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AP Biology - Genetic Engineering

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How can recombinant plasmids be used?

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Biology Science

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6 years ago

Date created

Mar 1, 2020

Cards (31)

Section 1

(31 cards)

How can recombinant plasmids be used?

Front

recombinant plasmids can be inserted into bacteria to produce insulin & human growth hormone through transformation

Back

Do different restriction enzymes cut sequences different ways?

Front

yes

Back

What does DNA polymerase used in PCR come from?

Front

bacteria that live in extremely hot environments.

Back

What is biotech?

Front

The exploitation of biological processes for industrial & other purposes

Back

How does one separate restriction fragments?

Front

using gel electrophoresis

Back

What is a restriction site?

Front

The specific sequences at which restriction enzymes cut DNA

Back

What are steps of this process? (Recombinant Plasmid -> Transformation)

Front

1. Cut piece of DNA from a source 2. Cut plasmid with the same RE 3. Mix together 4. Insert into bacteria

Back

When are sticky ends useful?

Front

They can combine DNA from different sources cut by same restriction enzymes which equals recombinant DNA

Back

What are some characteristics of CRISPR?

Front

1. Derived from bacterial immune systems 2. Faster, cheaper, and more accurate than using restriction enzymes 3. Can act on living cells (in vivo) 4. Restriction enzymes and PCR are in vitro processes 5. Used in gene drive technology 6. Can induce microevolution in a population (or eliminate the population entirely) within a few generations

Back

What occurs in gel electrophoresis?

Front

1. DNA samples loaded into a gel 2. Electric current applied 3. negatively charged DNA moves toward + electrode 4. Fragments separate based on size smaller fragments move farther, faster

Back

Does unique DNA cause unique restriction DNA fragments?

Front

yes

Back

Can one compare DNA samples cut with same restriction enzyme?

Front

yes

Back

What are blunt ends?

Front

Back

Where do restriction enzymes come from?

Front

They are isolated from bacteria where they provide protection by degrading foreign DNA

Back

What is another word for restriction enzymes?

Front

endonucleases

Back

What are some characteristics of PCR (polymerase chain reaction)?

Front

1. makes many copies of desired DNA sequence 2. Uses supply of primers, nucleotides & heat-stable DNA polymerase 3. Cycles of heating & cooling to copy DNA

Back

What is genetic engineering?

Front

It is defined as the deliberate modification of the characteristics of an organism by manipulating its genetic material

Back

What are restriction enzymes?

Front

Enzymes used to cut DNA into pieces that can be copied; they recognize, bind to, and cut DNA at specific sequences

Back

What are some applications of genetic engineering?

Front

Medicine, agriculture, production of food additives and research

Back

What are some applications of PCR?

Front

1. amplify DNA from fossils, crime scenes 2. provide specific fragments for insertion into plasmids

Back

Are restriction enzymes specific to a sequence?

Front

yes

Back

What can DNA profiling be used to do?

Front

1. Match suspected criminals to DNA found at a crime scene 2. Determine the relationship between individuals 3. Determine if a transplant patient is suffering from graft-versus-host disease 4. Identify mislabeled lab specimens

Back

What are STR?

Front

1. short repeated sequences of DNA (Often 3-5 bases) 2. unrelated people have different numbers of repeat units

Back

What is DNA profiling?

Front

A forensic technique used to identify individuals by characteristics of their DNA

Back

What does the system of DNA profiling (today) use?

Front

short tandem repeats (STR)

Back

Why is this process (Recombinant Plasmid -> Transformation) used?

Front

1. make protein product (bacteria becomes a little factory) 2. make multiple copies of desired gene (gene cloning)

Back

What causes multiple restriction fragments?

Front

Many cuts resulting from multiple restriction sites

Back

What are the two types of ends that can result from cuts by restriction enzymes?

Front

Blunt and sticky

Back

Why are sticky ends called sticky ends?

Front

They can hydrogen bond easily

Back

What are sticky ends?

Front

Back

What are gene drives?

Front

Gene drives have the power to push a desired trait through an entire population of animals

Back