Section 1
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flaccid
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Last updated
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Date created
Mar 14, 2020
Cards (67)
Section 1
(50 cards)
flaccid
lacking turgor (stiffness or firmness), as in the plant cell in surroundings where there is a tendency for water to leave the cell. ( A wall cell becomes flaccid if it has a higher water potential than its surroundings, resulting in the loss of water.)
Concept 7.2: Membrane structure results in selective permeability
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sodium-potassium pump
a transport protein in the plasma membrane of animal cells that actively transports sodium out of the cell an potassium into the cell
ion channels
a transmembrane protein channel that allows a specific ion to diffuse across the membrane down its concentration or electrochemical gradient.
selective permeability
a property of biological membranes that allows them to regulate the passage of substances across them
Relating to facilitated diffusion: Define facilitated diffusion.
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Relating to active transport: define active transport.
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hypertonic
referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to lose water
turgid
swollen or distended, as in plant cells. (A walled cell becomes turgid if it has a lower water potential then its surroundings, resulting in entry of water.
integral protein
a transmembrane protein with hydrophobic regions that extend into and often completely span the hydrophobic interior of the membrane and with hydrophilic regions in contact with the aqueous solution on one or both sides of the membrane (or lining the channel in the case of a channel protein).
Relating to facilitated diffusion: Distinguish between hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic aqueous solutions.
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proton pump
an active transport protein in a cell membrane that uses ATP to transport hydrogen ions out of a cell against their concentration gradient, generating a membrane potential in the process
Relating to active transport: describe the proton pump.
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transport protein
a transmembrane protein that helps a certain substance or class of closely related substances to cross the membrane
peripheral protein
a protein loosely bound to surface of a membrane or to part of an integral protein and not embedded in the lipid bilayer
osmoregulation
regulation of solute concentrations and water balance by a cell or organism
phagocytosis
a type of endocytosis in which large particulate substances or small organisms are taken up by a cell. It's carried out by some protists and by certain immune cells of animals.
osmosis
the diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane
Concept 7.4: Active transport uses energy to move solutes against their gradients
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fluid mosaic model
the currently accepted model of cell membrane structure, which envisions the membrane as a mosaic of protein molecules drifting laterally in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids.
ligands
molecule that binds specifically to another molecule, usually a larger one.
passive transport
the diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane with no expenditure of energy
active transport
the movement of a substance across a cell membrane against its concentration gradient, mediated by specific transport proteins and requiring an expenditure of energy
Concept 7.3: Passive transport is diffusion of a substance across a membrane with no energy investment
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concentration gradient
a region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases.
cotransport
the coupling of the "downhill" diffusion of one substance to the "uphill" transport of another against its own concentration gradient
diffusion
the spontaneous movement of a substance down its concentration or electrochemical gradient, from a region where it is more concentrated to a region where it is less concentrated.
receptor-mediated endocytosis
the movement of specific molecules into a cell by the inward budding of vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being taken in; enables a cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific substances
Relating to bulk transport: Define exocytosis and describe the process involving a Golgi vesicle.
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facilitated diffusion
the passage of molecules or ions down their electrochemical gradient across a biological membrane with the assistance of specific transmembrane transport proteins, requiring no energy expenditure.
isotonic
referring to a soultion that, when surrounding a cell, causes no net movement of water into or out of a cell
exocytosis
the cellular secretion of biological molecules by the fusion of vesicles containing them with the plasma membrane.
pinocytosis
a type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes
Concept 7.5: Bulk transport across the plasma membrane occurs by exocytosis and endocytosis
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aquaporin
a channel protein in the plasma membrane of a plant, animal or microorganism cell that specifically facilitates osmosis, the diffusion of free water across the membrane
glycoprotein
a protein with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates
glycolipid
a lipid with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates
amphipathic
having both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region
gated channels
a transmembrane protein channel that opens or closes in response to a particular stimulus
Relating to facilitated diffusion: Define osmosis and describe the role of aquaporins in the movement of water into and out of cells
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electrochemical gradient
the diffusion gradient of an ion, which is affected by both the concentration difference of an ion across a membrane (a chemical force) and the ion's tendency to move relative to the membrane potential (an electrical force).
tonicity
the ability of a solution surrounding a cell to cause that cell to gain or loose water.
Relating to bulk transport: Define endocytosis and distinguish between phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis.
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hypotonic
referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to take up water.
Relating to facilitated diffusion: Relate solution tonicity to crenation and lysis in animal cells and to plasmolysis in plant cells: describe ion channel receptors, explain how they can be activated by signal molecules, and give an example of this process in humans.
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Concept 7.1: Cellular membranes are fluid mosaics of lipids and proteins
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plasmolysis
a phenomenon in walled cells in which the cytoplasm shrivels and the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall; occurs when the cell loses water to a hypertonic environment
membrane potential
the difference in electrical charge (voltage) across a cell's plasma membrane due to the differential distribution of ions. Membrane potential affects the activity of excitable cells and the transmembrane movement of all charged substances.
endocytosis
cellular uptake of biological molecules and particulate matter via formation of vesicles from the plasma membrane.
electrogenic pump
an active transport protein that generates voltage across a membrane while pumping ions.
Section 2
(17 cards)