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AP Physics Chapter 3

AP Physics Chapter 3

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Section 1

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Describe how linear motion is developed.

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Cards (40)

Section 1

(40 cards)

Describe how linear motion is developed.

Front

-motion that is only in one direction or can be described with one coordinate, such as x (only) or y (only) -acceleration is parallel to the velocity 3 types: 1) constant velocity motion 2) uniformly accelerated linear motion 3) free fall

Back

trajectory

Front

the path of motion of an object

Back

Analytical Component Method of Vector Addition

Front

-involves resolving the vectors into rectangular vector components and adding the components for each axis independently Important: 1) The sums of the x- and y-component vectors being added are equal to the corresponding vector components of the resultant vector 2) basically, the vectors to be added are resolved into their x- and y-components, and the respective components added and then recombined to find the resultant 3) all vectors will be referenced to the nearest x-axis (positive or negative) 4) express the resultant vector using the unit vector component form or the magnitude angle form

Back

How is the range of a projectile determined?

Front

R=Vxt Vx=Vocosθ t= 2Vyo/g=2Vosinθ/g *Δy=0 HAS TO BE TRUE*

Back

Describe how a vector can be changed from component form to magnitude-angle form?

Front

Component form: C= Cx x(hat) + Cy y(hat) to go to magnitude angle form: C= square root( Cx^2 + Cy^2 θ=tan^-1 absolute value( Cy/Cx p. 94

Back

What are the equations used to determine the components of a vector in the x and y directions?

Front

Cx=C cosθ Cy=C sinθ these are called components of motion -velocity is not the only vector that can be used with these equations

Back

relative velocity

Front

-motion is relative (to some frame of reference) -in analyzing motion from another reference frame, you do not change the physical situation or what is taking place, only the point of view from which you describe it

Back

How is the velocity of a body determined from another point of view?

Front

the relative velocities can be found by using vector subtraction

Back

Graphically, how are vectors added and how is the resultant determined?

Front

Use the triangle method: 1) Draw vector A on graph paper from the origin to some scale 2) Draw the second vector (B) from the tip (or head) of the first vector 3) Draw the resultant vector (R) from the tail of vector A to the head of vector B -to find the magnitude of the resultant, measure R and use the scale conversion -use a protractor to find the angle measure of θ

Back

polygon method

Front

the tip-to-tail method (or the triangle method) for more than two vectors

Back

Vector Addition

Front

-adding or combining quantities that have magnitude and direction -use the triangle method: head (or tip) to tail

Back

What is relative in relative velocity?

Front

Relative velocity describes the relative motion between different frames of reference

Back

Why do two balls, one dropped and one horizontally projected from the same height, strike the ground at the same time?

Front

-the vertical components are the same, and the balls fall at the same rate hitting the ground at the same time -one ball may travel farther horizontally, but that does not affect how the vertical component, or how long it takes to hit the ground *the vertical component and the horizontal component are independent of each other*

Back

components of motion

Front

the velocities in the x- and y-directions -these velocities are obtained by resolving or breaking down the velocity vector into _____________ in these directions

Back

parabola

Front

-the curve that describes the path of motion of a projectile -the path of a projectile motion is often referred to as a parabolic arc

Back

quadratic equation

Front

Back

resultant vector

Front

-the vector sum of added (or subtracted) vectors -could have many different x and y components, but only some are useful

Back

Component form

Front

-describes the changes in the x- and y-values -includes the magnitude and the angle in the positive x or positive y direction R= ax (hat) + by (hat) x and y (hat) stand for unit vectors

Back

vector components equations

Front

Rx=Rcosθ Ry=Rsinθ θ is always the *reference angle (the angle made with the horizontal axis)*

Back

Important aspects of projectile motion

Front

-time of flight -maximum height reached -range (R)

Back

range (R)

Front

the maximum horizontal distance traveled by a projectile motion

Back

Why is projectile motion parabolic?

Front

-the horizontal velocity (Vx) is constant--- no force acting on it -the vertical velocity (Vy) is changing--- gravity is acting on the object (-a)

Back

How can the position, the time of flight, and the range of a projectile projected at any angle be determined?

Front

1) Find the components of motion: Vx (constant) and Vyo (changes) 2) Find the time in the air using Δy=1/2at^2 + Vyot Δy=0 if there is no change in height... 3) Find the range of the projectile -use X=Vxt or -use the range equation if you do not have time AND Δy=0

Back

When adding velocity vectors, what do the subscripts stand for?

Front

the subscripts in an equation to compute relative velocity stand for the different velocities

Back

Component method

Front

-most widely used analytical method for adding multiple vectors -when vector A and Vector B form a right angle--> use the Pythagorean theorem to solve for vector C -then use trigonometry (tangent) to solve for θ

Back

magnitude-angle form

Front

give the magnitude of the resultant vector and the angle degree measure of θ ex: v= 25 m/s; 47° North of East

Back

parallelogram method

Front

1) draw dotted parallel lines to each vector 2) where the parallel lines intersect is the resultant vector

Back

Vector Subtraction

Front

-a special case of vector addition A - B = A + (-B)

Back

Do vectors depend on one another?

Front

No, vectors are independent of one another, one vector does not affect the value of another

Back

Does air resistance affect the maximum range and angle of projection? (figure 3.16)

Front

-when air resistance is a factor, the angle of projection fro maximum range is less than 45°

Back

How is motion in two dimensions described?

Front

by considering an object to be moving in x- and y-directions simultaneously

Back

Describe how curvilinear motion is developed.

Front

-an acceleration not parallel to the velocity is required -the ratio of the velocity component varies with time--> that is, the direction of the motion varies with time *if the acceleration is at some angle other than 0° or 180° to the velocity, the motion will be a curved path*

Back

What angle is recorded when determining a vector in magnitude-angle form?

Front

the reference angle, usually θ, the angle between the resultant and the x-axis in that quadrant

Back

How is the maximum range of a projectile achieved? (figure 3.15, p.86)

Front

-To get maximum range, a projectile ideally should be projected at an angle of 45° -the range is a maximum (Rmax) when *sin2θ=1*, since this value of θ yields the maximum value of the sine function Rmax= sin2θ=1 2θ=90° or θ=45°

Back

Vectors can be resolved into their components. How can resolving vectors into their vectors make it easier to add them?

Front

You do not have to graphically draw all the vectors to scale and use a protractor to measure angles, which can be time consuming -when using the component method, you do not have to draw all the vectors tip to tail

Back

For projections with Vx and Vy components, which is constant and why for project motion?

Front

Vx component: constant in projectile motion because there is no acceleration in that direction Vy component: changes with time because of the acceleration due to gravity (g)

Back

unit vector

Front

â has a magnitude of one, with no units, and simply indicates a vector's direction always in the positive x and y direction

Back

projectile motion

Front

-two dimensional, curvilinear motion -a special case of projectile motion in one dimension occurs when an object is projected vertically upward (or downward or dropped). -also can occur in free fall because *the only acceleration of a projectile is that due to gravity*

Back

What is the major restriction for using the kinematic equations for components of motion?

Front

the kinematic equations for the components of motion are for constant acceleration only

Back

Why is projectile motion included in this chapter?

Front

-it is two-dimensional, curvilinear motion -similar to free fall -general two-dimensional projectile motion is in free fall too, because the only acceleration of a projectile is that due to gravity

Back