Section 1
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air resistance
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Cards (285)
Section 1
(50 cards)
air resistance
a frictional force that slows the motion of objects as they travel through the air
capacitance
A physical property of a circuit component that describes its ability to store energy in the form of electrically separated charges. The ratio of an object's stored charge to its electric potential difference.
alternating current
A flow of electric charge that reverses its direction at regular intervals.
acceleration
change in velocity divided by change in time
adiabatic
Term applied to expansion or compression of a gas occurring without gain or loss of heat.
conventional current
The direction in which a positive test charge moves
battery
A circuit component that has a terminal voltage by changing chemical energy into electrical energy
air resistance
this quantity is equal to an object's weight if the object is falling at terminal velocity
bernoulli's principle
relates the pressure in, velocity of, and height of parts of a fluid in motion as a continuous stream
converging mirror
has a reflecting surface that bulges inward. They reflect light toward one focal point.
conductor
A material that heat or electrons flows through easily
angular acceleration
rate of change in angular velocity
amplitude
the maximum displacement of a medium from the rest position, the height of a wave's crest
atmosphere
a unit of pressure equal to about 101,325 pascals
antinode
A point of maximum amplitude on a standing wave
average velocity
displacement divided by time over which displacement occurs
bernoulli's principle
conservation of energy for a continuous stream of fluid
Ampere
unit used to measure electric current
continuity equation
the product of the cross sectional area and the translational velocity of a fluid remains constant as the fluid flows from one size pipe to another
coefficient of friction
the ratio of the force of friction to the normal force acting between two objects
converging lens
lens that is physically wider in the center than it is at its edges
buoyant force
the upward force exerted by a fluid on a submerged object that is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the submerged object
1
the index of refraction for air
conservation of charge
charge is not created nor destroyed, but instead it is transferred
capacitor
A circuit component used to store electrical charge.
conventional current
a flow of positive charges that move from higher potential to lower potential
1000 kg/m3
the density of pure water in kg per cubic meters
converging lens
lens such that a beam of light passing through it is brought to a point or focus
conservation of angular momentum
the angular momentum of a system must remain the same in the absence of an external force
average speed
distance traveled divided by time during which motion occurs
alpha particle
a helium nucleus. a particle with +2 elementary charge and mass number 4
ammeter
A device used to measure current in a circuit
acceleration
units of meters per second per second
avagadro's constant
The number of particles in a mole 6.02x10^23 mol-1)
conservation of momentum
in a collision the magnitude and direction of the momentum of the system before the collision is equal to the magnitude and direction of the momentum of the system after the collision when there are no external forces acting on the system.
average speed
circumference divided by period for an object moving in uniform circular motion
air resistance
this quantity is neglected in free fall
circuit
a path for an electrical current to flow through
angular momentum
A vector quantity defined as the product of rotational inertia and rotational velocity
absolute pressure
The total pressure exerted on a system, including atmospheric pressure.
classic relativity
the study of relative velocities in situations where speeds are less than about 1% of the speed of light—that is, less than 3000 km/s
centripetal acceleration
acceleration of an object toward the center of a curved or circular path
component
a piece of a vector that points in either the vertical or the horizontal direction
converging lens
lens with a positive focal point
constructive interference
The interference that occurs when two waves combine to make a wave with a larger amplitude
binding energy
the energy that holds a nucleus together, equal to the mass defect of the nucleus.
centripetal force
a net force that is directed toward the center of a curved or circular path
continuity equation
the volume of fluid moving in a continuous flow is constant per unit time. when the cross sectional area of the flow changes, the translational velocity of the fluid changes inversely.
acceleration
the rate of change of velocity
capacitance
has units of Farads
Section 2
(50 cards)
equipotential line
a line on which the potential at every point is the same
electron
A subatomic particle that has a negative charge (-1.6x10^-19 C) and near zero mass (9.11x10^-31 kg)
deceleration
acceleration in the opposite direction as velocity
energy levels
the distinct possible energies that electrons in an atom can have
critical angle
the angle at which light is totally reflected back into a material. when light is incident from the slower medium to the faster medium and experiences total internal reflection
entropy
a measure of the randomness or disorder of a system
dependent variable
the variable that is being measured
distance
the total length of the paths traveled
Elastic collision
A collision in which there is no loss of total kinetic energy
dependent variable
usually plotted along the y -axis
farad
the SI unit of capacitance that is equal to one Coulomb divided by one Volt
efficiency
the ratio of output work to input work
Diamagnetic
metals with paired electrons that align in both perpendicular directions to the magnetic field
electric field
___ vectors are directed towards negative charges and away from positive charges
displacement
the change in position of an object
converging mirror
mirror with a positive focal point
Coulomb
SI unit of electric charge
electromagnetic spectrum
The arrangement of light waves or radiant energy in order of wavelength and frequency.
equivalent resistance
The total resistance of a group of resistors connected in series or parallel.
direct current
a flow of electric charge in only one direction
diverging mirror
has a reflecting surface that bulges outward. They scatter light rays and make them spread apart
dielectric polarization
the separation of positive and negative charge in an insulator forming slightly positive and slightly negative poles
electric potential
a measure of the amount of electrical potential energy a test charge of positive one Coulomb charge would have if it were placed in a particular location in space.
electrical potential energy
Energy a charge has due to its location in an electric field.
direct relationship
A relationship in which one variable increases with an increase in another variable.
electromagnet
A temporary magnet made with a current-carrying wire coil wrapped around a magnetic core
deceleration
acceleration that causes an object to slow down
electric potential
has units of volts or Joules per Coulomb
Coulomb
SI unit of electric charge
density
The mass per unit volume of a substance
current
A flow of electric charge.
Edge effects
the electric field between the plates of a parallel plate capacitor is not uniform near the extremities of the plates
elastic potential energy
The potential energy of an object that is stretched or compressed
converging mirror
mirror such that a beam of light reflecting off of it is brought to a point or focus
diverging mirror
mirror with a negative focal point
entropy
has units of J/K
diverging lens
lens with a negative focal point
electrical charge
a property of matter that describes particles either as positive or negative and is measured with SI unit of Coulombs.
Coulomb's Law
the magnitude of the electrostatic force exerted on charge A by charge B is equal to Coulomb's constant times the product of the charges A and B divided by the square of the distance between the charges A and B.
destructive interference
Occurs when two or more waves combine to produce a wave with a smaller amplitude
crest
the highest point of a wave
de Broglie wavelength
wavelength of wave that is associated with a particle that is moving. It is most useful for relatively small and fast particles like subatomic particles
electrostatic force
The attractive or repulsive force between two particles or objects because of their electric charges.
Coulomb's constant
the proportionality constant for electrostatic forces, fields, and potential differences = 9.0x10^9 N*m^2/C^2
electron volt
A very small unit of energy defined as the work needed to move an electron through one volt of potential difference. equal to 1.6x10^-19 J
electromagnetic spectrum
radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-rays, gamma rays
dynamics
the study of how forces affect the motion of objects and systems
elementary charge
the smallest unit of electric charge that is possible in ordinary matter equal to + or - 1.6x10^-19 C
density
has SI units of kilograms per cubic meter
diverging lens
a lens that is thinnest in the middle causing light rays to spread apart
Section 3
(50 cards)
isothermal
Term applied to expansion or compression of a gas occurring with no change in temperature
isobaric
Term applied to expansion or compression of a gas occurring with no change in pressure
kinetic energy
the energy an object has due to its motion
Hooke's Law
Spring force = spring constant * change in length
kinematics
the study of motion without considering its causes
Hertz
SI unit of frequency
free fall
the state of movement that results from gravitational force only
fundamental
the largest wavelength standing wave that fits the given parameters
instantaneous velocity
velocity at a specific moment in time
Joules
SI unit for energy
Hertz
equal to 1 inverse second (s^-1)
heat
A form of energy that is transferred from a higher to a lower temperature system
insulator
A material that does not allow heat or electrons to move through it easily.
inelastic collision
A collision in which kinetic energy is not conserved
isovolumetric
Term applied to a change in temperature or pressure of a gas without change in volume
lever arm
distance from axis of rotation to the spot where force is applied
kinetic friction
Friction between moving surfaces
flow rate
The volume of fluid that moves through a system in a given period of time.
indirect relationship
A relationship in which one variable increases with a decrease in another variable.
fluid
Substance that can flow and take the shape of its container; either liquid or gas.
Kirchhoff's Loop Rule
an expression of the law of conservation of energy that states that the directed sum of all the voltage drops in any closed circuit path is zero.
in phase
Where two waves with the same frequency have crests and troughs that match up and that form repeated moments of constructive interference
internal energy
as the energy associated with the random, disordered motion of the particles that make up a system that is directly related to temperature and number of particles
internal resistance
The small opposition to the flow of current inside a battery that causes some voltage loss and is represented with a small resistor next to the Emf battery source
independent variable
the variable that the scientist purposefully changes
gauge pressure
Difference between absolute and atmospheric pressures OR Pressure at a given location without accounting for atmospheric pressure.
gravitational field
a force field that exists in the space around every mass or group of masses
latent heat of vaporization
The amount of energy required to change a unit mass of a substance from liquid to gas
Joules
SI unit for work
grounded
Providing a path for electric charges to flow into a system with an assumed infinitely many positive and negative charges.
independent variable
usually plotted along the x -axis
gravitational potential energy
Potential energy that depends on the height of an object above the Earth
interference
The interaction of two or more waves that combine in a region of overlap
focal point
the point at which rays parallel to the optical axis reflect and meet
independent variable
the variable that the dependent variable is measured with respect to
Impulse
Change in momentum
index of refraction
a measure of the amount a ray of light bends when it passes from one medium to another
free body diagram
a physical model representing only the forces acting on a system
induction
the charging of an object without direct contact but by using polarization and grounding instead
instantaneous speed
magnitude of instantaneous velocity
latent heat of fusion
The amount of energy required to change a unit mass of a substance from solid to liquid
force
a push or pull on an object with a specific magnitude and direction
Hooke's Law
The change in length of an ideal spring is directly proportional to the force stretching it
instantaneous velocity
the average velocity over an infinitely small time interval
Law of universal gravitation
All objects in the universe attract each other with a long range force of gravity
index of refraction
the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of the light in the material
instantaneous acceleration
acceleration at a specific moment in time
gravitational potential energy
Energy stored by objects due to their position relative to other masses.
floating
When the buoyant force upwards equals the weight downwards on an object at the surface of a fluid
Kirchhoff's Junction Rule
an expression of the law of conservation of charge that states that the sum of all the currents flowing into a node is equal to the sum of all the currents flowing out of a node.
Section 4
(50 cards)
newtons
the SI unit for force
medium
The material through which a wave travels
photon
A particle of electromagnetic radiation with no mass that carries a quantum of energy
neutron
A subatomic particle that has no charge and 1.67x10^-27 kg mass
Ohmic
a description for a resistor that obeys Ohm's law and has "constant" resistance
Ohm's law
the product of the current and the resistance between to points in a circuit is equal to the voltage drop between the same two points in a circuit
net force
The vector sum of all forces acting on a system
magnetic field
has SI units of Tesla where 1 T = one Newtonsecond/Coulombmeter
P-V diagram
the area of this graph is work done on a system or work done by a system
mechanical wave
a disturbance in matter that carries energy from one place to another
Newton's Third Law
The force exerted on object A by object B is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the same force exerted on B by A.
mass
is measured in kilograms
momentum
has units of kg*m/s
overtone
the second largest wavelength standing wave that fits the given parameters
Ohm
The SI unit of electric resistance
momentum
A vector quantity defined as the product of the mass and velocity of an object
Paramagnetic
metals with unpaired electrons that align in the same direction as the magnetic field
magnetic flux
The product of a magnetic field perpendicular to an area that is measured in Tesla*square meters
magnitude
the length or size of a vector.
momentum
has units of N*s
pascal
SI unit of pressure equal to one Newton divided by one square meter
moment of inertia
A system's resistance to rotation
mechanical energy
sum of the potential energy and kinetic energy in a system
pascal's principle
Pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted equally to every part of the fluid, as well as to the walls of the container.
Newton's Second Law
the net force on a system is equal to the product of the acceleration and the mass of the system
magnetic field
the space around a magnet or electromagnet that could exert magnetic forces upon moving charges
magnetic poles
two ends of a magnet where the magnetic forces are strongest (North and South).
longitudinal
a wave that vibrates in the same direction as it travels; also called a compression wave
magnitude
a description of how strong a vector quantity is without its direction
parallel
A circuit that contains more than one path for current flow.
motion map
representation of a system's motion with arrows marked with time intervals, velocity, and acceleration.
normal force
The contact force exerted by a surface on another object in a perpendicular direction.
Newton's First Law
A system remains at rest OR remains in motion at a constant speed unless acted on by a non-zero net force.
newtons
the SI unit for weight
photoelectrons
electrons ejected by metals when light shines on them.
oscilator
motional Emf
The emf produced across a conductor (usually a conducting bar) due to its motion through a magnetic field.
net torque
the vector sum of all the torques acting on a system
motional Emf
the motional Emf induced across a conductor is equal to the product of the component of the magnetic field perpendicular to the length of the conducting bar times the speed with which the bar moves
photoelectric effect
The emission of electrons from a metal caused by light striking the metal
mass
A measure of the amount of matter in an object
period
The time taken for one complete oscillation
perfectly inelastic collision
a collision where the two objects that collide stick together
P-V diagram
graph of pressure as a function of volume that is often used for engines and other systems of gas.
node
A point on a standing wave that has no displacement from the rest position
molar mass
a term used to refer to the mass of a mole of any substance
moment of inertia
has units of kg*m^2
out of phase
Where two waves with the same frequency have crests and troughs that do not match up and that form repeated moments of destructive interference
magnetic field
___ vectors are directed away from the North end and towards the South end of a bar magnent
P-V diagram
A point on this graph qualitatively describes the internal energy of the particles in a system. If the number of particles is known as well, then the internal energy and temperature is can be determined.
Section 5
(50 cards)
real image
___is an image formed by a mirror or lens that can be displayed on a screen
speed
how quickly an object is moving without consideration of which direction the object is moving
resultant vector
the vector sum of two or more vectors
real focus
positive focal point that is on the same side as the incident light for a mirror and the opposite side as the incident light for a lens
position time graph
a system's position graphed as a function of time
standing wave
a pattern of vibration that resembles a stationary wave
relative velocity
the velocity of an object as observed from a particular reference frame
RMS speed
average speed of a molecule in a gas sample
resistance
A material's opposition to the flow of electric current.
temperature
A measure of the average energy of motion of the particles of a substance.
rotational kinetic energy
the kinetic energy of a system due to its rotation
rotational equilibrium
When the net torque applied to a system is zero
simple harmonic motion
motion that is repeated because displacement and restoring force are proportional
simple pendulum
An object with a small mass (bob) suspended from a light wire or string of negligible mass
position time graph
the slope of this graph is velocity
position
where an object is located in a given reference frame
snell's law
Quantifies the physics of refraction using the index of refraction and angles for incident and refractive rays
restoring force
any force that always acts to pull a system back toward equilibrium
terminal voltage
The voltage measured across the positive and negative leads of a battery.
superposition
Combination of 2 overlapping waves
specific heat
the amount of energy per unit mass required to raise the temperature of a substance by 1 degree C
spring constant
has units of N/m
pressure
the amount of force exerted per unit area of a surface
scalar
a quantity with magnitude and no direction
proton
A positively charged subatomic particle with +1.6x10^-19 C charge and 1.67x10^-27 kg mass.
spring constant
the measure of the strength of a spring that is equal to restoring force divided by displacement from equilibrium
static equilibrium
a system is at rest
resistivity
a physical constant of a given material's opposition to the flow of electric current with units of Ohms*m.
short circuit
An electrical connection that allows current to take a path with near-zero resistance instead of powering the intended circuit component.
resistor
A circuit component that resists the flow of electrical current
series
circuit components that are connected end to end so as to provide a single path of current.
slope
the rise divided by the run of a straight line
reflection
The interaction that occurs when a wave (or some of the particles of a wave) bounces off a surface
thermal energy
The total energy of motion in the particles of a substance
range
the maximum horizontal distance that a projectile travels before hitting the ground
planck's constant
relate frequency to an electromagnetic wave's energy. h = 6.626 X 10^-34 J*s
real image
Am image that is formed when light rays converge to form the image
simple harmonic motion
periodic motion that can be modeled by a sine-wave-shaped graph
static friction
Friction that acts between objects that are not moving
pressure
has units of Pascals
tesla
SI unit of magnetic field strength equal to one Newtonsecond/Coulombmeter
ray diagram
an accurately-drawn sketch showing how light rays interact with mirrors and/or lenses
refraction
The bending of a wave as it passes at an angle from one medium to another
speed
units of meters per second
projectile
an object that moves with an initial velocity and is influenced only by the effects of the gravitational force
tension
A pulling force
Power
the rate of doing work. change in energy divided by change in time
terminal voltage
the difference between the battery's internal emf and the product of the current drawn from the battery and its internal resistance
system
A group of objects, masses, or a single object that are treated as one whole
rotational equilibrium
when a system is not changing its rotation. It has a constant or zero angular velocity
Section 6
(35 cards)