Section 1
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Last updated
6 years ago
Date created
Mar 1, 2020
Cards (66)
Section 1
(50 cards)
Synapse
A gap where information is transmitted from one neuron to the next.
axon terminal buttons
Where neurotransmitters are released to send messages to the next neuron
Axon
carries messages along and away from the cell body
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body.
Endorphins
produced naturally in the body controlling pain and pleasure. Surplus = Artificial high / Deficit = addiction to opiates
Dendrites
receive messages from other cells + conducts impulses toward the cell body
Cerebellum
Balance and coordination. rear of the brain stem
Pons
located above the medulla. controls coordinated movements
limbic system
emotional processing system
Dopamine
a both inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitter associated with movement, attention and learning and the brain's pleasure and reward system. Surplus = Schizophrenia / Deficit = Drug addiction + Parkinson's disease
sympathetic nervous system
arouses and expands energy, accelerates heart rate, raises blood pressure
Norepinephrine
A neurotransmitter involved in arousal and alertness (fight or flight), as well as in learning and mood regulation. Surplus = Anxiety / Deficit = Depressed mood
Midbrain
controls visual and auditory systems as well as eye movement
Excitatory neutrotransmitters
Causes next cell to fire
Acetylcholine
an excitatory neurotransmitter that contributes to muscle control + functions, learning, memory, and attention. Surplus = Muscle Spasm / Deficit = Alzheimer's
GABA
The main inhibitory neurotransmitter that creates calmness and regulates sleep wake cycle. Surplus = Sleep disorders / Deficit = Anxiety, epilepsy,
action potential
a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon
parasympathetic nervous system
calms the body, produces opposite affects of sympathetic nervous system
autonomic nervous system
controls self-regulated action of internal glands and organs
Nerves
bundled axons that form neural "cables" connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs
Amygdala
controls fear and aggression. front of the temporal lobe
Horomones
chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues
resting potential
electrical charge across the cell membrane of a resting neuron
Hypothalamus
part of the limbic system below the thalamus. influences hunger, regulates thirst, body temperature, sexual behavior
gland
An organ that produces and releases chemicals for use in the body or for discharge surrounding
Antagonist
binds to the receptors and blocks the neurotransmitters functions
endocrine system
the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
inhibitory neurotransmitters
prevents the next cell from firing
recticular formation
between the ears. filters incoming stimuli and relays important info to other areas. allows brain to be focused and alert
petuitary gland
a pea sized structure known as the 'master gland' that is controlled by the hypothalamus in the brain which regulates growth + controls over other endocrine glands.
Medulla
controls heartbeat and breathing
Soma (cell body)
contains nucleus
adrenal glands
a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete adreniline
Depolarization
The process during the action potential when sodium is rushing into the cell causing the interior to become more positive.
all-or-none response
a neuron's reaction of either firing or not firing
myelin sheath
fatty tissue that covers the axon of neurons and helps speed neural impulses
Nodes of Ranvier
gaps in the myelin sheath
Serotonin
An inhibitory neurotransmitter that affects hunger,sleep, arousal, and mood. Surplus = hallucinations / Deficit = Linked to depressions
refractory period
the time following an action potential during which the pump re polarizes the axon
Phrenology
A now defunct theory, founded by Franz Gall, that claimed mental abilities and characteristics could be revealed through bumps on specific regions of the brain.
brain stem
oldest part of the brain that is responsible for auto matic survival functions.
Agonists
drugs which mimic the activity of neurotransmitters and can produce a temporary high
Glutamate
the brain's most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter, involving learning and long term memory. Surplus = Overstimulated brain, migranes, seizures / Deficit = foggy brain, poor memory
somatic nervous system
controls skeletal muscles
Neuron
a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system. Contains sensory neurons (incoming info from receptors to brain), Motor neurons (outgoing info from brain to receptors), and Inter neurons (processes info between both)
threshold
the minimum level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse
Thalamus
the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; controls all senses BUT smell
Neurotransmitters
chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons and are components of all behavior and mental processes.
Repolarization
Return of the cell to resting state, caused by reentry of potassium into the cell while sodium exits the cell.
Schwann cells
produce myelin in the myelin sheath
Section 2
(16 cards)