Section 1
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mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
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Cards (219)
Section 1
(50 cards)
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
the three kinds of RNA
Amino Acid
*nucleic acid
*kind of macromolecule that stores, transfers, and expresses genetic information
*hydrogen bond in nucleic acids
*a weak bond that holds the nitrogen bases to each other
Amino Acid Examples
glutamine, proline, cysteine, lycine, ... 20 different ones!
Disulfide Bridge
RNA
Secondary Structure of a Protein
*a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogen base
*structure of a nucleotide
Quaternary Structure of a Protein
Triglyceride
Ionic Interaction (salt bridge)
phosphodiester bond
linkage that results from dehydration synthesis of the phosphate group of the first nucleotide to 3' carbon of the five-carbon sugar of the next nucleotide
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Nitrogen (CHOPN)
elements that make up a nucleic acid
*purines
*double-ringed nitrogen base such as adenine or guanine
*how DNA differs from RNA
*the sugar in DNA is deoxyribose; Thymine bonds with Adenine; DNA is double-stranded
Unsaturated Fat
*how RNA differs from DNA
*the sugar in RNA is ribose; Uracil bonds with Adenine; RNA is single-stranded
*dehydration synthesis between nucleotides
*a kind of condensation reaction in which water is removed in order to join together nucleotides
how to remember Cytosine, Uracil, and Thymine are PYrimidines
CUT the Py or Cytosine & Thymine & Pyrimidine each have "y"
alpha helix (secondary)
Nucleotide
Monosaccharide
Glycosidic Linkage
Hydrogen Bonds
Saturated Fat
double helix
term used to describe the arrangement of a DNA strand
Cellulose
DNA
Nucleic Acid Examples
DNA, RNA, (ATP and ADP are modified nucleic acids)
Primary Structure of a Protein
Disaccharide
*the hydrogen bonds between the purines and pyrimidines
*why is DNA more stable than RNA?
Polysaccharide
Lipid Examples
fats/triglycerides/triacylglycerol, steroids, phospholipids, steroids, waxes
*DNA
*deoxyribonucleic acid; a polymer of nucleotides that stores and transmits genetic information in the order of its nitrogen bases
how to remember that adenine and guanine are purines
Angel (adenine) & God (guanine) are pure
*pyrimidine
*single-ringed nitrogen base such as cytosine, uracil, or thymine
*RNA
*ribonucleic acid; a polymer of nucleotides that transfers genetic information
anti-parallel
term meaning that the two strands of a DNA molecule run in opposite direction of each other; one is upside-down to the other
Ester Linkage
Carbohydrate Examples
glucose, fructose, sucrose, starch, glycogen, cellulose, monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
*nucleotide
*the monomer of a nucleic acid
Phospholipid
Hydrophobic Interaction
Protein Examples
amino acids, primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary structures, collagen, hemoglobin, enzymes
Tertiary Structure of a Protein
Starch
beta-pleated sheet (secondary)
Steroid
Section 2
(50 cards)
genome
the complete set of DNA in a living organism
*quaternary structure
*a protein that is assembled from two or more peptide chains; hemoglobin consists of four peptide chains that are held together by hydrogen bonding and interactions among R-groups
*amphipathic
*having both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts/phospholipids are amphipathic
translation
the creation of a polypeptide from the information transcribed from DNA
*amino acid
*building block (monomer) of proteins, composed of an amino group and a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and an R-group
side chain
another name for the R-group
transcription
the copying of the DNA sequence onto RNA
*dehydration synthesis in lipids
*the removal of a water molecule to join fatty acids to other molecules (like glycerol)
*properties the R-group may give the amino acid
*hydrophilic or hydrophobic, polar or nonpolar, acidic or basic
*peptide bond
*covalent bond formed between amino acids
salt bridge
another name for ionic interactions that occur between oppositely charged (positive and negative) R-groups
lots of energy
how much energy a hydrocarbon chain stores
*proteins
*a macromolecule made chains of amino acids
*a carboxyl group, an amino group, a central Carbon, a Hydrogen, and an R-group
*structure of an amino acid
fibrous proteins
proteins whose shapes are dominated by the secondary structure of a beta pleated sheet or alpha helix, like collagen
*saturated fatty acid
*fatty acid that consists of all single-covalent bonds between each pair of carbon atoms; each carbon has two hydrogens bonded to it (saturated with hydrogens);
*enzymes
*proteins that speed up chemical reactions (reduce the activation energy required)
fats, oils, steroids, phospholipids
the most important lipids
*20
*the number of different amino acids that occur extensively in all living organisms
*denatured
*a change in the shape of a protein due to chemical treatments, temperature, change of pH, or high concentrations of polar or nonpolar substances; may or may not be irreversible
*Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen (CHON)
*elements that make up a protein
saturated fat
animal fats/clog arteries/solid
*tertiary structure
*additional three dimensional shaping to a secondary structure due to interactions of the R-groups
*fatty acid
*monomer of a lipid made of a hydrocarbon chain and a carboxyl group
*hydrogen bonds in proteins
*bond that occurs between R-groups that stabilize folds in proteins
ionic interactions
bond that forms between oppositely charged (positive and negative) R-groups
globular proteins
proteins whose shape is dominated by the additional three-dimensional shaping of a tertiary structure, like hemoblobin
*from amino group to carboxyl group (N-C-C+N-C-C)
*order that the amino acids join together
*functions of lipids
*long-term energy storage, insulation, part of the cell membrane, chemical messenger, waterproofing
disulfide bridge
covalent bond formed between two cysteine amino acids when their SH groups become oxidized; this helps determine how a protein folds
categories of proteins
structural proteins, storage proteins, transport proteins, defensive proteins, and enzymes
*dehydration synthesis between amino acids
*process that bond an amino acid to another amino acids (forms peptide bond)
DNA replication
process used to make a copy of a DNA strand
glycerol
a carbon alcohol that is hydrophilic; a building block of fat
*triglyceride
*lipid made of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol
*primary structure
*the order of amino acids in a peptide chain that makes up a protein
food made of saturated fatty acid
animal fats and butter; bad fats
James Watson and Francis Crick
scientists who discovered the structure DNA
*lipids
*macromolecule made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (CHO) that is mostly nonpolar not soluble in water;
*thymine
*in DNA, adenine only bonds with___________and is held together with two hydrogen bonds
four levels of a proteins structure
primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, quaternary structure
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (CHO)
*elements that makeup both Carbohydrates and Lipids
*hydrophobic R-groups
*move together to the interior of a protein, away from water
*R-group
*stands for the rest of the compound, different for each kind of amino acid, giving the amino acid its properties
*polypeptide chain
*a long line of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds
unsaturated fatty acids
fatty acid that has one or more double covalent bonds between each pair of carbon atoms;
*uracil
*in RNA, adenine only bonds with__________
*cytosine
*guanine only bonds with____________and is held together with three hydrogen bonds
*secondary structure
*three-dimensional shape that occurs from the hydrogen bonding between the amino and carboxyl groups (the backbone) of nearby amino acids; may be shaped as an alpha helix or a beta pleated sheet
van der Waals interactions
bond-like interaction that stabilize nearby hydrophobic R-groups
Section 3
(50 cards)
sex hormones
testosterone, progesterone, estrogen
food made of unsaturated fatty acids
plant & fish fats, vegetable oils; good fats
*polyunsaturated fatty acid
*kind of unsaturated fat that has two or more double covalent bonds between each pair of carbon atoms
carbohydrate
macromolecule made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen that is soluble in water due to the hydroxyl groups
alpha glucose vs. beta glucose function
alpha glucose molecules can easily be broken down while beta glucose molecules can only be broken down by by certain bacteria
formula for sugar molecules
(CH₂O)n where n is any number from 3 to 8
*phospholipid
*amphipathic lipid made of two hydrocarbon chains, glycerol, and a phosphate group
van der walls interactions
weak interaction between nonpolar molecules; holds the hydrophobic fatty acid tails of a phospholipid together
reason the phospholipid bilayer is stable
van der waals interactions hold the fatty acid tails together while hydrogen bonding binds the hydrophilic heads with water; also cholesterol is between the fatty acid tails stabilizing them
how to number carbons in a ring
clockwise from the right
organic chemistry
the study of carbon compounds
many biologically important molecules are NOT soluble in a lipid, so cell membranes can be selectively permeable
why are lipids good barriers in living organisms?
lactose
milk sugar; disaccharide formed when glucose bonds with galactose
*phospholipid bilayer
*the main structure of the cell membrane, made of phospholipids that are arranged with the fatty acid tails packed together and the glycerol and phosphate heads facing water in an aqueous solution
pentose
monosaccharide made of five carbon atoms; example is ribose in RNA and deoxribose in DNA
*the reason a phospholipid is amphipathic
*the hydrocarbon chains (tails) are nonpolar, while the glycerol and phosphate group (head) is polar
*steroid
*lipid made of four linked carbon rings attached to different functional groups (look like chicken wire fencing)
*dehydration synthesis between monosaccharides
*process used to combine monosaccarides into disaccharides and polysaccharides
*1:2:1
*the ration of Carbon to Hydrogen to Oxygen in a carbohydrate
hydrophobic tail
another name for the hydrocarbon chain in a phospholipid
*monosaccharide
*the simplest kind of carbohydrate
hydrophobic head
another name for the phosphate group in a phospholipid
organic molecules
molecules that contain carbon
the reason carbon is important to life
carbon can form four strong covalent bonds with different elements; carbon is the main component of organic molecules; all organic molecules contain carbon (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids)
*glycosidic linkage
*covalent bond that forms between a monosaccharide and another molecule (like another monosaccharide)
*disaccharide
*two monosaccharides joined together by a glycosidic linkage
triose
monosaccharide made of three carbon atoms
*simple sugar
*another name for a monosaccharide
starch
a polymer of α-glucose molecules that store energy in a plant cell
the reason why starch and glycogen have a large amount of branching
plants and animals can quickly add to their energy supply when energy is plentiful, or break it down the storage molecules when energy is in short supply
hexose
monosaccharide made of six carbon atoms examples are glucose, fructose, mannose, galactose
examples of steroids
cholesterol, sex hormones
alpha glucose vs. beta glucose structure
the reversal of the H and OH on the first carbon
cholesterol
the most common steroid; is a component of the cell membrane as well as the precursor to all other steroids
α-glucose
another name for alpha glucose
macromolecules
large organic molecules
β-glucose
another name for beta glucose
cellulose
a very stable polymer of β-glucose molecules that serves as a structural molecule in the walls of plant cells; major component of wood; the most abundant biological molecule on earth
*examples of monossaccharides
*glucose, fructose, galactose
*polysaccharide
*three or more monosaccharides
cholesterol vs. testosterone (steroids)
the tail of cholesterol is replaced with a hydroxyl group; Important to remember four fused ring structure!
*the reason why the formula of a disaccharide of glucose is C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ and not C₁₂H₂₄O₁₂
*one water molecule is lost when the condensation reaction joins together the two monosaccharides
*sucrose
*table sugar; disaccharide formed when glucose bonds with fructose
*monounsaturated fatty acid
*kind of unsaturated fat that consists only has one double covalent bond (the rest are single) between each pair of carbon atoms
4 Macromolecule Groups
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic acids
-ose
suffix carbohydrates usually end in (gluc-ose, fruct-ose)
chitin
a polymer of β-glucose molecules that contains serves as the exoskeleton of arthopods such as insects, spiders, and shellfish; it has a nitrogen-containing group attached to the ring
tetrose
monosaccharide made of four carbon atoms
glycogen
a polymer of α-glucose molecules that stores energy in animal cells; stored in the liver and muscles
where the carbons are in a ring structure
where four bond lines meet
Section 4
(50 cards)
charge of the oxygen atom in a water molecule
slightly negative
hydrophillic
Term for substances that dissolve in water.
*functional group
*groups of atoms that are responsible for the chemical properties of organic compounds
polymer
molecules that consist of many repeated monomers
*cation
*a positively charged ion; "pawsitive"
element
Matter in its simplest form
isomer
Molecules with same molecular formula but different structures (shapes)
reasons why ice floating is important to life
floating ice keeps the water below it from freezing; if ice would sink, it would remain frozen eventually freezing the entire body of water
the temperature stays the same
what happens to the temperature of water when it changes states - from solid to liquid or from liquid to gas
functional groups
parts of organic molecules that are involved in chemical reactions
the reason why water has a high specific heat
it takes a large amount of energy to break the hydrogen bonds that hold water molecules together
*anion
*a negatively charged ion; ANegative ion
electrons
Atomic particles with a negative charge (-) found outside the nucleus of an atom.
*organic compound
*compounds that contain carbon
nonpolar
not soluble in water; no charges; hydrophobic
solute
A substance that dissolves into a solvent.
charge of the hydrogen atoms in a water molecule
slightly positive
four
number of covalent bonds carbon can form with other elements
heat of fusion
the energy required to change water from a solid to a liquid
hydrocarbons
carbon and hydrogen atoms that are covalently bonded that make them stable and nonpolar
solvent
A substance that dissolves another substance.
hydrolysis
the process of adding a water molecule to break a polymer into monomers
universal solvent
Property of water in which substances that are ionic or substances that have polar covalent bonds all dissolve in water.
the reason water moves from the roots to the leaves of a plant
capillary action due to water adhering to the walls of a narrow tube an rising up (adhesion)
*molecules
*a stable association of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds;
neutrons
Atomic particles with a neutral (o) charge found in the nucleus of an atom.
*compound
*a molecule made of more than one type of element
specific heat
the degree that a substance changes temperature due to the gain or loss of heat
condensation reaction
the process of removing a small molecule to join together monomers to make a polymer
atom
Smallest form of an element that still displays its particular properties; consisting of a positively charged nucleus and a negatively charged electron cloud.
polar
soluble in water; charges; hydrophilic
chemical bond
attraction between two atoms by transferring or sharing electrons to attain a stable electron configuration
hydrogen bond in water
weak bond formed between water molecules
protons
Atomic particles with a positive charge (+) found in the nucleus of an atom.
heat of vaporization
the energy required to change water from a liquid to a gas
inorganic compound
compounds that do not contain carbon
the interaction of electrons between atoms
The reason chemical bonds form.
hydrophobic
Term for substances that do not dissolve in water.
aqueous solution
A solution in which water is the solvent.
dehydration synthesis
a kind of condensation reaction (These words are interchangeable)
the reason insects can walk on the surface of water
surface tension caused by the cohesion of water molecules
the reason ice floats in liquid water
less dense as a solid; hydrogen bonds form crystalline structure that keeps the water molecules separate
*ion
*atom becomes charged when it gains or loses an electron
monomer
molecules that consist of a single unit
polar covalent bond
the kind of bond between the oxygen atom and hydrogen atoms in a water molecule that results in the unequal sharing of electrons
adhesion
the attraction of unlike molecules; water molecules are attracted to other polar surfaces
evaporative cooling
water carries the heat it absorbs away in sweat due to its high specific heat
high specific heat
property of water in which water changes temperature very slowly with changes in heat due to hydrogen bonding
cohesion
the attraction of like substances; water molecules are attracted to other water molecules; this is due to the hydrogen bonding between water molecules
matter
anything that has mass and takes up space
Section 5
(19 cards)