Section 1
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3 things needed to establish causation
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Last updated
6 years ago
Date created
Mar 14, 2020
Cards (93)
Section 1
(50 cards)
3 things needed to establish causation
1) changes in X must correspond with changes in Y 2) x must come before y 3) there must be no factor z
4 components of emotional intelligence
self-awareness, self-management, relationship management, social awareness
null hypothesis
states that there is NO relationship between the variables of interest
Hawthorne effect
changes to participants behavior due to experimenters presence
problems with common sense
allows contradictions, post hoc fallacy (A caused B because A came first in time)
Power motivations
need for affiliation (to be liked), need for achievement, need for power/authority,
Laissez faire approach
hands off/little to no direction to followers. Free rein
cognitive traits- trait approach
intelligence is a major predictor of leadership attainment AND performance
Big Five
openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
mundane realism
The extent to which an experiment is similar to real-life situations
physiognomy
physical appearance, predicts how people will perceive others as leaders
dependent variable
The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.
Leadership : present-day notions
present day leadership is a process by which a leader influences a group of people in order to achieve a common goal
causation
changes in X result in change in Y. goal is usually to establish causality
2 types of power motivations
personalized power, socialized power
Strengths of power motivations
intuitively appealing, credibility, provides benchmarks
external validity
how well the results of a study generalize to, or represent, people or contexts besides those in the study itself
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
most commonly administered personality tests that relies on dichotomies
internal validity
extent to which we can draw cause-and-effect inferences from a study
which of the big five matters the most
extraversion
survey
research method in which information is obtained by asking many individuals a fixed set of questions, uses a sample to represent the population
covariation
causes in X must correspond with changes in Y
experiments
the researcher manipulates the IV to observe affects in the DV while holding constant all 3rd factor Zs
Autocratic approach
leader maintains unilateral control over followers, Hitler
independent variable
variable that is assumed to influence or create change in another variable
hindsight bias
findings are only natural in retrospect
What two historical movements contributed to the emergence of leadership?
Enlightenment and Industrial Revolution
alternative hypothesis
usually the one that the researcher predicts,suggests some relationship between two variables
trait leadership
certain individuals have special innate characteristics or qualities that differentiate them from non-leaders
demand characteristics
cues in an experiment that tell the participant what behavior is expected
correlation
Variable X and variable Y change or vary simultaneously
spurious relationship
when two variables are not actually related, but appear to be related due to the effect of a third variable
neurological traits- trait approach
a percentage of individual differences in leadership can be attributed to genetics
two hallmarks of experiments
random assignment and procedural control
Democratic approach
leaders encourage followers to collaborative on decision making
Manager vs leader
A manager is a day-to-day problem solver while a leader focuses on ideas to develop new approaches for the future
process leadership
leadership resides in the context of the interaction between leaders and followers
The Great Man Theory
Leaders are born and not made
Leadership as "scientific management"
leaders oversee and direct subordinates to ensure subordinates maximum productivity
Limits of power motivations
no universal trait predicts leadership in all situations, subjective, biases,
How have power dynamics shifted?
Technology--> we can verify ideas. We don't take leaders ideas at face value anymore
trait approach
focus is entirely on the leader, what traits the leader possesses
field research/participant observation
the researcher participates by observing what is happening in the setting
emotional intelligence
the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions
emergent leadership
based on others perceptions of who is most influential group leader, regardless of title
strength in numbers bias
when everyone around you believes something to be true, so you believe you are justified to believe the same thing
assigned leadership
Leadership based on occupying a position within an organization
experimenter expectancy effect
the experimenter's behavior unintentionally influences the participants
regression to the mean
the tendency for extreme performances become more average over time
experimental realism
whether what happens in the experiment is meaningful and engaging to participants
Section 2
(43 cards)