Section 1
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Kingdom of Classification
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Cards (107)
Section 1
(50 cards)
Kingdom of Classification
Biological term for cell membrane
semi / selectively / differentially permeable membrane
Bacteria
Single-celled organisms. Most numerous and oldest organism in the biosphere.
Hypotonic
A solution with a higher concentration of water, low concentration of solute.
Centriole
Involved in cell division and formation of cell structures.
Exocytosis
Vecsicle enclosing particles joins membrane to release enclosed material.
Enzymes
Proteins that act as biological catalysts. They only catalyse one type of reaction.
Simple Diffusion
The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low until it is uniform throughout.
Channel Protein
Allow specific proteins through.
Flagellum
Mobility.
Particle size effect on diffusion
The smaller the particle, the quicker the rate of diffusion through the membrane.
Vacuole
Stores substances and helps plant cells with their structure.
Solute
A substance dissolved in a fluid.
Cell Theory
~ All organisms are made up of cells, ~ Smallest organisational unit,
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Processes and modifies proteins.
Archaea
Extremophiles. Organisms that live in extreme conditions, such as acidic, boiling or freezing conditions.
Eukaryotes
- Membrane bound organelles, - Nucleus, - Specialised organelles, - 'Cell Compartmentalisation'
Smooth Endoplasmic Retculum
Synthesis lipids.
Isotonic
Same concentration across the board.
Surface Area to Volume Ratio
Having a larger surface area to volume ratio means more efficiency at exporting and taking in substances. Having a smaller surface area to volume ratios, hence decreases the efficiency of exchange.
Lipids
Fatty organic compounds, composed of carbon, hydrogen.
Active Transport
-Requires energy to move substances, -Can only occur through carrier proteins, -ATP is needed for this process, Carrier Protein changes shape to allow a substance to be pushed through.
Plant Cell
Phospholipids
The building block of Phospholipid Bilayer. Made up of a hydrophobic (doesn't like water) tail and hydrophilic (likes water) head.
Crenated / Plasmolysed
Shriveled and shrunk from cell wall.
DNA
Holds the hereditary information that's passed between generations.
Chloroplast
Uses light energy, carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose. Also the site of photosynthesis.
Solvent
A fluid in which a substance is dissolved.
Concentration effect on diffusion
The concentration becomes uniform quicker if the bigger the difference in concentration.
Temperature effect on diffusion
Increasing the temperature increases the speed of the molecules movement.
Lysosome
Digests cellular waste material and foreign matter.
Mitochondrion
Obtains energy from organic compounds and is the site of cell respiration.
Organelle Membranes
Allows each organelle to have their own composition. Also helps control the movement within the cell.
Cell
Basic unit of structure of living cells.
Prokaryotes
- Unicellular, - Lacks nucleus, - No membrane-bound organelles, - Found in extreme conditions, - single DNA chromosomes, (genosphore), - Genosphore found in nucleoid, - Cell wall (prevents damage and dehydration), - Flagella - enables free movement, - Pili - involved in transferring DNA,
Endocytosis
Materials are taken into the cell by being pocketed by the cell membrane.
Animal Cell
Concentration Gradient
A difference in concentration of a solute between one region and another.
Plasma Membrane
Also known as the cell membrane. Separates the outside environment from inside of the cell as well as controlling what enters and exits the cell.
Osmosis
Diffusion of water molecules. ~Net movement of water molecules from an area of high water concentration to an area of low concentration. ~Water molecules move from area of low solute concentration to area of high concentration. (SALT SUCKS)
Protein
Permanent (Integral), temporary (peripheral) or spanning the phospholipid bilayer (transmembrane.)
Plastid
Synthesis' and storage's various organic molecules.
Biogenisis
Cells derived from pre-existing cells.
Ribosomes
These organelles are responsible for the synthesis of proteins.
Cell Wall
Cell structure and protection.
Carrier Protein
Change shape/form to allow certain shaped molecules through. Involved in Active Transport.
Cytoplasm
Made up of the cytosol, and organelles (Eukaryotes.) While 80% is water, it also contains ions, salts and organic molecules.
Hypertonic
A solution with a higher concentration of solute, low concentration of water.
Facilitated Diffusion
A process in which substances move through the plasma membrane down the concentration gradient with the aid of carrier (transport) proteins; does not require the use of energy.
Fluid Mosaic Fluid
The structure of the cell membrane. Consisting of protein, lipids, phospholipid bilayer and more.
Section 2
(50 cards)
Function of Human Digestive System
Digestion helps break down foods into waste and nutrients.
Stomata
A microscopic pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allow gas exchange between the environment and the interior of the plant.
Leaf Structure
Autotroph
An autotroph is an organism that can obtain organic compounds by converting inorganic matter.
Stimulus
Change in environment.
Decomposers
Organisms that break down the dead remains of other organisms.
Bio-mimicry
Biomimicry involves mimicking or copying structures or systems found in nature to develop new materials or products.
Glucagon
A hormone secreted by the pancreatic alpha cells that increase blood glucose concentration.
Receptor
Detects and registers change in environment.
Lysed / Turgid
Swelled and burst, Pushing against cell wall.
Heterotroph
A heterotroph obtains organic compounds from either a producer or other heterotrophs.
Carnivores
Organism that consumes other consumers- eats flesh.
Trophic Level
Different feeding levels on a food chain / web.
Ways of increasing temp
-increasing rate of cellular metabolism, -increasing rate of respiration, -behavioural, -shivering, -vasoconstriction, -piloerection,
Lipases
enzymes that break down lipids into soluble fatty acids.
Amylases
Digestive enzymes that converts the starch into maltose in our digestive system.
Photosynthesis
A process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into food. Takes place in the Chloroplast.
Producers
Organisms that produce their own food.
Scavengers
Feed off of dead animals.
Ways of lowering temp
-sweating, -vasodilation, -behavioural,
Human Digestive System
Mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, + gall bladder and liver
Osmoregulation
The control of water balance in organisms living in hypertonic, hypotonic, or terrestrial environments.
System
A group of organs that work together to perform a vital task.
Enzymes
Proteins that speed up chemical reactions in a cell.
Transpiration
Passive movement of water from roots to leaves- 99% of which is lost through stomata. 1% used for metabolic processes.
Mechanical Digestion
Physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces.
Root Hair Cells
Cells in the roots of plants that have long extensions to increase surface area for the absorption of water and minerals.
Keystone species
A species that influences the survival of many other species in an ecosystem.
Modulator / Mediator
Processes change and relays information.
Factors under Homeostatic control
- Blood glucose, - Body Temp, - Oxygen & C02 Concentration, - pH of blood tissue and fluids,
Negative Feedback
A corrective mechanism involving an action that directly opposes a variation from normal limits.
Effector
Organ, Gland or Tissue tasked with the output or secretion to cause the 'effect'.
Cellular Respiration
A process that all cells do. It takes place in the mitochondria and creates energy that is stored in organic compounds.
Consumers
An organism that obtains energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains.
Cellular Respiration word formula
Oxygen+Glucose->Carbon Dioxide+Water+Energy
Herbivores
Organisms that feed on plant matter or other producers.
Proteases
Enzymes that breakdown protein, present in saliva and gastric secretions.
Mutalism
When both species benefit.
Response
Outcome of adjustments.
Ectotherms
animals that cannot regulate body temperature physiologically and rely on the environment.
Chemical Digestion
Enzymes break down food into smaller molecules.
Detrivitore
Organism that obtains nutrients from decomposing material, non-living material, or animal waste.
Symbiosis
Different species living together in a close partnership. Each species is called a symbiont.
What happens when the blood water levels are too low?
2. Hypothalamus detects it, 3. and processes change and initiates response, 4. Pituatry gland releases lots of ADH so high volume of water is absorbed by the kidney and small volumes of concentrated urine are passed to bladder and water is absorbed back into blood, 5. Water level returns to normal. Vice Versa.
Communalism
One species benefits and the other is neither harmed or helped.
Homeostasis
Maintaining a constant internal environment at optimum levels.
Photosynthesis word formula
Carbon dioxide + water (with light) = Glucose and Oxygen
Insulin
A peptide hormone produced and secreted by the Beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin targets cells in the body, especially the liver and muscle, and allows them to take glucose out of the blood (thus lowering blood glucose levels).
Endotherms
animals that maintain a constant body temperature and physiologically maintain it.
Xylem Vessles
Elongated dead plant cells that create long tubes that the water is drawn up to reach the leaves and branches.
Section 3
(7 cards)