Section 1
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Preference Maps
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Date created
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Cards (66)
Section 1
(50 cards)
Preference Maps
Show people's ideas about environmental, social, or economic quality of life in various places. In general, most Americans rate their home state highly and most show preferences for coastal areas, especially California and the East Coast.
Cognitive Maps
The sketch map is the external representation of the spatial information that exists in a person's head.
Connectivity
A measure of all the means of connection and communication between places.
Distance Decay
Describes the pattern of diminishing likelihood of interaction with a place with increasing distance from that place. For example, the majority of people who shop at a particular grocery store, live or work close by. Few customers in that store live far from its location. Different activities have different distance decay curves; that is people travel short distances for everyday goods like milk and bread but travel farther to attend special events such a major convert.
Absolute location
The precise location of any object or place on the earth's surface as determined by a standard grid or coordinate system.
Breaking point
The outer edge of a city's sphere of influence, used in the law of real gravitation to describe the area of a city's hinterlands that depend on that city for its retail supplies.
Choropleth Map
A thematic map that uses tones or colors to represent spatial data as average values per unit area.
Environmental Geography
Results from the intersection of human and physical geography. Environmental geographers, or geographers who study human environment relationships (HER), come from almost every academic discipline and frequently occupy prominent pasitions at the forefront of debates regarding anthropogenic, or human-induced, environmental change, conservation planning , and sustainability.
Gravity Model
First described in the 1850's it is based on Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation. An important implication is large cities may still have extensive interactions despite being separated by great distances, for example., New York and Los Angeles.
Functional Regions
The boundaries are drawn around an interaction region: every functional region as a made that people interact with; the spatial pattern of that interaction defines the region. For example, commuters to a particular city, newspaper circulation, or branch operations with a major bank.
Projection
Refers to the process by which the three-dimensional surface of earth is transferred to a two-dimensional map. Traditionally, maps were made by placing a light source such as a candle inside of a translucent globe and then projecting the globe's features onto another shape usually paper.
Equal-Area Projection
Cartographers using or making these types of projections are interested in the preservation of an area; in other words, shapes or directions are distorted but sizes of land masses are correct in relation to each other.
Region
One of the fundamental units of analysis in human geography. Regionalizing allows geographers to group pieces of the earth's surface together according to certain similarities. Regions do not exist as well-defined units in the landscape; instead, they are conceptual constructions that geographers use for convenience and comparison.
Mercator Projection
Preserves accurate compass direction but distorts area of landmasses relative to each other. Land masses become increasingly distorted, or large in size, at high latitude near the North and South Poles.
Regional Geography
Regional geography is the study of regions. Regions vary in size; a region may be an entire continent, for example, North America, or a smaller area, such as southern Florida. Regional geographers, no matter the size of the region under study, investigate the unique characteristics, patterns, and processes existent within that place.
Geographic Information System (GIS)
A softare program that allows geographers to map, analyze, and model spatial data. Uses thematic layers, consisting of individual maps that contain specific features such as roads, stream networks, or elation contours.
Cartograms
A type of thematic map that transforms space such that the political unit with the greatest value for some type of data is represented by the largest relative area.
Anthropogenic
Human-induced changes on the natural environment.
Human Geography
The field of geography that looks at variations in human behavior over space. Human geographers look at human characteristics including population, economy, agriculture, urbanization, culture, political systems, and how those characteristics vary depending on where you are on the earth's surface. Human geographers also look at the complicated relationship between humans and their environments.
Formal Regions
Sometimes called thematic regions because they are defined by one or more variables or themes. Group strength varies throughout the region; some places represent the theme defining the region more strongly than others. Because of varying membership strength, boundaries are imprecise or vague. A clear line does not separate one area from another. Change between regions tends to be gradual.
Absolute distance
Exact measurement of the separation between two points using a standard measure, such as inches, meters, or miles.
Cartography
The theory and practice of making visual representations of Earth's surface in the form of maps.
Reference Maps
Reference maps are used to navigate between places and include topographic maps, atlases, road maps, and other navigational maps.
Conformal Projection
the shapes of small areas are preserved, compass direction is preserved making them useful for navigation. Mercator Projection is one type.
Contagious Expansion / Diffusion
Describes diffusion resulting from direct contact with an individual. All infectious diseases, such as AIDS, are spread by contagious diffusion.
Distribution Concepts
Concepts that are used to understand how certain objects, features, and phenomena are organized in space. Concentration, density, dispersion, and pattern are all distribution concepts.
Cognitive/Perceptual/Vernacular regions
informally organize boundaries of places in their mind.
Physical Geography
Physical geographers study spatial characteristics of the earth's physical and biological systems. Many natural scientists, including meteorologists, climatologists, ecologists, study physical geography. Through the understanding of the spatial variability of the phenomena under investigation each of these types of scientists gains insight into why certain phenomena behave the way they do in certain places.
Azimuthal projection
planar projections, meaning they are formed when a flat piece of paper is placed on top of the globe and a light source projects the surrounding areas onto the map.
Distortion
All flat maps are distorted as a result of projecting a three-dimensional surface onto a two-dimensional surface. The only accurate representation of the earth's surface is a globe. Some other projections distort certain features in favor of preserving others. Generally, the major features that get distorted or preserved are shape, area, and direction.
Concentration
When spatial distributions of objects or features appear in close proximity to one another, they are said to be concentrated. A cluster.
First Law of Geography / Friction of Distance
Everything is related to everything else, but near things are more closely related than far things. "The friction if distance" means that the farther away something is, the less likely someone is to interact with it.
Global Positioning System (GPS)
An integrated network of satellites that orbit the earth, broadcasting location information, in terms of latitude and longitude, to handheld receivers on the earth's surface.
Network
The areal pattern of connections between places such as the connections between subway stops on a metro map. However, some are less literal; for example, many Internet sites such as Facebook are social networks, describing all the links between a group of "friends".
Latitude and Longitude
Lines of longitude, or meridians, originate at the prime meridian, with passes through Greenwich, England, and ends at the International Date Line; all lines of longitude meet at the poles. Lines of latitude run parallel to one another and are often called parallels. They originate at the equator and terminate at the poles. Together, they allow for precise determination of location on the surface of the earth.
Accessibility
Relative ease with which you, goods, and/ or ideas can reach a destination. Determined by a place's connectivity; the more means there are for interacting with a place, the higher its accessibility.
Density
Density is the amount of a particular feature within a given area. It is not the same thing as dense, which implies a cluster. For example, population density is the number of people within a given area.
Earth's Graticule
Peters Projection
A cylindrical projection that retains accurate sizes of all the world's landmasses. Reveals how large the landmasses near the equator actually are. Often viewed as a political statement - an attempt to focus attention on the world's poorest countries.
Aggregation
Refers to the size of the unit under investigation such as cities, counties, states, or countries. If a geographer investigates population density with data at the state level, his or her map will dramatically differ from a geographer who has density data at the county level.
Isoline Maps
Maps that use lines to represent quantities of equal value. Most common example is a topographic map where each line represents a constant elevation. Lines spaced close together indicate a rapidly changing value, whereas lines far apart indicate little change over space.
Proportional Symbols Map
Size of the chosen symbol indicates relative magnitude of some value for a given geographic region. Flow lines often used to show movement of goods or people over space; lines get relatively thinner and thicker as values shrink or expand.
Hierarchical Expansion Diffusion
Hierarchical diffusion describes spred fast to major nodes and then down a hierarchy. Fashion trends typically spread hierarchically by first appearing in major fashion nodes such as London, Milan, and Paris, and then spreading from there.
Diffusion
The ways in which phenomena, such as technological innovations, cultural trends, or outbreaks of disease, travel over space. Two main processes spread phenomena across space: expansion diffusion and relocation diffusion. In relocation diffusion, physical movement leads to spread, usually as a result of migration; number of adopters is relatively small.
Pattern
Distribution concept that conveys how objects, features, of phenomena are spatially situated in relation to one another. For example, some features can have linear pattern, some centralized, some triangular, etc.
Maps
Pictorial models of reality that use symbols to convey meaning. Power comes in their ability to make something non spatial (population rates), spatial, thereby facilitating the perception of spatial relationships.
Dot Density Maps
Use points to represent particular values; for example, cropland harvested where each dot represents 1000 bushels of corn. Value comes from the ability to facilitate perception of spatial pattern; in example of corn cropland harvested, an obvious spatial pattern would emerge in the Midwest.
Landscape
The observable elements of a particular space. Landscapes embody the historic relationship between a person or culture and their natural environment; for example, "reading the cultural landscape" can provide powerful evidence of a society's character and experiences.
Generalization
Averaging over details; in a cartographic context generalization results from scaling changes. Small-scale maps have high generalization , or less detail, but show larger pieces of the earth's surface area. Are-scale maps have less generalization, or more detail, but show smaller pieces of the earth'a surface.
Distance Decay Curve
Section 2
(16 cards)