted area?
Hazardous activity such as artillery firing or guided missiles. Entry without proper authorization could be extremely dangerous.
What information must be included in an IFR Flight Plan?
1. Aircraft ID 2. Type of Aircraft(s) 3. Full Name and Address of PIC 4. Point of Departure and ETD 5. The Proposed Route, Cruising Altitude/FL and TAS 6. Point of First Intended Landing and the ETA 7. The Amount of Fuel On Board (In Hrs.) 8. The # Aboard 9. Any Other Information Notable 10. An Alternate (When Applicable)
What does "LDA" stand for?
Localizer Type Directional Aid
Generally speaking, a navaid that is filled (colored black) is:
A compulsory reporting point.
Which equipment suffix would be assigned to an aircraft with LORAN, VOR/DME or INS with a Mode C Transponder?
Suffix "India"
What activity and clearance requirements are established for Controlled Firing Areas?
CFAs contain activities which could be hazardous to non-participating aircraft. However, all operations are suspended immediately when spotter aircraft, radar or ground lookout positions indicate incoming traffic. CFAs therefore are not charted, and do not require clearances for entry.
When are ATIS broadcasts updated?
Upon receipt of any official weather, regardless of change of reported values.
What does "MLS" stand for?
Microwave Landing System
DME navaids are typically indicated by what?
A box.
What does A3 indicate for approach lighting systems?
SSALR/SSALF (Simplified Short Approach Lighting System). High Intensity
If no Minimum Altitude is prescribed, what are standard minimums?
Over mountainous terrain 2000FT over the highest obstacle withing a distance of 4n.m. from the course to be flown. In other areas, 1,000FT over highest obstacle within 4n.m. of the intended course.
What does MEA stand for?
Minimum En Route Altitude
With regards to Approach Lighting System symbology, what is the difference between open and negative (shaded) symbols?
Negative symbols indicate that the lighting is pilot controlled.
When an altitude is listed alongside a procedure track or feeder route, what does it indicate?
The minimum altitude on that segment.
When switching to an alternate static source, the airspeed, altimeter and VSI may temporarily read:
Higher airspeed, Higher altitude, VSI may indicate a climb.
What activity can be expected in an alert area? Is a clearance necessary?
High volumes of flight training or unusual types of aerial activity. Clearances are not necessary.
You enter a 500 fpm climb. What are your primary indicators for pitch, bank and power?
Attitude indicator for pitch, heading indicator for bank, and tachometer or manifold pressure indicator for power.
Section 4
(27 cards)