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It is unclear whether chimpanzees are unique among nonhuman species in their ability to learn behaviors from one another, or if, when other animals are studied in as much depth, similar patterns would be found.

(A) if, when other animals are studied in as much depth, similar patterns would be found.
(B) if other animals were studied with as much depth they would exhibit similar patterns.
(C) would similar patterns be found in other animals if they were studied in as much depth.
(D) whether similar patterns would be exhibited in other animals that were studied with as much depth.
(E) whether other animals would exhibit similar patterns if they were studied in as much depth.

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Cards (200)

Unsectioned

(200 cards)

It is unclear whether chimpanzees are unique among nonhuman species in their ability to learn behaviors from one another, or if, when other animals are studied in as much depth, similar patterns would be found.

(A) if, when other animals are studied in as much depth, similar patterns would be found.
(B) if other animals were studied with as much depth they would exhibit similar patterns.
(C) would similar patterns be found in other animals if they were studied in as much depth.
(D) whether similar patterns would be exhibited in other animals that were studied with as much depth.
(E) whether other animals would exhibit similar patterns if they were studied in as much depth.

Front

D. animals that were studied"--  những con animals đã được nghiên cứu trong quá khứ -> thế thì chắc chắn biết kết quả rồi chứ sao còn "whether"

C. you can't put 'would' + noun + 'be' in a statement other than a question.

Would similar patterns be found in other animals? (question)

Back

Noting that the Federal Reserve had raised a key short-term interest rate against last month, analysts said that they expected orders for durable goods to decline soon because rising interest rates makes it more expensive to buy them on credit.

(A) rising interest rates makes it more expensive to buy them on credit
(B) rising interest rates make buying on credit more expensive
(C) a rise in interest rates make it more expensive to buy on credit
(D) a rise in interest rates make buying on credit more expensive
(E) a rise in interest rates makes it more expensive for them to be bought on credit

Front

 

make it + adj. + to do ABCXYZ": to do ABCXYZ phải rất dài

make doing sth adj: doing sth ngắn

 

A. Rising rates + makes: rates tự tăng lên -> chủ ngữ chính phải là rates chứ không phải "rising"

Hành động nâng giá -> raising rates

Back
Front

 

A.D.children's cancer:  children không sở hữu cancer

A.B.D. birth defects, cancer among children + higher: sai. Chỉ có number mới có high/low

E. occure much more: thiếu frequently, ko biết occure thế nào?

< C. occur much more frequently

 

 

Back

The Parthenon is larger than usual for a Doric temple, with eight columns on the short sides and seventeen on the long ones rather than the typical six and thirteen.

(a) usual
(b) is usual
(c) has been usual
(d) one usually is
(e) it is usual

Front

The Parthenon is larger than usual for a Doric temple, with eight columns on the short sides and seventeen on the long ones rather than the typical six and thirteen.


A.D.E. The Parthenon is larger than (The Parthenon is ) usual for a Doric temple 

it/ one -> The Parthenon 

 

C. has been: Ko có lý do dùng hiện tại hoàn thành 
 

B. The Parthenon is larger than (what) is usual for a Doric temple
 

Back
Front

Meaning: Trước Colette, các nữ nhà văn của Pháp xuất thân từ tầng lớp quý tộc, ...; Không có ai như "những người như Jane Austen" hay "chị em nhà Bronte", có thể bởi vì gần như không có con gái ruột nào của giới tu sĩ

- Jane Austen/ chị em nhà Bronte: nhà văn người Anh => ở đây chỉ mang tính chất hình tượng => Jane Austens (plural)

 

C.D.E. Jane Austen: singular=> sai meaning

* X or Y + Verb-> Y đứng gần Verb => chia số lượng theo Y

there were X or Y => X đứng gần Verb => chia số lượng theo X

 

A. no + plural Nouns: thường đi với nhau

B.C.D. not + Noun

E. "no" thứ 2 không cần thiết

Back

The sale of government surplus machinery will begin at 9 a.m. and continue until the supply lasts.

(A) will begin at 9 a.m. and continue until the supply lasts

(B) begins at 9 a.m., continuing until the supply lasts

(C) will begin at 9 a.m. and, until the supply lasts, will continue

(D) begins at 9 a.m. and, as long as the supply may last, it continues

(E) will begin at 9 a.m. and continue as long as the supply lasts

Front

The sale of government surplus machinery will begin at 9 a.m. and continue until the supply lasts.

(A) will begin at 9 a.m. and continue until the supply lasts

(B) begins at 9 a.m., continuing until the supply lasts

(C) will begin at 9 a.m. and, until the supply lasts, will continue

(D) begins at 9 a.m. and, as long as the supply may last, it continues

(E) will begin at 9 a.m. and continue as long as the supply lasts

 

1. until:

- indicate a point in time,

- Clause 1 until clause 2: clause 1 sẽ không xảy ra khi clause 2 xảy ra

Eg1:  We kept running until it started to rain: sẽ không chạy nữa nếu như trời mưa
Eg2: Nhóm GMAT "Dốc sức" sẽ học UNTIL Linh Tăng đi rán cá: Học xong thì Linh Tăng đi rán cá

 

2. as long as: 

denotes a period of time or a condition.

- Clause 1 as long as clause 2: clause 1 & 2 xảy ra song song

Eg1: We kept running as long as it rained: chỉ cần trời mưa là chạy

Eg2: Nhóm GMAT "Dốc sức" sẽ học SO LONG AS Linh Tăng đi rán cá: Linh Tăng vừa  rán cá vừa học

Back

Ramón pointed out that food high in whole-grain fiber creates the energy we need to fight illnesses—as do vegetables and lean proteins.

(A) fiber creates the energy we need to fight illnesses—as do vegetables and lean proteins
(B) fiber in addition to vegetables and lean proteins, create the energy we need to fight illnesses
(C) fiber creates the energy we need to fight illnesses, along with vegetables and lean proteins
(D) fiber, vegetables, and lean proteins creates the energy we need to fight illnesses
(E) fiber, as vegetables and lean proteins, create the energy we need to fight illnesses
 

Front

Ramón pointed out that food high in whole-grain fiber creates the energy we need to fight illnesses—as do vegetables and lean proteins.

(A) fiber creates the energy we need to fight illnesses—as do vegetables and lean proteins
(B) fiber in addition to vegetables and lean proteins, create the energy we need to fight illnesses
(C) fiber creates the energy we need to fight illnesses, along with vegetables and lean proteins
(D) fiber, vegetables, and lean proteins creates the energy we need to fight illnesses
(E) fiber, as vegetables and lean proteins, create the energy we need to fight illnesses

 

1. Subject-Verb
B.E. food...create
B. Có comma ngăn cách giữa Subject= food và Verb

2.Modifier
C., along with vegetables and lean proteins
=> we need to fight illnesses và fight vegetables and lean proteins?
=> fight illnesses với vegetables and lean proteins?
E. as vegetables and lean proteins: as ko rõ vai trò
-> chuyển thành such as cũng ko đúng meaning

Back

The key discovery in the scientific effort to understand fire was made in 1774 when Lavoisier recognized that the apparent disappearance of matter in flames is an illusion.

(A) the apparent disappearance of matter in flames is an illusion

(B) the matter that apparently disappears in flames is an illusion

(C) the disappearance of matter in flames is apparently an illusion

(D) it was an illusion that there is an apparent disappearance of matter in flames

(E) it was an illusion that matter apparently disappears in flames

Front

(A) the apparent disappearance of matter in flames is an illusion
 

A. Cái rõ ràng = apparent ở đây là 

- the disappearance of matter 

- không phải illusion (C)

Back

The Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR) spacecraft will orbit the asteroid Eros for a year, slowly moving closer to the surface of the object to make ever more precise measurements that scientists hope will enable them to understand how the solar system formed some four billion years ago.


(A) to make ever more precise measurements that scientists hope will enable them to

(B) to make ever more and more precise measurements, which scientists are hoping to enable them

(C) for making ever more precise measurements, and scientists hope that they will be able to

(D) with the purpose of making more precise measurements than ever, and which scientists hope will enable them to

(E) in order to make more precise measurements than it ever did, and scientists are hoping they will be able to

Front

B. to make ever more and more precise measurements, which scientists are hoping to enable them

C. for making ever more precise measurements, and scientists hope that they will be able to

D. with the purpose of making more precise measurements than ever, and which scientists hope will enable them to

E. in order to make more precise measurements than it ever did, and scientists are hoping they will be able to

 

A. to make ever more precise measurements that scientists hope will enable them to

 

1. Structure
A. {X} + Somebody hope/think + (X) + will V + O
B. enable có 2 object: which & them
do "hope to enable" 
# hope X enable them (A)

2. Style
A. ever more precise=more and more precise: càng ngày càng chính xác => ko cần có than
B. ever more and more = Redundant

3. Modifier
C: for making= Vì đã making...???
D. With the purpose of making: < to make

4. Parallelism
C.E. scientists hope that they will be able to....: Nhờ cái gì không nói rõ? - ever more precise measurements
D. ...and which /0/ với cái gì đằng trước cả.

Back

The yield per acre of coffee berries varies enormously in that a single tree, depending on both its size and on climate and altitude, could produce enough berries to make between one and twelve pounds of dried beans a year.

(A) enormously in that a single tree, depending on both its size and on climate and altitude, could produce
(B) enormously in that a single tree, dependent on its size and also on climate and altitude, is able to produce
(C) enormously, because a single tree, depending on its size and on climate and altitude, is able to produce
(D) enormously, because a single tree, being dependent on its size, climate, and altitude, is capable of producing
(E) enormously, because a single tree, dependent both on its size as well as on climate and altitude, could produce

Front

The yield per acre of coffee berries varies enormously in that a single tree, depending on both its size and on climate and altitude, could produce enough berries to make between one and twelve pounds of dried beans a year.

 


(A) enormously in that a single tree, depending on both its size and on climate and altitude, could produce

 

B) enormously in that a single tree, dependent on its size and also on climate and altitude, is able to produce 

 

(D) enormously, because a single tree, being dependent on its size, climate, and altitude, is capable of producing 

 

(E) enormously, because a single tree, dependent both on its size as well as on climate and altitude, could produce 

 

(C) enormously, because a single tree, depending on its size and on climate and altitude, is able to produce

 

 

1. Depending vs. dependent vs. being dependent 

B.E. Cái cây KHÔNG "dependent - DỰA DẪM on its size..."? 

C. Việc sản xuất PHỤ THUỘC vào its size & climmate. 

V_ing modifier đứng giữa câu modify cho cả mệnh đề 

 

3. Tense A.E. could: không có lý do để đổi từ thì hiện tại (varies) sang quá khứ (could

  • Could thể hiện possibility, ở đây cần thể hiện ability- năng lực của cái cây

4. A. its size /0/ on climate and altitude: không song song 


 

Back

In the past several years, astronomers have detected more than 80 massive planets, most of them as large or larger than Jupiter, which circle other stars.


(A) most of them as large or larger than Jupiter, which circle

(B) most of them as large or larger than Jupiter and circling

(C) most of them at least as large as Jupiter, circling

(D) mostly at least as large as Jupiter, which circle

(E) mostly as large or larger than Jupiter, circling

Front

D.E. mostly = an adverb-> modify tính từ "at least as large as ", không modify "planets" -> sai meaning

D. Bỏ cụm "comma +  mostly at least as large as Jupiter + comma" đi thì "which..." đứng cạnh planets mà ko có dấu phảy

C. planets,..., circling: circling - modify cho danh từ planets

- Có thể bỏ cụm modifier ngắn: comma + most of them at least as large as Jupiter + comma

để nhìn ra 

Back

Oberlin College in Ohio was a renegade institution at its 1833 founding for deciding to accept both men and women as students.


(A) at its 1833 founding for deciding to accept

(B) for the decision at its 1833 founding to accept

(C) when it was founded in 1833 for its decision to accept

(D) in deciding at its founding in 1833 to accept

(E) by deciding at its founding in 1833 on the acceptance of
 

Front

Oberlin College in Ohio was a renegade institution at its 1833 founding for deciding to accept both men and women as students.
 

(A) at its 1833 founding for deciding to accept

(B) for the decision at its 1833 founding to accept

(C) when it was founded in 1833 for its decision to accept

(E) by deciding at its founding in 1833 on the acceptance of

 

(D) in deciding at its founding in 1833 to accept

 

A.B. its 1833 founding: có nhiều founding hay sao phải đánh dấu từng năm founding như thế này?
<=> at the 2000 Summer Olympic games: Olympic năm 2000
-> found in 1833 sẽ hợp lý hơn.

B. for the decision: OCO đã phản bội VÌ quyết định trước đó

C. founded for its decision to accept....: Được thành lập vì quyết định ....-> sai

E. decide to hợp lý hơn là "decide on the acceptance"

E. by deciding: là kẻ phản bội BẰNG CÁCH là quyết định

 

-> D. in deciding...: OCO đã phản bội KHI quyết định chấp nhận cả men và women as students tại lễ thành lập năm 1833

Back

Responding to growing demand for high-end vehicles, the interiors of the newest models are so luxurious that they sell for nearly twice the price of last year's models.


A. the interiors of the newest models are so luxurious that they sell

B. the interiors of the newest models are so luxurious that the cars are sold

C. auto makers have installed interiors in the newest models that are so luxurious that they sell

D. the interior of the newest models are so luxurious that they are sold

E. auto makers have installed such luxurious interiors in the newest models that these cars sell

Front

Responding to growing demand for high-end vehicles, the interiors of the newest models are so luxurious that they sell for nearly twice the price of last year's models.
 

C. auto makers have installed interiors in the newest models that are so luxurious that they sell

 

E. auto makers have installed such luxurious interiors in the newest models that these cars sell

 

C. interiors ....that are so luxurious that they sell 
=> they = interiors + sell: phải là cái cars + sell= được bán

C. that are so luxurious cần đứng cạnh và modify cho interiors
 

Back

As sources of electrical power, windmills now account for only about 2,500 megawatts nationwide, but production is almost expected to double by the end of the year, which would provide enough electricity for 1.3 million households.


(A) almost expected to double by the end of the year, which would provide

(B) almost expected that it will double by the end of the year, thus providing

(C) expected that it will almost double by the end of the year to provide

(D) expected almost to double by the end of the year and thus to provide

(E) expected almost to double by the end of the year, which would thus be providing

Front

 

1. Idiom

- Đúng: It is expected that production will double../ Production is expected to double..

- Sai: B.C. Production is expected that it will....it = production -> redundant

A. B. almost is incorrectly modifying expected, implying it may or may not happen

C. Meaning error. The production is expected to double with an intention to provide electricity?

 

 

Back

While it costs about the same to run nuclear plants as other types of power plants, it is the fixed costs that stem from building nuclear plants that makes it more expensive for them to generate electricity.


(A) While it costs about the same to run nuclear plants as other types of power plants, it is the fixed costs that stem from building nuclear plants that makes it more expensive for them to generate electricity.

(B) While the cost of running nuclear plants is about the same as for other types of power plants, the fixed costs that stem from building nuclear plants make the electricity they generate more expensive.

(C) Even though it costs about the same to run nuclear plants as for other types of power plants, it is the fixed costs that stem from building nuclear plants that makes the electricity they generate more expensive.

(D) It costs about the same to run nuclear plants as for other types of power plants, whereas the electricity they generate is more expensive, stemming from the fixed costs of building nuclear plants.

(E) The cost of running nuclear plants is about the same as other types of power plants, but the electricity they generate is made more expensive because of the fixed costs stemming from building nuclear plants.

Front

While it costs about the same to run nuclear plants as other types of power plants, it is the fixed costs that stem from building nuclear plants that makes it more expensive for them to generate electricity.


(A) While it costs about the same to run nuclear plants as other types of power plants, it is the fixed costs that stem from building nuclear plants that makes it more expensive for them to generate electricity.

(C) Even though it costs about the same to run nuclear plants as for other types of power plants, it is the fixed costs that stem from building nuclear plants that makes the electricity they generate more expensive.

(D) It costs about the same to run nuclear plants as for other types of power plants, whereas the electricity they generate is more expensive, stemming from the fixed costs of building nuclear plants.

(E) The cost of running nuclear plants is about the same as other types of power plants, but the electricity they generate is made more expensive because of the fixed costs stemming from building nuclear plants.

 

(B) While the cost of running nuclear plants is about the same as for other types of power plants, the fixed costs that stem from building nuclear plants make the electricity they generate more expensive


1. Pronoun.
A.C.D: "It costs": it ở đây là cái gì? 
- Nếu là fake subject thì chỉ dùng "it + description" để mô tả thôi.

2. S-V
A.C. fixed costs= plural # singular= makes

3. Comparison
E. So sánh "The cost to run X vs. other types of power plants."
- Cần có giới từ "for" để thể hiện rõ nghĩa hơn, như câu B. 

E.  the electricity they generate is made more expensive: nghe như là electricity được tạo ra 1 cách đắt đỏ có chủ đích

4. Modifier
C.D. to run (nuclear plants as for other types of power plants) -> for: redundant
D. the electricity is made expensive, stemming from the fixed cost: stemming from the fixed cost ko make sense với subject
 

Back

Leaching, the recovery of copper from the drainage water of mines, as a method of the extraction of minerals, it was well established as early as the eighteenth century, but until about 25 years ago miners did not realize that bacteria take an active part in the process.

A. as a method of the extraction of minerals, it was well established
B. as a method of the extraction of minerals well established
C. was a well-established method of mineral extraction
D. was a well-established method of extracting mineral that was
E. had been a method of mineral extraction, well established

Front

Leaching, the recovery of copper from the drainage water of mines, as a method of the extraction of minerals, it was well established as early as the eighteenth century, but until about 25 years ago miners did not realize that bacteria take an active part in the process.
 

A. as a method of the extraction of minerals, it was well established
 

B. as a method of the extraction of minerals well established
 

D. was a well-established method of extracting mineral that was

E. had been a method of mineral extraction, well established
 

C. was a well-established method of mineral extraction

 

A. B. as a method= Như là 1 method???

-> Leaching WAS (thực sự là) 1 method

A.B. Leaching,..., it was/ Leaching,..., but....: fragment

 

D. Có thể bỏ "as early as" - modify cho "the 18th century" đi: a method that was the 18th century
-> Một PHƯƠNG PHÁP không thể LÀ "THẾ KỈ 18"=một KHOẢNG THỜI GIAN được

C. as early as the 18th century" modify cho động từ "was a method": Leaching was a method KHI NÀO?

E. Leaching had been...: Leaching không phải là 1 method of mineral extraction nữa?

- , well established...,: Non-essential modifier -> "XXX had been a method, BUT people didn't realize yyy until 25 years ago."
-> BUT mang nghĩa contrast mà nghĩa của 2 mệnh đề này không còn contrast nữa

Back

The guiding principles of the tax plan released by the Treasury Department could have even a greater significance for the economy than the particulars of the plan.

(A) even a greater significance for the economy than
(B) a significance that is even greater for the economy than
(C) even greater significance for the economy than have
(D) even greater significance for the economy than do
(E) a significance even greater for the economy than have

Front

The guiding principles of the tax plan released by the Treasury Department could have even a greater significance for the economy than the particulars of the plan.
(A) even a greater significance for the economy than ()
(B) a significance that is even greater for the economy than ()
(C) even greater significance for the economy than have
(E) a significance even greater for the economy than have

(D) even greater significance for the economy than do

1. Comparison
* In SAE (South American English?) ,we generally use {DO} to replace regular verbs,
i.e., {verbs that are NOT LINKING VERBS}, {verbs that USE MODALS}, etc.

**Meaning: "The guiding principles .... could have an even greater significance for the economy than the particulars of the plan do"
Ở đây so sánh về possibility ở mệnh đề đầu, với cái thật sự làm - thì hiện tại ở mệnh đề sau. => dùng "do" không dùng "have"

A.B. Ambiguous vì có thể bị hiểu nhầm là 
- the economy vs. the particulars of the plan"
- The significance vs. the particulars


B.E. So sánh the significance vs. the particulars of the plan.
 

C.E. {have} thể hiện thì hiện tại hoàn thành là sai, cần dùng {do}



2. Ví dụ #
1. I can do this better than you can
So sánh về potential của cả you and me
2. I can do this better than you do
Ở đây so sánh tiềm năng của tôi với cái mà bạn đang làm.
-> Cần xem meaning là gì để chọn

Back

The Chicago and Calumet Rivers originally flowed into the St. Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan, but having been redirected by constructing canals so that the water now empties into the Mississippi by way of the Illinois River.

(A) Rivers originally flowed into the St. Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan, but having been redirected by constructing

(B) Rivers had originally flowed into the St. Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan, but they have been redirected by constructing

(C) Rivers, which originally flowed into the St. Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan but have been redirected by the construction of

(D) Rivers, originally flowing into the St. Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan, but having been redirected by the construction of

(E) Rivers, originally flowing into the St. Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan, have been redirected through the construction of

Front

The Chicago and Calumet Rivers originally flowed into the St. Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan, but having been redirected by constructing canals so that the water now empties into the Mississippi by way of the Illinois River.

(A) Rivers originally flowed into the St. Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan, but having been redirected by constructing

(B) Rivers had originally flowed into the St. Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan, but they have been redirected by constructing

(C) Rivers, which originally flowed into the St. Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan but have been redirected by the construction of

(D) Rivers, originally flowing into the St. Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan, but having been redirected by the construction of

(E) Rivers, originally flowing into the St. Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan, have been redirected through the construction of

 

"BY ___ING" retains the subject of the preceding clause

A.B. by constructing: the rivers themselves constructed the canals.

A.B constructing canals: canal không phải subject của constructing -> constructing - ko phải adjective participle

 

B. ko có past-time maker -> ko được dùng past perfect

-> Tuy nhiên ko nên loại bằng verb tense ngoại trừ ko có split nào khác

Back

Even though Clovis points, spear points with longitudinal grooves chipped onto their faces, have been found all over North America, they are named for the New Mexico site where they were first discovered in 1932.


(A) Even though Clovis points, spear points with longitudinal grooves chipped onto their faces, have been found all over North America, they are named for the New Mexico site where they were first discovered in 1932.

(B) Although named for the New Mexico site where first discovered in 1932, Clovis points are spear points of longitudinal grooves chipped onto their faces and have been found all over North America.

(C) Named for the New Mexico site where they have been first discovered in 1932, Clovis points, spear points of longitudinal grooves chipped onto the faces, have been found all over North America.

(D) Spear points with longitudinal grooves that are chipped onto the faces, Clovis points, even though named for the New Mexico site where first discovered in 1932, but were found all over North America.

(E) While Clovis points are spear points whose faces have longitudinal grooves chipped into them, they have been found all over North America, and named for the New Mexico site where they have been first discovered in 1932.

Front

Even though Clovis points, spear points with longitudinal grooves chipped onto their faces, have been found all over North America, they are named for the New Mexico site where they were first discovered in 1932.
 

(B) Although named for the New Mexico site where first discovered in 1932, Clovis points are spear points of longitudinal grooves chipped onto their faces and have been found all over North America.

(C) Named for the New Mexico site where they have been first discovered in 1932, Clovis points, spear points of longitudinal grooves chipped onto the faces, have been found all over North America.

(D) Spear points with longitudinal grooves that are chipped onto the faces, Clovis points, even though named for the New Mexico site where first discovered in 1932, but were found all over North America.

(E) While Clovis points are spear points whose faces have longitudinal grooves chipped into them, they have been found all over North America, and named for the New Mexico site where they have been first discovered in 1932.

 

(A) Even though Clovis points, spear points with longitudinal grooves chipped onto their faces, have been found all over North America, they are named for the New Mexico site where they were first discovered in 1932.

 

B. Có although, nhưng thông tin ở mệnh đề phụ "named for..." không làm cho thông tin ở mệnh đề chính " Clovis points are spear points" trở lên bất ngờ.
- Mệnh đề Where không có Subject-> Sai.

C.E In 1932-> Cần đi với quá khứ

D. Mệnh đề chính: Clovis points but were found
E. While: clause 1 và 2 không có contrast
A. Đúng cả về Even though + dễ đọc + thể hiện đúng contrast nhất

Back

Because of the enormous research and development expenditures required to survive in the electronics industry, an industry marked by rapid innovation and volatile demand, such firms tend to be very large.


(A) to survive

(B) of firms to survive

(C) for surviving

(D) for survival

(E) for firms’ survival

Front

Idiom: 

- require (of sth/ sb) to do sth

- require (of sb) that sth be done

- require sb to do sth

 

1. such firms -> cần có antecedent firms đằng trước

2. Who survives? -> cần có firms

3. Ai bị required? -> cần có firms

Back
Front

 

Noun + that is adj: ko được prefer trong GMAT

=> Có thể chuyển thành "Adj Noun"

D. conditions that are not foreseeable -> unforeseeable conditions

conditions that are not foreseeable  < conditions that cannot be foreseen

Back

More than 30 years ago, Dr. Barbara McClintock, the Nobel Prize winner, reported that genes can "jump," as pearls moving mysteriously from one necklace to another.

(A) as pearls moving mysteriously from one necklace to another
(B) like pearls moving mysteriously from one necklace to another
(C) as pearls do that move mysteriously from one necklace to others
(D) like pearls do that move mysteriously from one necklace to others
(E) as do pearls that move mystreiously from one necklace to some other
 

Front

More than 30 years ago, Dr. Barbara McClintock, the Nobel Prize winner, reported that genes can "jump," as pearls moving mysteriously from one necklace to another.

(A) as pearls moving mysteriously from one necklace to another
(B) like pearls moving mysteriously from one necklace to another
(C) as pearls do that move mysteriously from one necklace to others
(D) like pearls do that move mysteriously from one necklace to others
(E) as do pearls that move mystreiously from one necklace to some other
 

as + V + S + that/ like + noun

A.C.D as pearls moving/ like pearls do/ as pearls do that move...
E. some other: thiếu "s"

2. Idioms: from one thing to another
C.D.E. from one thing to others/ some others

Back
Front

 

 

Đơn vị: luôn là số ít, vì nó không thể đếm 1 cách literally

B.C.E. (the rest of) the 9 inches= singular + contribute= plural -> sai

 

D.E. the rest + {total}: phần còn lại của 1 tổng nào đó. Nhưng ở đây 9 inches chỉ là phần đã còn lại

the rest-> là phần remainder/ balance of...

Back
Front

 

B. what have been a workshop = a site of a workshop

A.D.E. intact statues: bức tượng nguyên vẹn  # fragment=mảnh vỡ -> dùng and, ko dùng including

C. không tồn tại: "a possible workshop."

Tồn tại: a place that may (possibly) have been a workshop.

 

Back

At Shiprock, New Mexico, a perennially powerful girls’ high school basketball team has become a path to college for some and a source of pride for a community where the household incomes of 49 percent of them are below the poverty level.


(A) where the household incomes of 49 percent of them are

(B) where they have 49 percent of the household incomes

(C) where 49 percent of the household incomes are

(D) which has 49 percent of the household incomes

(E) in which 49 percent of them have household incomes
 

Front

At Shiprock, New Mexico, a perennially powerful girls’ high school basketball team has become a path to college for some and a source of pride for a community where the household incomes of 49 percent of them are below the poverty level.

 

(A) where the household incomes of 49 percent of them are

(B) where they have 49 percent of the household incomes

(D) which has 49 percent of the household incomes

(E) in which 49 percent of them have household incomes

 

(C) where 49 percent of the household incomes are

 

A, B, E. Sai. Them/ they không thể refer đến community (số ít)
D. community, which has 49% of household incomes: Community không thể sở hữu household incomes được

E. in which: ko dùng để modify "community"
 

C. Community -> dùng where: đúng. Nơi xảy ra chuyện này là ở cái community này-locate được trên bản đồ
 

Back

Research during the past several decades on the nature of language and the processes that produce and make it understandable has revealed great complexity instead of underlying simplicity.

(A) that produce and make it understandable has revealed great complexity instead of underlying simplicity
(B) of producing and understanding it have revealed not underlying simplicity but great complexity
(C) by which it is produced and understood has revealed not underlying simplicity but great complexity
(D) by which it is produced and understood have revealed great complexity rather than underlying simplicity
(E) by which one produces and understands it have revealed great complexity instead of underlying simplicity

Front

Research during the past several decades on the nature of language and the processes that produce and make it understandable has revealed great complexity instead of underlying simplicity.
 

(B) of producing and understanding it have revealed not underlying simplicity but great complexity

(C) by which it is produced and understood has revealed not underlying simplicity but great complexity

(D) by which it is produced and understood have revealed great complexity rather than underlying simplicity

(E) by which one produces and understands it have revealed great complexity instead of underlying simplicity
 

(A) that produce and make it understandable has revealed great complexity instead of underlying simplicity

 

1. S-V
A.B.C. Research = singular # plural = have

2. C. "not": phải đứng sau trợ động từ chứ không được đứng sau động từ chính
- has revealed + not + Noun-> has not reveal + Noun

C. The language is produced and *understood* by the process-> ko hợp lý
language phải được understood bởi con người chứ ko phải process

A. Process chỉ làm cho language -understandable

 

Back

In Japan, a government advisory committee called for the breakup of Nippon Telephone and Telegraph Company, the largest telephone company in the world, so it would be two local phone companies and one long-distance provider.


(A) In Japan, a government advisory committee called for the breakup of Nippon Telephone and Telegraph Company, the largest telephone company in the world, so it would be

(B) The breakup of the world's largest telephone company, Nippon Telephone and Telegraph Company, was called for by a government advisory committee in Japan, so it would be

(C) A government advisory committee in Japan called for the breakup of Nippon Telephone and Telegraph Company, the world's largest telephone company, into

(D) The breakup of Nippon Telephone and Telegraph Company, the world's largest telephone company, was called for by a government advisory committee in Japan, so it would be

(E) Called for by a government advisory committee, the breakup of Nippon Telephone and Telegraph Company in Japan, the world's largest telephone company, was to be into
 

Front

In Japan, a government advisory committee called for the breakup of Nippon Telephone and Telegraph Company, the largest telephone company in the world, so it would be two local phone companies and one long-distance provider.


(A) In Japan, a government advisory committee called for the breakup of Nippon Telephone and Telegraph Company, the largest telephone company in the world, so it would be

(B) The breakup of the world's largest telephone company, Nippon Telephone and Telegraph Company, was called for by a government advisory committee in Japan, so it would be

(C) A government advisory committee in Japan called for the breakup of Nippon Telephone and Telegraph Company, the world's largest telephone company, into

(D) The breakup of Nippon Telephone and Telegraph Company, the world's largest telephone company, was called for by a government advisory committee in Japan, so it would be


(E) Called for by a government advisory committee, the breakup of Nippon Telephone and Telegraph Company in Japan, the world's largest telephone company, was to be into

 

1. Meaning
A.B.D. 1 công ty *would be = sẽ là* 2 công ty
-> 2 công ty được tạo ra - is created - bởi 1 công ty
hoặc -> 1 công ty được chia nhỏ - is broken into - 2 công ty

A.B.D. Mệnh đề độc lập, {so} mệnh đề phụ thuộc
B.D. the breakup = it??

Back

A letter by Mark Twain, written in the same year as The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn were published, reveals that Twain provided financial assistance to one of the first Black students at Yale Law School.


(A) A letter by Mark Twain, written in the same year as The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn were published,

(B) A letter by Mark Twain, written in the same year of publication as The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn,

(C) A letter by Mark Twain, written in the same year that The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was published,

(D) Mark Twain wrote a letter in the same year as he published The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn that

(E) Mark Twain wrote a letter in the same year of publication as The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn that

Front

A letter by Mark Twain, written in the same year as The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn were published, reveals that Twain provided financial assistance to one of the first Black students at Yale Law School.


(A) A letter by Mark Twain, written in the same year as The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn were published,

(B) A letter by Mark Twain, written in the same year of publication as The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn,

(C) A letter by Mark Twain, written in the same year that The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was published,

(D) Mark Twain wrote a letter in the same year as he published The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn that

(E) Mark Twain wrote a letter in the same year of publication as The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn that

 

A. were= plural # singular=The...Finn

B.E. The letter được VIẾT trong cùng "năm xuất bản" (bức thư), thay vì năm xuất bản của The ...Finn

D.E The ...Finn reveals???

C. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was published + {the same year}: người đọc vẫn hiểu -> có thể omit "in" để tránh lặp lại

Back

Migraine, the most debilitating common form of headache, afflicts perhaps 18 million Americans, who collectively lose 64 million workdays a year, and they cost the nation $50 billion in medical expenses and lost work time.


(A) year, and they cost the nation $50 billion in medical expenses and lost

(B) year and thus cost the nation $50 billion in medical expenses and lost

(C) year, so as to cost the nation $50 billion in medical expenses and lost

(D) year that costs the nation $50 billion in lost medical expenses and

(E) year, which thus cost the nation $50 billion in lost medical expenses and

Front

 

A. "and they cost" /0/ Who lose

 

B. The subject của "cost" là "who". who refers to those afflicted 18 mil people.

<=> Họ đã gây mất mát cho quốc gia 50 bil....

Back

Though the artifacts of pre-Columbian civization created a stir from the very first European contacts with the New World in the sixteenth century, it was not until the latter half of the nineteenth century that Western designers, artists, and crafters were inspired to imitate them.

(A) it was not until the latter half of the nineteenth century that Western designers, artists, and crafters were inspired to imitate them

(B) they did not inspire imitations of western designers, artists, and crafters until it was the latter half of the nineteenth century

(C) not until the latter half of the nineteenth century was it that they have inspired Western designers, artists, and crafters to imitation

(D) until the latter half of the nineteenth century Western designers, artists and crafters have not been inspired to imitate

(E) they were not inspirations of Western designers, artists, and crafters imitations until the latter half of the nineteenth century
 

Front

 

1. Idioms: inspire" people to do things./ "inspire" the processes carried out by those people

 

B.E. they did not inspire imitations/ they were not inspirations of imitations

- you cannot, however, "inspire" an inanimate object. ?????

 

2.

B. clause + until It was the latter half: redundant 

-> clause + until the latter half... : Until đứng sau mệnh đề chỉ nên là cụm giới từ

 

3. Verb tense

Clause + Not until = Tại thời điểm...sth happened mà trước đó không xảy ra

-> clause dùng thì quá khứ

C. Have inspired

 

4.

D. Sai meaning: Cho đến ...., Western desinger vẫn chưa được inspired... -> ko có nói khi nào được inspired???

Not until..= trước 1 thời điểm trong quá khứ + have not been inspired-> sai

 

E. ko dùng inspirations=plural -> inspiration: singular thôi

Crafters' imitations: Cần có sở hữu cách

Back

A ruined structure found at Aqaba, Jordan, was probably a church as indicated in its eastward orientation and by its overall plan, as well as artifacts, such as glass-oil lamp fragments, found at the site.

(A) A ruined structure found at Aqaba, Jordan, was probably a church, as indicated in its eastward orientation and by its overall plan, as well as

(B) A ruined structure found at Aqaba, Jordan, once probably being a church, was indicated by its eastward orientation, overall plan, and

(C) Indicating that a ruined structure found at Aqaba, Jordan, was probably a church were its eastward orientation and overall plan, but also the

(D) A ruined structure found at Aqaba, Jordan, was probably a church, as indicates its eastward orientation and overall plan, as well as the

(E) That a ruined structure found at Aqaba, Jordan, was probably a church is indicated by its eastward orientation and overall plan, as well as by the

Front

A ruined structure found at Aqaba, Jordan, was probably a church as indicated in its eastward orientation and by its overall plan, as well as artifacts, such as glass-oil lamp fragments, found at the site.
 

(A) A ruined structure found at Aqaba, Jordan, was probably a church, as indicated in its eastward orientation and by its overall plan, as well as

(B) A ruined structure found at Aqaba, Jordan, once probably being a church, was indicated by its eastward orientation, overall plan, and

(C) Indicating that a ruined structure found at Aqaba, Jordan, was probably a church were its eastward orientation and overall plan, but also the

(D) A ruined structure found at Aqaba, Jordan, was probably a church, as indicates its eastward orientation and overall plan, as well as the

 

(E) That a ruined structure found at Aqaba, Jordan, was probably a church is indicated by its eastward orientation and overall plan, as well as by the

 

1. Meaning:
- Cái gì được indicated? Đó là "Việc một cái structure có thể là 1 cái church"
-> Loại A. B: structure được indicated

2. Parallelism
A. in its... /0/ by its...
E. buy its.../as well as/ by the...

C. Đảo ngữ: its easward orientation and overall plan ..were indicating that a structure was a church
- but also the...không thể match được vào câu, cần có "not only"

3. S-V
D. its eastward orientation and overall plan = plural # singular = indicates

Back

Bob Wilber became Sidney Bechet’s student and protégé when he was nineteen and, for a few years in the 1940’s, came as close to being a carbon copy of the jazz virtuoso in performance as anyone has ever come.

(A) as anyone has ever come
(B) as anyone ever had been
(C) as anyone ever had done
(D) that anyone ever did
(E) that anyone ever came

Front

Bob Wilber became Sidney Bechet’s student and protégé when he was nineteen and, for a few years in the 1940’s, came as close to being a carbon copy of the jazz virtuoso in performance as anyone has ever come.
 

(B) as anyone ever had been

(C) as anyone ever had done

 

(A) as anyone has ever come

 

B. he came as close....as any one has "been
- sai so sánh, không có "tobe" ở trước 1st "as"

-> Cần bê nguyên các thứ trước 1st as ra đằng sau 2nd as 
A. he came as close....as any one has ever "come"
-> Cho đến tận bây giờ vẫn không có ai come close như anh ấy

B.C. ever had 
-> had ever 

 

Back

Technically, "quicksand" is the term for sand that is so saturated with water as to acquire a liquid's character.

(A) that is so saturated with water as to acquire a liquid's character

(B) that is so saturated with water that it acquires the character of a liquid

(C) that is saturated with water enough to acquire liquid characteristics

(D) saturated enough with water so as to acquire the character of a liquid

 

(E) saturated with water so much as to acquire a liquid character

Front

 

(A) that is so saturated with water as to acquire a liquid's character

 

(C) that is saturated with water enough to acquire liquid characteristics

 

(D) saturated enough with water so as to acquire the character of a liquid

 

(E) saturated with water so much as to acquire a liquid character

 

(B) that is so saturated with water that it acquires the character of a liquid

 

1. Meaning
Câu này cần biểu hiện mức độ sand được gọi là quicksand

B. so adj that + Clause: Quá adj đến mức độ mà THAT clause.
A. So + adj + as to Verb: không có một mức độ nhất định, cứ quá saturated thì sand thành quicksand
-> không phải lúc nào sand được saturated với quá nhiều water nó cũng trở thành quicksand
-> chỉ ở một cái mức nhất định thì sand mới trở thành quicksand
 

*so ...as to < so...that
 

2. C. Water enough-> Enough water: 
- Enough XYZ (for A) to do sth = Đủ XYZ để ....: enough phải đứng trước.

3. Possessive
A. a liquid's character: liquid= non-living thing, ko nên sử dụng sở hữu cách
B. character of a liquid: Tốt hơn.



 

Back

A mixture of poems and short fiction, Jean Toomer’s Cane has been called one of the three best novels ever written by Black Americans—the others being Richard Wright, author of Native Son, and Ralph Ellison, author of Invisible Man.

(A) Black Americans—the others being Richard Wright, author of Native Son, and Ralph Ellison, author of Invisible Man

(B) Black Americans—including Native Son by Richard Wright and Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison

(C) a Black American—including Richard Wright, author of Native Son, and Ralph Ellison, author of Invisible Man

(D) a Black American—the others being Richard Wright, author of Native Son, and Ralph Ellison, author of Invisible Man

(E) a Black American—the others being Richard Wright’s Native Son and Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man

Front

(B) Black Americans including Native Son by Richard Wright and Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison

 

(E) a Black Americanthe others being Richard Wright’s Native Son and Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man 

 

1. a black American: ưu tiên hơn black Americans (hiểu nhầm thành mỗi tác phẩm được viết bởi nhiều black Americans) 

 

2. the others: thể hiện intended meaning là những cái còn lại là... 

including=bao gồm - ko nói rõ ý "những cái còn lại 

 

3. Richard Wright's Native Son // Jean Tommer's Cane /≈/ Native Son by Richard Wright 


 

Back
Front

A. not + nor: sai

=>  not + or / neither + nor: đúng

A.D. their parents’ divorces (plural): sai, 2 người mới tạo được 1 vụ ly hôn -> their parents’ divorce

C. their parents divorce: thiếu sở hữu cách

D. them: ko rõ là reasons hay divorces

E. it: ko refer được đến reasons

A.C. preoccupied, or curious + about/ with

=>  preoccupied with (bận tâm), or curious about

Back

The North American moose's long legs enable it to move quickly through the woods, stepping easily over downed trees, but predators pursuing it must leap or go around them.

(A) moose's long legs enable it to move quickly through the woods, stepping easily over downed trees, but predators pursuing it must leap or go around them

(B) moose's long legs enable it to move quickly through the woods, stepping easily over downed trees while predators pursuing them must leap or go around

(C) moose's long legs enable it to move quickly through the woods and to step easily over downed trees, but predators pursuing them must leap over or go around them

(D) moose has long legs, enabling it to move quickly through the woods and to step easily over downed trees while predators pursuing them must leap or go around

(E) moose has long legs that enable it to move quickly through the woods, stepping easily over downed trees while predators pursuing it must leap over or go around them

Front

The North American moose's long legs enable it to move quickly through the woods, stepping easily over downed trees, but predators pursuing it must leap or go around them.

(A) moose's long legs enable it to move quickly through the woods, stepping easily over downed trees, but predators pursuing it must leap or go around them

(B) moose's long legs enable it  to move quickly through the woods, stepping easily over downed trees while predators pursuing them must leap or go around

(C) moose's long legs enable it to move quickly through the woods and to step easily over downed trees, but predators pursuing them must leap over or go around them

(D) moose has long legs, enabling it to move quickly through the woods and to step easily over downed trees while predators pursuing them must leap or go around 

(E) moose has long legs that enable it to move quickly through the woods, stepping easily over downed trees while predators pursuing it must leap over or go around them

 

 

1. A.B.C. it ko thể refer đến moose's - sở hữu cách 

D. moose has long legs, enabling it -> itself 

B.C.D. moose (singular/plural) + enable it/ has + pursuing them 

 

Back

Since February, the Federal Reserve has raised its short-term interest rate target five times, and because of the economy’s continued strength, analysts have been predicting for weeks that the target will be raised again in November.


(A) because of the economy’s continued strength, analysts have been predicting for weeks that the target will

(B) with the economy’s strength continuing, analysts predicted for weeks that the target

(C) because the economy continues strong, analysts predicted for weeks that the target would

(D) due to the economy’s continued strength, analysts have been predicting for weeks that the target

(E) due to the fact of the economy’s continued strength, analysts predicted for weeks that the target will
 

Front

 

C.

* "continues=hiện tại" không thể là NGUYÊN NHÂN của predicted=quá khứ

* "Continues + "strong = adj" is not a thing at all.

 

A. For weeks: ám chỉ nhiều tuần cho đến nay -> hiện tại hoàn thành/ hoàn thành tiếp diễn

 

B.C.E.  Since February.

predicted-> have been predicting

Back

The application of a new method for analyzing the chemistry of tooth enamel allows scientists to examine molars of prehuman ancestors and determining that their diets were more varied than had been supposed.


(A) The application of a new method for analyzing the chemistry of tooth enamel allows scientists to examine molars of prehuman ancestors and determining

(B) Through the application of a new method for analyzing the chemistry of tooth enamel, the molars of prehuman ancestors were examined by scientists who determined

(C) When they applied a new method for analyzing the chemistry of tooth enamel, scientists examined molars of prehuman ancestors, determining

(D) Applying a new method for analyzing the chemistry of tooth enamel, the molars of prehuman ancestors have been examined by scientists, who determined

(E) Applying a new method for analyzing the chemistry of tooth enamel, scientists have examined molars of prehuman ancestors and determined

Front

B. Molars chỉ được examined bởi những scientists mà đã determined that their diets were more varied than had been supposed???

-> sai. Scientists examined rồi mới determined

B.D. Những scientists này đã "determined..." trước rồi thì examined làm gì nữa???

C.

 KHI họ apply method, THÌ they examined. -> Đây là 2 hành động tách biệt?

-> ko hợp lý. Họ examine bằng việc apply the new method

 

- applied/ examined/ were varied: 3 cái cùng thì quá khứ -> ko hợp lý.

Kết quả của New method: presumably, those results have some sort of immediate application to / impact on the present state of knowledge

=> nên dùng hiện tại hoàn thành

 

Back

Quasars are so distant that their light has taken billions of years to reach the Earth; consequently, we see them as they were during the formation of the universe.

(A) we see them as they were during

(B) we see them as they had been during

(C) we see them as if during

(D) they appear to us as they did in

(E) they appear to us as though in

Front

 

D. the way Quasars appear to us now is the same as they did (appeared) to us when the Universe was formed.

Nhưng khi vũ trụ được hình thành thì chúng ta (us) chưa tồn tại-> sai

 

D.E. they did IN the formation of the universe. -> Quasars nó không ĐÓNG GÓP GÌ TRONG process hình thành vũ trụ

During the formation of the universe -> trong khoảng thời gian hình thành vũ trụ

 

C.E. as if/ as though: hypothetical -> sai

Ở đây đều là các fact, ko phải hypothetical

Back

According to the National Pasta Association, per-capita consumption of pasta in the United States, which has already been approaching 19 pounds a year, will achieve 30 pounds a year by the twenty-first century.


(A) According to the National Pasta Association, per-capita consumption of pasta in the United States, which has already been approaching 19 pounds a year, will achieve 30 pounds a year by the twenty-first century.

(B) Already approaching 19 pounds a year in the United States, the National Pasta Association predicts that per-capita consumption of pasta will reach 30 pounds a year by the twenty-first century.

(C) The National Pasta association predicts by the twenty-first century that per-capita consumption of pasta in the United States, which is already approaching 19 pounds a year, will reach 30 pounds a year.

(D) By the twenty-first century, the National Pasta Association predicts that per-capita consumption of pasta in the United States, having already approached 19 pounds a year, will reach 30 pounds a year.

(E) According to the National Pasta Association, per-capita consumption of pasta in the United States is already approaching 19 pounds a year and will reach 30 pounds a year by the twenty-first century.

Front

 

A. consumption có thể achieve cái gì sao?

C.D. Predict by the twenty-first century= predict là hành động xảy ra trong tương lai???

Back

Pioneered by scientists at Los Alamos National Laboratory, BEAM robots are not programmed to walk: instead they use brainlike circuits called neural networks to learn to walk through trial and error.


(A) BEAM robots are not programmed to walk; instead they use brainlike circuits called neural networks to learn to walk through trial and error

(B) BEAM robots learn to walk through trial and error by using brainlike circuits called neural networks instead of by programming them

(C) BEAM robots are not being programmed to walk but instead using brainlike circuits called neural networks and learning to walk through trial and error

(D) brainlike circuits called neural networks are used instead of programming for BEAM robots learning to walk through trial and error

(E) brainlike circuits called neural networks are being used for BEAM robots that learn to walk through trial and error instead of being programmed

Front

B. BEAM robots programming them??

B.D.E 'instead of' should be followed by a noun.

 

C. are not being programmed /0/ using... and learning...

are not being programmed // use... and learn...

C. using...// learning...: độc lập, ko liên quan gì đến nhau -> sai

using ...to learn

C.D.E 'is/are __ing', on the other hand, is used to express what's happening right now—with the implication that it is NOT permanent.

 

 

Back
Front

1. In spite of/ Despite + Noun/ V_ing: Thể hiện 1 cái surprise

In despite of

2. Idiom: Flow from ... to

Flow from...into: sai

 

A.B.E. still + in Japan: sai. Chúng ta không bất ngờ vì họ CÒN ở Japan. Chẳng lẽ họ phải di cư ra nước ngoài???

Chúng ta bất ngờ vì VẪN CÒN gần 5 triệu farm households  -> still + nearly 5M farm households

C. households= con người - không thể là - 5 million= con số

Phải là số lượng của households là 5 million/ Có 5 million households

 

A.B. out of a total population of some 116 million people: Cần modify và đứng gần 5 million farm households (in Japan)

Back
Front

 

A.B. Where modify cho "a site" nhưng ko đứng gần 

E. that -> where

a discovered place + the site: redundant

D. thiếu as an observatory: mất meaning

cycle + at a site - dễ bị hiểu nhầm at a site modify cho cycle

a site that was recently discovered< a recently discovered site

Back

If enacted, the proposed tax revisions will adversely affect all homeowners, although moderately priced homes are liable to suffer a lesser drop in value than would homes at the top of the market.

(A) are liable to suffer a lesser drop in value than would homes
(B) would be liable to suffer a lesser drop in value than if
(C) will likely suffer less of a drop in value than if
(D) are likely to suffer a drop in value that is less than those homes
(E) are likely to suffer less of a drop in value than those

Front

(A) are liable to suffer a lesser drop in value than would homes 

 

(B) would be liable to suffer a lesser drop in value than if 

 

(C) will likely suffer less of a drop in value than if 

 

(D) are likely to suffer a drop in value that is less than those homes

(E) are likely to suffer less of a drop in value than those

E. "less of <uncountable nouns> than...". = 'a smaller amount of' <uncountable nouns> than... 

 

Ex: It is less of a problem than I'd expected. 

 

D. so sánh "a drop in value" vs "those homes" those homes: cũng redundant 
 

A.B. lesser -> less

A.B. Câu điều kiện loại 1 -> không dùng would

Mà ở đây là mệnh đề sau Although, phía trước đã có will rồi nên không cần dùng will nữa????

 

B.C." If" ở đây ko có vai trò gì cả, cần "those" để so sánh 2 loại "homes" khác nhau

 

Back

The electronics company has unveiled what it claims to be the world’s smallest network digital camcorder, the length of which is that of a handheld computer, and it weighs less than 11 ounces.


(A) to be the world’s smallest network digital camcorder, the length of which is that of a handheld computer, and it weighs

(B) to be the smallest network digital camcorder in the world, which is as long as a handheld computer, weighing

(C) is the smallest network digital camcorder in the world, which is as long as a handheld computer, and it weighs

(D) is the world’s smallest network digital camcorder, which is as long as a handheld computer and weighs

(E) is the world’s smallest network digital camcorder, the length of which is that of a handheld computer, weighing

Front

1. the company claims to do sth: mô tả chính cái company

- S claims (that) sth is  the world’s smallest .... => what the company claims is X

=> A.B. the company =  the world’s smallest network digital camcorder

 

2. Also -- Before looking at the answer choices, you should already have determined that (a) length and (b) weight are two equally important (and equally emphasized) attributes of the same item. So, in any decently written sentence, they MUST appear as parallel elements.

=> B.E sai

B.E.sai. weighing không mô tả/ không phải là inevitable consequence của mệnh đề trước

- weight and length là 2 dimensions khác nhau-> nên được đối xử một cách equally trong câu

 

3. C. which is and it weighs

- which = it = camcorder -> redundant
-  (the camcorder) weighs // the electronic company has unveiled: ko hợp lý, cần song song với "(the camcorder) is as long as"

Back

When Mary Webb died at the age of forty-six, literature lost a voice the promised to speak for Shropshire with the poignancy that Thomas Hardy had spoken for Wessex and Emily Bronte did for Yorkshire.

(A) with the poignancy that Thomas Hardy had spoken for Wessex and Emily Bronte did
(B) with poignancy like that with which Thomas Hardy had spoken for Wessex and Emily Bronte had
(C) as poignantly as Thomas hardy for Wessex, and Emily Bronte spoke
(D) as poignantly as Thomas Hardy had spoken for Wessex, and Emily Bronte
(E) poignantly, as did Thomas Hardy for Wessex, and Emily Bronte had spoken

Front

 

A. did -> had // had spoken

A.B. clause and clause: Phải có "comma" trước "and"

Back
Front

 

A.B.C. they= các trận nở tuyết cũ: bây giờ không thể kiểm soát được nữa

Mình chỉ có thể kiểm soát các trận nở tuyết mới (such avalanches)

 

B.C. they: dễ bị đọc nhầm thành 200 people

 

B.D. have been killed: sai thì, sự việc diễn ra trong quá khứ between 1885 and 1910

Back

Although some had accused Smith, the firm’s network manager, of negligence when the crucial data went missing, the CEO defused a situation that was quite tense with her public statement that the debacle was not Smith’s fault.

A. a situation that was quite tense with her public statement that the debacle was not Smith’s fault
B. a situation that was quite tense, by publicly stating that the debacle was not Smith’s fault
C. a situation, which was quite tense, by stating publicly that Smith was not responsible for the debacle
D. a quite tense situation with a public statement about the debacle not being Smith’s fault
E. a quite tense situation by publicly stating the debacle not to have been Smith’s fault
 

Front

C. a situation, which was quite tense, by stating publicly that Smith was not responsible for the debacle

E. a quite tense situation by publicly stating the debacle not to have been Smith’s fault
 

B. a situation that was quite tense, by publicly stating that the debacle was not Smith’s fault

 

A. with modifier: modify " that was quite tense"???

C. , Which... , - nonessential modifier: Cứ nói đến situation thì người ta biết là quite tense -> sai
- defuse a situation: rất cụt lủn

E. state sth not to have been 
< state that sth was

Back

Soaring television costs accounted for more than half the spending in the presidential campaign of 1992, a greater proportion than it was in any previous election.

(A) a greater proportion than it was

(B) a greater proportion than

(C) a greater proportion than they have been

(D) which is greater than was so

(E) which is greater than it has been

Front

Soaring television costs accounted for more than half the spending in the presidential campaign of 1992, a greater proportion than it was in any previous election.
 

(A) a greater proportion than it was

(C) a greater proportion than they have been

(D) which is greater than was so

(E) which is greater than it has been

 

(B) a greater proportion than
 

1. Pronoun

C. they = Soaring television costs in 1992: ko make sense
A.E. It = spending/ campaign/ cái proportion in 1992: đều ko make sense

D.E. Which = half the spending

-> sai. Tỷ lệ half of ... ở 1992 lớn hơn tỷ lệ half ở các năm khác???

Mình cần 1 cái Noun thể hiện thông tin của vế trước để SO SÁNH (absolute modifer) = a greater proportion
 

2. Verb

A.C.D.E. (it/they/so) have been/was: ko có {tobe} ở đằng trước -> sai 

Back

An international group of more than 2,000 scientists project an average global warming that will be between 1.8 and 6.3 degrees Fahrenheit by the year 2000.
 

A. project an average global warming that will be between 1.8 and
B. project an average global warming to be from 1.8 to
C. project global warming that will average between 1.8 and
D. projects global warming to average from 1.8 to
E. projects an average global warming of between 1.8 and

Front

An international group of more than 2,000 scientists project an average global warming that will be between 1.8 and 6.3 degrees Fahrenheit by the year 2000.
 

A. project an average global warming that will be between 1.8 and
B. project an average global warming to be from 1.8 to
C. project global warming that will average between 1.8 and
D. projects global warming to average from 1.8 to
E. projects an average global warming of between 1.8 and

 

 

1. A.B.C.  An international group...project

 

2. B.D. an average/ to average from 1.8 to 6.3 degrees

 sai. Average của 1 set cụ thể thì không thể dao động from 1.8 to 6.3 được

 

-> an average global warming of between 1.8 and 6.3 degrees

Average của 1 set cụ thể thì có thể nằm giữa 1.8 và 6.3

 

 

project that clause/ project sth

3. A.B.C. D. project sth that clause/ to do sth

 

 

 

Back
Front

A. psychological counseling helps to supplement the extent?

-> to what extent/ the extent to which

Back

The Romans continued to use lead vessels in making wine even after they had been warned that they might poison themselves by doing it.

(A) they might poison themselves by doing it

(B) it might be poisonous for them to do that

(C) doing so might be poisonous for themselves

(D) they might be poisoning themselves by doing so

(E) it could be poisonous for them to do that
 

Front

The Romans continued to use lead vessels in making wine even after they had been warned that they might poison themselves by doing it.
(B) it might be poisonous for them to do that

(C) doing so might be poisonous for themselves

 

(D) they might be poisoning themselves by doing so

 

B.C. <=> mô tả "doing so/that" là poisonous
- 1 hành động thì không thể là poisonous, - the wine itself is poisonous

D. continue use lead vessels-> they đang poisoning themselves

Back

A recent review of pay scales indicates that CEOs now earn an average of 419 times more pay than blue-collar workers, compared to a ratio of 42 times in 1980.

(A) that CEOs now earn an average of 419 times more pay than blue-collar workers, compared to a ratio of 42 times

(B) that, on average, CEOs now earn 419 times the pay of blue-collar workers, a ratio that compares to 42 times

(C) that, on average, CEOs now earn 419 times the pay of blue-collar workers, as compared to 42 times their pay, the ratio

(D) CEOs who now earn on average 419 times more pay than blue-collar workers, as compared to 42 times their pay, the ratio

(E) CEOs now earning an average of 419 times the pay of blue-collar workers, compared to the ratio of 42 times

Front

A recent review of pay scales indicates that CEO's now earn an average of 419 times more pay than blue-collar workers, compared to a ratio of 42 times in 1980.
 

(A) that CEOs now earn an average of 419 times more pay than blue-collar workers, compared to a ratio of 42 times

(B) that, on average, CEOs now earn 419 times the pay of blue-collar workers, a ratio that compares to 42 times

 

(C) that, on average, CEOs now earn 419 times the pay of blue-collar workers, as compared to 42 times their pay, the ratio

 

1. Comparison/ Parallelism
C. 42 times their pay in 1980: modify và // 419 times their pay

A. 419 times their pay /0/ a ratio of 42 times in 1980 (A,B)

2. Modifier/ structure
A. B.E. 42 times (of WHAT): sau times, khi so sánh luôn phải có Nouns/Pronouns - đối tượng được so sánh
A. a ratio of 42 times: redundant
B. <=> trong 42 LẦN so sánh năm 1980, the ceo / blue-collar= 419:1.

3. Idioms: (as) compared to/with
B. that compares: sai idioms. Cái ratio này "được compared" chứ không tự đi "compare" với cái ratio khác

->  cần có adv. 

vd: this performance compares favorably to last week's

 

Meaning:
Một ý kiến gần đây về bậc lương chỉ ra rằng, tính trung bình, CEOs bây giờ kiếm được 419 lần lương công nhân, so với 42 lần lương công nhân trong năm 1980

D. E. Bỏ phần "Who/ earning..." modifier
=> câu này tóm gọn thành: "A recent view indicates that CEOs" 
-> mệnh đề that không có vị ngữ

Back

Unlike most warbler species, the male and female blue-winged warbler are very difficult to tell apart.

(A) Unlike most warbler species, the male and female blue-winged warbler are very difficult to tell apart.

(B) Unlike most warbler species, the gender of the blue-winged warbler is very difficult to distinguish.

(C) Unlike those in most warbler species, the male and female blue-winged warblers are very difficult to distinguish.

(D) It is very difficult, unlike in most warbler species, to tell the male and female blue-winged warbler apart.

(E) Blue-winged warblers are unlike most species of warbler in that it is very difficult to tell the male and female apart.

Front

Unlike most warbler species, the male and female blue-winged warbler are very difficult to tell apart.

(A) Unlike most warbler species, the male and female blue-winged warbler are very difficult to tell apart.

(B) Unlike most warbler species, the gender of the blue-winged warbler is very difficult to distinguish.

(C) Unlike those in most warbler species, the male and female blue-winged warblers are very difficult to distinguish.

(D) It is very difficult, unlike in most warbler species, to tell the male and female blue-winged warbler apart.

(E) Blue-winged warblers are unlike most species of warbler in that it is very difficult to tell the male and female apart.

 

A. Unlike most warbler species, the male (blue-winged warbler) and female blue-winged warbler *are* (số nhiều)

so sánh most warbler species vs the male warbler and the female warbler-> sai. Cần gì phải thêm giới tính male & female vào?

- Nếu male and female là tính từ -> warbler = singular # are= plural

Back

On Earth, among the surest indications of sunspot cycles are believed to be the rate that trees grow, as seen in the rings visible in the cross sections of their trunks.

(A) On Earth, among the surest indications of sunspot cycles are believed to be the rate that trees grow
(B) On Earth, among the surest indications of sunspot cycles are, it is believed, the rate of tree growth
(C) On Earth, the rate at which trees grow is believed to be among the surest indications of sunspot cycles
(D) Among the surest indications on Earth of sunspot cycles, believed to be the tree growth rate
(E) Among the surest indications on Earth of sunspot cycles is believed to be the rate at which trees grow

Front

On Earth, among the surest indications of sunspot cycles are believed to be the rate that trees grow, as seen in the rings visible in the cross sections of their trunks.

(A) On Earth, among the surest indications of sunspot cycles are believed to be the rate that trees grow

(B) On Earth, among the surest indications of sunspot cycles are, it is believed, the rate of tree growth

(C) On Earth, the rate at which trees grow is believed to be among the surest indications of sunspot cycles

(D) Among the surest indications on Earth of sunspot cycles, believed to be the tree growth rate

 

(E) Among the surest indications on Earth of sunspot cycles is believed to be the rate at which trees grow

 

0.Subject verb
Bắt đầu với giới {among....}: đây ko phải là subject-> đảo ngữ, subject là phía sau
Subject= The rate at which trees grow= singular
Verb= is believed= plural
 

1. A.B. {are believed} - plural # singular = the rate
D. Không có vị ngữ.

2. Modifier
{as seen in the rings} modify cho {the rate at which trees grow - tốc độ cây phát triển được nhìn thấy trong những cái vòng khi cắt ngang thân cây}

C. {sunspot cycles} không thể được nhìn

3. Idioms: to grow at the rate -> the rate at which S + grow
-> loại A. the rate that trees grow -> trees grow the rate??

 

 

Back

While consumer groups have become alarmed over the high rates of interest on purchases made with certain credit cards, there has been no significant decline in demanding or using them.


A. no significant decline in demanding or using them.

B. no significant decline in the demand for or use of such cards.

C. neither a significant decline in the demand for, nor in the use of them.

D. a significant decline neither in demanding such cards, nor in the use of them.

E. a significant decline neither in demanding or using such cards.
 

Front

A.D.E. (n) decline in V_ing -> (n) decline in Noun

Back

It is called a sea, but the landlocked Caspian is actually the largest lake on Earth, which covers more than four times the surface area of its closest rival in size, North America's Lake Superior.


(A) It is called a sea, but the landlocked Caspian is actually the largest lake on Earth, which covers

(B) Although it is called a sea, actually the landlocked Caspian is the largest lake on Earth, which covers

(C) Though called a sea, the landlocked Caspian is actually the largest lake on Earth, covering

(D) Though called a sea but it actually is the largest lake on Earth, the landlocked Caspian covers

(E) Despite being called a sea, the largest lake on Earth is actually the landlocked Caspian, covering

Front

It is called a sea, but the landlocked Caspian is actually the largest lake on Earth, which covers more than four times the surface area of its closest rival in size, North America's Lake Superior.

 

(A) It is called a sea, but the landlocked Caspian is actually the largest lake on Earth, which covers

(B) Although it is called a sea, actually the landlocked Caspian is the largest lake on Earth, which covers

(D) Though called a sea but it actually is the largest lake on Earth, the landlocked Caspian covers

(E) Despite being called a sea, the largest lake on Earth is actually the landlocked Caspian, covering
 

(C) Though called a sea, the landlocked Caspian is actually the largest lake on Earth, covering

 

A.B. Caspian is the largest lake, which covers: cứ nói đến largest lake thì nói phải covers... ???
-> covering...cần modify cho nhân vật chính-the landlocked Caspian thay vì the largest lake

D. Though ...but: double contrast
-> But ở đây liên kết một mệnh đề phụ thuộc + độc lập

A.E. But/ Despite: 2 vế trước và sau không có contrast gì cả

Ở đây đang thể hiện 1 thứ surprisingly -> dùng though

E. Being...

  • called a sea: nên modify the landlocked Caspian, thay vì the largest lake on Earth

 

Back

Sound can travel through water for enormous distances, prevented from dissipating its acoustic energy as a result of boundaries in the ocean created by water layers of different temperatures and densities.


(A) prevented from dissipating its acoustic energy as a result of

(B) prevented from having its acoustic energy dissipated by

(C) its acoustic energy prevented from dissipating by

(D) its acoustic energy prevented from being dissipated as a result of

(E) preventing its acoustic energy from dissipating by
 

Front

Sound can travel through water for enormous distances, prevented from dissipating its acoustic energy as a result of boundaries in the ocean created by water layers of different temperatures and densities.
 

(A) prevented from dissipating its acoustic energy as a result of

(B) prevented from having its acoustic energy dissipated by

(D) its acoustic energy prevented from being dissipated as a result of

(E) preventing its acoustic energy from dissipating by

 

(C) its acoustic energy prevented from dissipating by (boundaries)

 

C. its acoustic energy prevented...= Absolute modifier + 2 modifier: from dissipating + by boundaries
- prevented from what? prevented from dissipating
- prevented by what? prevented by boundaries
 

1. Meaning: Âm thanh có thể di chuyển rất xa trong nước, năng lượng của nó được (prevented) ngăn chặn (khỏi tiêu biến) nhờ có những boundaries dưới biển
 

2. Idiom: As a result of + clause/ clause_noun

A.D. dissipating: bản sound tự dissipate its energy?

A.D. as a result of boundaries-> bản thân boundaries không thể làm nguyên nhân của cái gì cả."

B. its acoustic energy (is) dissipated by boundaries?

E. "sound tralvel" có kết quả là "preventing its acoustic energy from dissipating"?
 

A, B. prevented ở đây....modify cho distances???





 

Back

Although when a hagfish is threatened, it will secrete slime that is small in quantity, it expands several hundred times as it absorbs seawater, forming a slime ball that can coat the gills of predatory fish and either suffocate them or distress them enough to make them flee.

A) Although when a hagfish is threatened, it will secrete slime that is small in quantity,

B) Although a small quantity of slime is secreted by the hagfish, when threatened

C) Although, when threatened, a hagfish will secrete slime that is small in quantity,

D) Although the slime secreted by a threatened hagfish is small in quantity,

E) Although the hagfish secretes a small quantity of slime when threatened,

Front

Although when a hagfish is threatened, it will secrete slime that is small in quantity, it expands several hundred times as it absorbs seawater, forming a slime ball that can coat the gills of predatory fish and either suffocate them or distress them enough to make them flee.

 

B) Although a small quantity of slime is secreted by the hagfish, when threatened 

C) Although, when threatened, a hagfish will secrete slime that is small in quantity, 

E) Although the hagfish secretes a small quantity of slime when threatened, 
D) Although the slime secreted by a threatened hagfish is small in quantity,

 

A. Run-on sentence

1. Pronoun
Thấy pronoun, phải xác định ngay antecedent
It -> Cái gì expands và forming a slime ball: cái slime phía trước
D. slime là chủ ngữ của mệnh đề trước đó -> it (chủ ngữ của mệnh đề sau) sẽ hợp lý để refer đến slime

A.B.C.E. it (expands)= hagfish/ a small quantity of slime -> sai

Back

The success of the program to eradicate smallpox has stimulated experts to pursue what they had not previously considered possible−better control, if not eradication, of the other infections such as measles and yaws.


(A) what they had not previously considered possible−better control, if not eradication, of the other infections such as

(B) what they had not previously considered a possibility−better control, if not eradication, of such infections like

(C) something they had not previously considered possible−better control, if not eradication, of such infections as

(D) something not considered a previous possibility−better control and perhaps eradication, of other infections such as

(E) the possibility of what they had not previously considered possible−better control and possibly eradication of infections like

Front

The success of the program to eradicate smallpox has stimulated experts to pursue what they had not previously considered possible−better control, if not eradication, of the other infections such as measles and yaws.


(A) what they had not previously considered possible−better control, if not eradication, of the other infections such as

(B) what they had not previously considered a possibility−better control, if not eradication, of such infections like

(C) something they had not previously considered possible−better control, if not eradication, of such infections as

(D) something not considered a previous possibility−better control and perhaps eradication, of other infections such as

(E) the possibility of what they had not previously considered possible−better control and possibly eradication of infections like

 

A. What they had not previously considered possible: => the success đã stimulate experts to pursue TẤT CẢ những thứ mà trước đây họ ko coi là possible

# MỘT VÀI thứ mà trước đây họ coi là possible

 

A. the Nouns: Đã xác định -> không đi kèm với such as - ám chỉ cái nó modify là không xác định

A. Ở đây nói infections chung chung, chứ không phả bắt buộc là "other infections"

- other: redundant khi mà đã nói rõ measles and yaws phía sau.

D. considered by who?

D.  previous possibility: a possibility in the past ???

-> previously cần modify considered

D.E. control= kiểm soát - không thể đi cùng eradication-trừ diệt, nhổ tận gốc

Back

In London that afforded its playwrights only two theaters, Alpha Behn, by 1687, had 17 of her plays staged in as many years.

(A) In London that afforded its playwrights only two theatres

(B) In a London that afforded its playwrights only two theatres

(C) Even though London's playwrights only were afforded two theatres

(D) Only two theatres were afforded by London to its playwrights, and

(E) Two theatres only were afforded by London for its playwrights, and

Front

In London that afforded its playwrights only two theaters, Alpha Behn, by 1687, had 17 of her plays staged in as many years.
 

A. In London that afforded its playwrights only two theaters

C. Even though London’s playwrights only were afforded two theaters

D. Only two theaters were afforded by London to its playwrights, and

E. Two theaters only were afforded by London for its playwrights, and

 

B. In a London that afforded its playwrights only two theater

 

D.E. independent clause -> ko hợp lý. Cần subordinate clause cho main clause ở vế sau
A. In London that: sai, ám chỉ có nhiều London. Viết London không thôi là đủ để xác định 1 thành phố duy nhất rồi. That modifier: 
- chỉ có thể modify một danh từ mà mình chưa xác định cụ thể được thông tin
- mệnh đề that sẽ giúp chúng ta xác định chính xác đối tượng này
C.E ONLY + VERB: Luôn sai
-> việc duy nhất London’s playwrights có thể thực hiện là “were affored”. 
-> C. tuy rằng có Even though thể hiện relationship nhưng vẫn sai
Có ONLY luôn phải để ý xem có đứng trước Verb hay không


B. In a London that: (Đã từng có MỘT London mà....)
- ám chỉ đến London tại một thời điểm nào đó trong quá khứ
- mệnh đề that giúp chúng ta xác định xem thời điểm đó là thời điểm nào

 

Main clause của câu này là: Alpha Behn, by 1967, had 17 of her plays staged in as many years. 
Như vậy cách viết make sense nhất là vế trước sẽ nói lên mức độ khó khăn để có được các vở kịch chiếm sân khấu trong 17 năm (trong khi London chỉ có 2 nhà hát).

* in as many year: Trong cùng ngần ấy năm

 

Back

Trees inherit from their parent trees not only physical features and also specific environmental requirements, such as for a particular forest's soil, air, degree of moisture, and weather conditions.

(A) and also specific environmental requirements, such as for a particular forest's soil
(B) and also specific environmental requirements, like the soil of a particular forest
(C) but also specific environmental requirements, such as for the soil of a particular forest
(D) but also specific environmental requirements, like a particular forest's soil
(E) but also specific environmental requirements, such as for a particular forest's soil

Front

Trees inherit from their parent trees not only physical features and also specific environmental requirements, such as for a particular forest's soil, air, degree of moisture, and weather conditions.

(A) and also specific environmental requirements, such as for a particular forest's soil
(B) and also specific environmental requirements, like the soil of a particular forest
(C) but also specific environmental requirements, such as for the soil of a particular forest
(D) but also specific environmental requirements, like a particular forest's soil
(E) but also specific environmental requirements, such as for a particular forest's soil

 

C. Soil của một khu rừng CỤ THỂ /0/ không khí CHUNG CHUNG, độ ẩm CHUNG CHUNG và điều kiện thời tiết CHUNG CHUNG

E.  Requirements for a particular forest's {soil, air, degree of moisture, and weather conditions}. 

soil, air, degree of moisture, and weather conditions: của cùng 1 cánh rừng nhất định, không phải general concept

 

Back

Once numbering in the millions worldwide, it is estimated that the wolf has declined to 200,000 in 57 countries, some 11,000 of them to be found in the lower 48 United States and Alaska.


(A) it is estimated that the wolf has declined to 200,000 in 57 countries, some

(B) the wolf is estimated to have declined to 200,000 in 57 countries, with approximately

(C) the wolf has declined to an estimate of 200,000 in 57 countries, some

(D) wolves have declined to an estimate of 200,000 in 57 countries, with approximately

(E) wolves have declined to an estimated 200,000 in 57 countries, some

Front

Once numbering in the millions worldwide, it is estimated that the wolf has declined to 200,000 in 57 countries, some 11,000 of them to be found in the lower 48 United States and Alaska.
(A) it is estimated that the wolf has declined to 200,000 in 57 countries, some

(B) the wolf is estimated to have declined to 200,000 in 57 countries, with approximately

(C) the wolf has declined to an estimate of 200,000 in 57 countries, some

(D) wolves have declined to an estimate of 200,000 in 57 countries, with approximately

 

(E) wolves have declined to an estimated 200,000 in 57 countries, some

 

A.B.C. once numbering milliions + it/ the wolf (singular) -> wolves (Plural): có hàng triệu con thì phải là plural

B.D. wolves declined..., with approximately 11,000 of them: 
việc có khoảng 11000 con được tìm thấy ...không phải sub-component của việc wolves giảm

B.C. decline to an estimate -> decline to + {number}

Back

The diet of the ordinary Greek in classical times was largely vegetarian—vegetables, fresh cheese, oatmeal, and meal cakes, and meat rarely.

(A) and meat rarely
(B) and meat was rare
(C) with meat as rare
(D) meat a rarity
(E) with meat as a rarity

Front

The diet of the ordinary Greek in classical times was largely vegetarian—vegetables, fresh cheese, oatmeal, and meal cakes, and meat rarely.
 

(A) and meat rarely
(B) and meat was rare
(C) with meat as rare
(D) meat a rarity
(E) with meat as a rarity

 

1. Modifier
Meaning: Cần modifier cho mệnh đề chính: "The diet... was largely vegetarian": Bữa ăn chủ yếu là ĂN CHAY
-> A.B: and meat

- meat (noun) /0/ vegetarian (adj)

- meat /0/ {vegetables, fresh cheese, oatmeal, and meal cakes}, 

 

D. Comma + meat a rarity: 

- appositive modifier, ko rõ modify cho danh từ nào

- absolute modifier, ko modify được cho cả mệnh đề phía trước


 

C. With đúng, nhưng meat as rare sai:
- Meat as rare as sth: as thể hiện so sánh
- meat as {a metaphor} for life: as là giới từ
E. Đúng. Modify cho cả mệnh đề

Back

It is an oversimplified view of cattle raising to say that all one has to do with cattle is leave them alone while they feed themselves, corral them, and to drive them to market when the time is ripe.


(A) all one has to do with cattle is leave them alone while they feed themselves, corral them, and to

(B) all one has to do with cattle is to leave them alone to feed themselves, to corral them, and

(C) all one has to do with cattle is leave them alone while they feed themselves and then corral them and

(D) the only thing that has to be done with cattle is leave them alone while they feed themselves, corral them, and

(E) the only thing that has to be done with cattle is to leave them alone while they feed themselves, to corral them, and

Front

It is an oversimplified view of cattle raising to say that all one has to do with cattle is leave them alone while they feed themselves, corral them, and to drive them to market when the time is ripe.


(A) all one has to do with cattle is leave them alone while they feed themselves, corral them, and to

(B) all one has to do with cattle is to leave them alone to feed themselves, to corral them, and

(C) all one has to do with cattle is leave them alone while they feed themselves and then corral them and

(D) the only thing that has to be done with cattle is leave them alone while they feed themselves, corral them, and

(E) the only thing that has to be done with cattle is to leave them alone while they feed themselves, to corral them, and

 

LEAVE THEM ALONE /and then/ (CORRAL // DRIVE)

D.E.  "the only thing is" + one thing # 3 things (to leave them alone + to corral them + to drive them to market )

- Ở đây là các hành động # things

D. leave them alone /0/ về mặt thời gian với {drive them to the market // corral = tập hợp lại}

-> cần có "and then" => LEAVE THEM ALONE /and then/ (CORRAL // DRIVE)

Back

Over the course of the eighteenth century, the average output of ironwork tripled as a result of several improvements in blowing machinery and because coal replaced charcoal as the fuel used in the smelting of iron ore.


A. Over the course of the eighteenth century, the average output of ironwork tripled as a result of several improvements in blowing machinery and because coal replaced charcoal as the fuel used in the smelting of iron ore.

B. Over the course of the eighteenth century a tripling in the average output of ironwork was due to the replacement of charcoal by coal for the fuel used in the smelting of iron ore, in addition to several improvements in blowing machinery.

C. With charcoal's being replaced by coal as the fuel used in the smelting of iron ore and several improvements in blowing machinery, the average output of ironwork tripled over the eighteenth century.

D. The replacement of charcoal with coal for the fuel used in the smelting of iron ore and several improvements in blowing machinery, the average output of ironwork tripled over the eighteenth century.

E. Charcoal being replaced by coal as the fuel used in the smelting of iron ore, and several improvements in blowing machinery, which tripled the average output of ironwork over the course of the eighteenth century.

Front

 

B. Over the course of 18th centrury: ko modify được cho động từ "was due to - là bởi vì", nó modify cho động từ "triple"

- tripling < tripled

C. With modifier: thể hiện phương tiện, cách thức mà "output sử dụng" để có thể "tripled" -> sai logic

+ cần thể hiện được mối quan hệ nguyên nhân - kết quả dẫn đến "output of ironwork tripled" (intended meaning)

 

A. as a result of Noun /0/ because clause: nhưng vẫn tốt hơn các câu khác

Back

Investigations along the Solo river in Indonesia have led some archeologists to debunk the idea of an era in which Homo Erectus had still survived in then Homo Sapiens’ inhabited areas.

(A) in which Homo Erectus had still survived in then Homo Sapiens’ inhabited areas
(B) in which Homo Erectus still survived in areas inhabited by Homo Sapiens
(C) when Homo Erectus still survived where there were areas inhabited by Homo Sapiens
(D) when Homo Erectus had still survived in current Homo Sapiens areas
(E) when Homo Erectus still survived in areas that were then Homo Sapiens’

Front

D. when Homo Erectus had still survived in current Homo Sapiens areas

 

B. in which Homo Erectus still survived in areas inhabited by Homo Sapiens

 

1. Past vs. Past perfect 

- Thấy split này -> phải giải thích tại sao cần/ không cần Past perfect & Cần / không cần Past 

+ had still survived: Trước đó đã từng survived, còn sau khi Homo Sapiens inhabited thì không survived nữa? -> sai meaning

+ still survived: Vẫn còn survived, tại thời điểm Homo Sapiens inhabited

-an era là thời gian xác định -> Simple past tense 

2. 

- In which: thường modify cho 1 khoảng thời gian

- when: thường modify cho 1 thời điểm

 

E. "Sapien's area": Sapiens sở hữu cái area này?

 dose not mean "inhabited by Sapien". meaning is changed.
 

Back

For many revisionist historians, Christopher Columbus has come to personify devastation and enslavement in the name of progress that has decimated native peoples of the Western Hemisphere.


(A) devastation and enslavement in the name of progress that has decimated native peoples of the Western Hemisphere

(B) devastation and enslavement in the name of progress by which native peoples of the Western Hemisphere have been decimated

(C) devastating and enslaving in the name of progress those native peoples of the Western Hemisphere that have been decimated

(D) devastating and enslaving those native peoples of the Western Hemisphere which in the name of progress are decimated

(E) the devastation and enslavement in the name of progress that have decimated the native peoples of the Western Hemisphere
 

Front

For many revisionist historians, Christopher Columbus has come to personify devastation and enslavement in the name of progress that has decimated native peoples of the Western Hemisphere.


(A) devastation and enslavement in the name of progress that has decimated native peoples of the Western Hemisphere

(B) devastation and enslavement in the name of progress by which native peoples of the Western Hemisphere have been decimated 

(C) devastating and enslaving in the name of progress those native peoples of the Western Hemisphere that have been decimated

(D) devastating and enslaving those native peoples of the Western Hemisphere which in the name of progress are decimated

(E) the devastation and enslavement in the name of progress that have decimated the native peoples of the Western Hemisphere.

 

Cái gì đã decimated peoples?
-> devastation & enslament


A. S-V: devastation and enslavement ... has
B. Passive < E. active

C.D. that/ which: ko modify được cho người "those native peoples"

Back

Dinosaur tracks show them walking with their feet directly under their bodies, like mammals and birds, not extended out to the side in the manner of modern reptiles.

(A) Dinosaur tracks show them walking with their feet directly under their bodies, like

(B) Dinosaur tracks show that they walked with their feet directly under their bodies, as do

(C) Dinosaurs left tracks that showed them walking with their feet directly under their bodies, like

(D) The tracks that dinosaurs left show that they walked with their feet directly under their bodies, as do

(E) In the tracks they left, dinosaurs are shown walking with their feet under their bodies, like

Front

Dinosaur tracks show them walking with their feet directly under their bodies, like mammals and birds, not extended out to the side in the manner of modern reptiles.

(A) Dinosaur tracks show them walking with their feet directly under their bodies, like (mammals and birds)

(B) Dinosaur tracks show that they walked with their feet directly under their bodies, as do (mammals and birds)

(C) Dinosaurs left tracks that showed them walking with their feet directly under their bodies, like (mammals and birds)

(E) In the tracks they left, dinosaurs are shown walking with their feet under their bodies, like (mammals and birds)

 

(D) The tracks that dinosaurs left show that they walked with their feet directly under their bodies, as do 
 

Meaning: So sánh mammals and birds walked vs. dinosaur walked => cần có they (dinosaur) walked

A.B. them/ they = tracks

A.C. Like mammals and birds, dinosaur tracks show them (tracks)/ / tracks (that) showed them

B. As do mammals and birds, they (tracks) walked ???

->mammals vs. tracks ???

C. dinosaurs left tracks vs. mammals and birds left tracks??? sai meaning

 

A.C. E. Dinosaur tracks show them walking/ tracks that showed them walking/ dinosaurs are shown walking: 

  • Tracks show dinosaurs walking: giống như cách video show 1 đứa bé đang đi???
  • -> show + that: chứng minh
Back

The three women, liberal activists who strongly support legislation in favor of civil rights and environmental protection, have consistently received labor’s unqualifying support.


(A) have consistently received labor’s unqualifying support

(B) are consistently receiving the unqualifying support of labor

(C) have consistently received the unqualified support of labor

(D) receive consistent and unqualified support by labor

(E) are receiving consistent and unqualified support by labor

Front

1. receive sth from Y/ of Y

support of/ from sb

receive sth by Y: sai

support by sb: sai

 

2. "unqualifying" means "not meeting some sort of standard for qualification".

the intended meaning here is "unqualified", which means "without any sort of restriction, limitation or reservation".

unqualified support: sự giúp đỡ không giới hạn

-> loại A.B

3. Labor: non-living thing -> ko dùng sở hữu cách

-> loại A

4. Consistently: liên tục nhận ủng hộ -> phải có từ quá khứ -> hiện tại

-> have recieved

Back

The investigations of many psychologist and anthropologists support the generalization of there being little that is a significant difference in underlying mental processes manifested by people from different cultures.

(A) of there being little that is a significant difference
(B) of there being little that is significantly different
(C) of little that is significant different
(D) that there is little that is significantly different
(E) that there is little that is significant differences
 

Front

*in: không modify cho different/ difference

-> little {noun} + in

**much/ little=  noun

 

1. little of {uncountable}/ that is {uncountable}

A.D. a difference/ differences = countable-> ko dùng được little, phải dùng few

 

2. there is much/ little that is significantly different...

 

Back

Intended primarily to stimulate family summer travel, the new airfare, which allows both an adult and a child to fly for the price of one ticket, and also shortens the advance-purchase requirement for family travel to a minimum of seven days rather than fourteen.

(A) and also shortens the advance-purchase requirement for family travel to a minimum of seven days rather than
(B) and also lessens the advance-purchase requirement for family travel to a seven-day minimum from
(C) also shortens the advance-purchase requirement for family travel to a minimum of seven days rather than that of
(D) also lessens the advance-purchase requirement for family travel to a seven-day minimum from
(E) also shortens the advance-purchase requirement for family travel to a minimum of seven days rather than

Front

(C) also shortens the advance-purchase requirement for family travel to a minimum of seven days rather than that of

(D) also lessens the advance-purchase requirement for family travel to a seven-day minimum from

 

(E) also shortens the advance-purchase requirement for family travel to a minimum of seven days rather than

 

1.- lessen: sử dụng với abstract qualities như: tension, disagreement, excitement,...
- shorten: sử dụng với discrete quantitative things (numbers of days,...)

2. "seven-day minimum"/0/ fourteen // a minimum of seven days.
- seven-day minimum, two-year low level: sai cách sử dụng
-> a minimum of seven days/ the lowest level in two years

3. C."that of fourteen": ko make sense, ko có gì belongs to fourteen
- nếu có that of -> cần có days
- that of fourteen /0/ a minimum of seven days // (a minimum of) fourteen (days)

 

-> Note: khi tìm cụm song song: (a minimum/ maximum of) X // Y, có thể bỏ (a minimum/ maximum of) đi

Back

Stock levels for domestic crude oil are far lower than in past years, leaving domestic oil prices vulnerable to any hints of oil supplies being disrupted in the Middle East or to any unexpected consumer demand growth possibly prompted by colder-than-normal temperatures.


(A) leaving domestic oil prices vulnerable to any hints of oil supplies being disrupted in the Middle East or to any unexpected consumer demand growth possibly

(B) leaving domestic oil prices vulnerable to any hints of oil supply disruptions in the Middle East or any unexpected growth in consumer demand that might be

(C) leaving domestic oil prices vulnerable to any hints of oil supplies that are disrupted in the Middle East or to any unexpected growth in consumer demand as was possibly

(D) resulting in the fact that domestic oil prices are vulnerable to any hints of oil supplies being disrupted in the Middle East or to any unexpected consumer demand growth possibly

(E) resulting in the fact of domestic oil prices that are vulnerable to any hints of oil supply disruptions in the Middle East or to any unexpected growth in consumer demand that might be

Front

Stock levels for domestic crude oil are far lower than in past years, leaving domestic oil prices vulnerable to any hints of oil supplies being disrupted in the Middle East or to any unexpected consumer demand growth possibly prompted by colder-than-normal temperatures.
 

(C) leaving domestic oil prices vulnerable to any hints of oil supplies that are disrupted in the Middle East or to any unexpected growth in consumer demand as was possibly

(D) resulting in the fact that domestic oil prices are vulnerable to any hints of oil supplies being disrupted in the Middle East or to any unexpected consumer demand growth possibly

(E) resulting in the fact of domestic oil prices that are vulnerable to any hints of oil supply disruptions in the Middle East or to any unexpected growth in consumer demand that might be

 

(B) leaving domestic oil prices vulnerable to any hints of oil supply disruptions in the Middle East or any unexpected growth in consumer demand that might be

 

A.C.D any hints of oil supplies
=> sai
hints of disruptions

C. Was: sai khi dùng quá khứ để diễn tả một thông tin giả định có thể xảy ra trong tương lai

D.E. Diễn đạt một cách gián tiếp
- Clause trước đó dẫn đến vulnerable oil prices, chứ không phải một cái fact


E. ko dùng the fact of -> the fact that + clause:

 

Back

Astronomers have uncovered evidence that a star that was as bright as the full moon exploding into view 340.000 years ago, emitting dazzling radiation that could have disrupted Earth's protective ozone layer and sunburned our Stone Age ancestors.

(A) that a star that was as bright as the full moon exploding into view 340,000 years ago, emitting
(B) that a star as bright as the full moon exploded into view 340,000 years ago, emitting
(C) of a star that was as bright as the full moon exploding into view 340,000 years ago and that it emitted
(D) of a star as bright as the full moon, exploding into view 340,000 years ago and emitting
(E) of a star as bright as the full moon that exploded into view 340,000 years ago and that emitted

 

Front

Astronomers have uncovered evidence that a star that was as bright as the full moon exploding into view 340.000 years ago, emitting dazzling radiation that could have disrupted Earth's protective ozone layer and sunburned our Stone Age ancestors.
 

(A) that a star that was as bright as the full moon exploding into view 340,000 years ago, emitting
(C) of a star that was as bright as the full moon exploding into view 340,000 years ago and that it emitted
(D) of a star as bright as the full moon, exploding into view 340,000 years ago and emitting
(E) of a star as bright as the full moon that exploded into view 340,000 years ago and that emitted

(B) that a star as bright as the full moon exploded into view 340,000 years ago, emitting

 

B. Comma+V_Ing: , emitting là consequence của cái Explode: bổ sung ý nghĩa cho mệnh đề ngay phía trước nó, KHÔNG CẦN PHẢI MỆNH ĐỀ CHÍNH

C.D.E. 
- no one found evidence of a star.
- rather, some people found evidence that a star exploded a long time ago.

E. that exploded // that emitted: sai. Emitting là consequence của Explode

 

Back

As a result of record low temperatures, the water pipes on the third floor froze, which caused the heads of the sprinkler system to burst, which released torrents of water into offices on the second floor.

(A) which caused the heads of the sprinkler system to burst, which released torrents of water
(B) which caused the heads of the sprinkler system to burst and which released torrents of water
(C) which caused the heads of the sprinkler system to burst, torrents of water were then released
(D) causing heads of sprinkler system to burst, then releasing torrents of water
(E) causing heads of the sprinkler system to burst and release torrents of water

Front

As a result of record low temperatures, the water pipes on the third floor froze, which caused the heads of the sprinkler system to burst, which released torrents of water into offices on the second floor.
 

D. causing heads of sprinkler system to burst, then releasing torrents of water

 

E. causing heads of the sprinkler system to burst and release torrents of water

 

D. Viết như vậy -> water pipes froze được modify bởi 2 hành động độc lập, nối với nhau bởi then: 
- causing heads of sprinkler system to burst
- releasing torrents of water: sai vì water pipes froze không release water (giải phóng/ thả water)
- Cái giải phóng water là heads of sprinkler system

 

E. Water pipes froze -> causing
+ heads of sprinkler system burst 
+ and heads of sprinkler system release water
-> thể hiện tính ĐỒNG THỜI của các sự kiện này

Back

Unlike transplants between identical twins, whose genetic endowment is the same, all patients receiving hearts or other organs must take antirejection drugs for the rest of their lives.

(A) Unlike transplants between identical twins, whose genetic endowment is the same

(B) Besides transplants involving identical twins with the same genetic endowment

(C) Unless the transplant involves identical twins who have the same genetic endowment

(D) Aside from a transplant between identical twins with the same genetic endowment

(E) Other than transplants between identical twins, whose genetic endowment is the same
 

Front

Unlike transplants between identical twins, whose genetic endowment is the same, all patients receiving hearts or other organs must take antirejection drugs for the rest of their lives.


A. Unlike transplants between identical twins, whose genetic endowment is the same

B. Besides transplants involving identical twins with the same genetic endowment

D. Aside from a transplant between identical twins with the same genetic endowment

E. Other than transplants between identical twins, whose genetic endowment is the same

 

C. Unless the transplant involves identical twins, who have the same genetic endowment 

 


 

A.B.D.E. Compare "transplants" vs. "all patients" -> sai

C. Đưa ra 1 trường hợp exception + clause -> ko compare -> đúng

C. Cần có thêm "comma" trước "Who" -> Ám chỉ tất cả những twins đều có same genetic endownment

B.D. Ám chỉ chỉ một số đứa twins có same genetic endowment-> sai

 

 

Back

The greatest road system built in the Americas prior to the arrival of Christopher Columbus was the Incan highway, which, over 2,500 miles long and extending from northern Ecuador through Peru to southern Chile.


(A) Columbus was the Incan highway, which, over 2,500 miles long and extending
(B) Columbus was the Incan highway, over 2,500 miles in length, which had extended
(C) Columbus, the Incan highway, which was over 2,500 miles in length and extended
(D) Columbus, the Incan highway, being over 2,500 miles in length, was extended
(E) Columbus, the Incan highway was over 2,500 miles long, extending

Front

The greatest road system built in the Americas prior to the arrival of Christopher Columbus was the Incan highway, which, over 2,500 miles long and extending from northern Ecuador through Peru to southern Chile.


(B) Columbus was the Incan highway, over 2,500 miles in length, which had extended

 

(E) Columbus, the Incan highway was over 2,500 miles long, extending

 

B. had extended -> highway extend from ...to ....trước khi nó được built/ was 2,500 miles???

E. extending: Cái highway này "trải dài" từ... đến...

(C.D. was extended: được kéo dài -> sai)

 

Back

The Supreme Court has ruled that public universities may collect student activity fees even with students' objections to particular activities, so long as the groups they give money to will be chosen without regard to their views.


(A) with students' objections to particular activities, so long as the groups they give money to will be

(B) if they have objections to particular activities and the groups that are given the money are

(C) if they object to particular activities, but the groups that the money is given to have to be

(D) from students who object to particular activities, so long as the groups given money are

(E) though students have an objection to particular activities, but the groups that are given the money be

Front

The Supreme Court has ruled that public universities may collect student activity fees even with students' objections to particular activities, so long as the groups they give money to will be chosen without regard to their views.
 

(A) with students' objections to particular activities, as long as the groups they give money to will be 

(B) if they have objections to particular activities and the groups that are given the money are 

(C) if they object to particular activities, but the groups that the money is given to have to be 

(E) though students have an objection to particular activities, but the groups that are given the money be

 

(D) from students who object to particular actitivities so long as the groups given money are

 

1. Meaning: 
Toà án tối cao phán quyết rằng các trường công lập có thể thu phí hoạt động của sinh viên, kể cả từ những sinh viên phản đối một số hoạt động cụ thể, miễn là các nhóm nhận tiền được chọn mà không dựa vào các quan điểm của các nhóm này.
Ví dụ: không dựa vào quan điểm của các nhóm-> không xảy ra trường hợp nhóm thích mèo sẽ được nhận tiền, các nhóm thích chó thì không được nhận tiền
 


A. Collect student fees ...with students' objections -> Collect cả 2 cái này???
BCE. And/ but ko diễn tả được meaning: miễn là= as long as/ so long as

B.C. they -> student???
E. students have an objection -> không có gì đảm bảo students ở đây giống với students paying the fees

Ám chỉ: thậm chí toàn bộ học sinh có objections thì uni vẫn thu tiền??? sai meaning

 

Back

The 151 member governments of the World Bank are expected to increase the bank’s funding by $175 billion, though some United States legislators cite an obstacle to Congressional passage being the concern that the bank’s loans will help foreign producers compete with American businesses.


(A) an obstacle to Congressional passage being the concern

(B) a concern as an obstacle to Congressional passage

(C) as an obstacle to Congressional passage the concern

(D) the concern, an obstacle to Congressional passage,

(E) as an obstacle for Congress to pass it the concern
 

Front

The 151 member governments of the World Bank are expected to increase the bank’s funding by $175 billion, though some United States legislators cite an obstacle to Congressional passage being the concern that the bank’s loans will help foreign producers compete with American businesses.


(A) an obstacle to Congressional passage being the concern

(B) a concern as an obstacle to Congressional passage

(C) as an obstacle to Congressional passage the concern

(D) the concern, an obstacle to Congressional passage,

(E) as an obstacle for Congress to pass it the concern

 

these people have cited (as a Y) (X)

these people have cited (X)(as a Y) 

=> Một số người nói X có vẻ như là Y
- Cụm "concern that the bank’s loans will help foreign producers compete with American businesses." dài nên để concern (X) ra phía sau
 

A. cite X being the concern: bỏ being mà câu vẫn make sense -> being sai

B.  that the bank’s loans will help...modify nhưng lại đứng quá xa "a concern"

- "a concern" -> the concern: một concern cụ thể, được modify bởi essential modifier "that the bank’s loans will help..."

D. Sai meaning: these people have cited X, a Y => X chắc chắn là Y

 

B. D. the concern: đứng cách xa modifier "  that the bank’s loans will help." 
 

Back

Before its independence in 1947, Britain ruled India as a colony and they would relinquish power only after a long struggle by the native people.

(A) Before its independence in 1947, Britain ruled India as a colony and they would relinquish power
(B) Before independence in 1947, Britain had ruled India as a colony and relinquished power
(C) Before its independence in 1947, India was ruled by Britain as a colony and they relinquished power
(D) Before independence in 1947, India had been ruled as a colony by Britain, which relinquished power
(E) Before independence in 1947, India had been a colony of the British, who relinquished power

Front

Before its independence in 1947, Britain ruled India as a colony and they would relinquish power only after a long struggle by the native people.
 

(A) Before its independence in 1947, Britain ruled India as a colony and they would relinquish power
(B) Before independence in 1947, Britain had ruled India as a colony and relinquished power
(C) Before its independence in 1947, India was ruled by Britain as a colony and they relinquished power
(D) Before independence in 1947, India had been ruled as a colony by Britain, which relinquished power

(E) Before independence in 1947, India had been a colony of the British, who relinquished power

 

1. A, B, C, D. "ruled as = được ruled NHƯ LÀ 1 colony": THỰC TẾ NÓ LÀ COLONY 
2. A.C. THEY -> Britain (singular)-> loại 
3. A.B.C. Trước 1947, Britain thực hiện cả 2 hành động "cai trị và từ bỏ quyền lực-> ko đúng meaning-> loại
4.A.C. Before (its) independence in 1947, Britain -> Đây là independence của Britain???

5. D. Which= BRITAIN= nước Anh - ko thể relinquished power=> PHẢI LÀ người Anh=BRITISH -> loại

Back

When rates were raised in 1985, postal service officials predicted they would make further rate increases unnecessary for at least three years.

(A) they would make further rate increases unnecessary
(B) they would mean further rate increases would not be needed
(C) that it would not be necessary for further rate increases
(D) that the increase would make further rate increases unnecessary
(E) further rate increases will not be needed

Front

When rates were raised in 1985, postal service officials predicted they would make further rate increases unnecessary for at least three years
 

(A) they would make further rate increases unnecessary
(B) they would mean further rate increases would not be needed
(C) that it would not be necessary for further rate increases
(E) further rate increases will not be needed

(D) that the increase would make further rate increases unnecessary

 

A.B: {officials would make}/ {rates would mean} 
-> officials/ rates đều không thể make /mean further rate increases unneccessary.
Phải là cái sự tăng này khiến cho việc tăng giá trong tương lai là không cần thiết
 


C.E. Không nói rõ cái gì ảnh hưởng đến việc ko cần tăng giá nữa

C. It would not be necessary for sth
-> It would not be necessary + (For sb/sth) + TO DO STH
E. predicted + S + will -> would

Back

For protection from the summer sun, the Mojave lived in open-sided, flat-topped dwellings known as shades, each a roof of poles and arrowweed supported by posts set in a rectangle.

 

(A) each a roof of poles and arrowweed

(B) each a roof of poles and arrowweed that are being

(C) with each being a roof of poles and arrowweed

(D) with roofs of poles and arrowweed to be

(E) with roofs of poles and arrowweed that are

Front

(B) each a roof of poles and arrowweed that are being

(D) with roofs of poles and arrowweed to be

(E) with roofs of poles and arrowweed that are

 

(A) each a roof of poles and arrowweed

 

B.E. are (present tense) # Mojave lived (past tense) in those homes. Present tense mô tả tình trạng hiện tại của ngôi nhà, mặc dù Mojave KHÔNG CÒN sống ở đó nữa 

 

A.B."each...." - Noun modifier: mô tả toàn bộ 1 đơn vị của Nouns đằng trước a dwelling= a shade = a roof + arrowweed 

 

C.D.E. - "With" - nếu là Noun modifiers: mô tả một thành phần cấu tạo của "shade" thay vì "cả shade" như trong câu này

- * comma + with...: thường là modifier của cả mệnh đề  -> không thể modify cho shades 

 

B. that are being supported

C. with each being a roof 

D. to be -> support of the roof(s) is hypothetical or just planned for the future.

 

Back

The computer company registered a $16 million net loss for the year, largely because it was profitable only overseas, where much of their profits were used for paying higher taxes, while continuing to lose money in North America.

(A) where much of their profits were used for paying higher taxes, while continuing

(B) where much of their profit went to pay higher taxes, as they continued

(C) where much of its profit went to pay higher taxes, while it continued

(D) with much of their profits going to pay higher taxes, while continuing

(E) with much of the profit used for paying higher taxes, as it continued

Front

The computer company registered a $16 million net loss for the year, largely because it was profitable only overseas, where much of their profits were used for paying higher taxes, while continuing to lose money in North America.

(A) where much of their profits were used for paying higher taxes, while continuing

(B) where much of their profit went to pay higher taxes, as they continued

(D) with much of their profits going to pay higher taxes, while continuing

(E) with much of the profit used for paying higher taxes, as it continued

 

(C) where much of its profit went to pay higher taxes, while it continued
 

 

D.E. with modifier: ko make sense với "it was profitable only overseas", khi mà "with modifier" không nói về geography.

C. The money "went" somewhere: valid

- Money has not yet left my account.

-  When the funds arrive, please transfer them to your money-market account.

E. the profit < its profit: ko có profit nào được nhắc đến ở trước

used for paying < used to pay: more direct

 

Back

The Forbidden City in Beijing, from which the emperors ruled by heavenly mandate, was a site which a commoner or foreigner could not enter without any permission, on pain of death.

(A) which a commoner or foreigner could not enter without any permission,

(B) which a commoner or foreigner could enter without any permission only

(C) which no commoner or foreigner could enter without permission,

(D) which, without permission, neither commoner or foreigner could only enter,

(E) which, to enter without permission, neither commoner or foreigner could do,

Front

The Forbidden City in Beijing, from which the emperors ruled by heavenly mandate, was a site which a commoner or foreigner could not enter without any permission, on pain of death.
 

(A) which a commoner or foreigner could not enter without any permission,

(B) which a commoner or foreigner could enter without any permission only

(D) which, without permission, neither commoner or foreigner could only enter,

(E) which, to enter without permission, neither commoner or foreigner could do,

 

(C) which no commoner or foreigner could enter without permission,

 

A.B without *any* permission -> with/ without permission: chỉ có hoặc ko có permission, không bao giờ có a/any/some permission

B. Sai meaning: có thể vào mà không cần permission
*only on pain of death* modify *enter* nhưng không rõ lắm

D. Meaning: Không một ai - CHỈ đi vào 
<-> ngoài đi vào, người ta PHẢI đi ra nữa ????
**ONLY không bao giờ đứng trước động từ
D.E. Neither...or -> Neither ...nor

D.E. without permission: Non essential modifier -> bỏ đi sẽ không rõ nghĩa

 

Back

Although the restaurant company has recently added many new restaurants across the country and its sales have increased dramatically, its sales at restaurants open for more than a year have declined.

(A) the restaurant company has recently added many new restaurants across the country and its sales have increased dramatically, its

(B) the restaurant company has recently added many new restaurants across the country and its sales increased dramatically, its

(C) many new restaurants have recently been opened across the country and its sales increased dramatically, the restaurant company’s

(D) having recently added many new restaurants across the country and with its sales increasing dramatically, the restaurant company’s

(E) recently adding many new restaurants across the country and having its sales increase dramatically, the restaurant company’s

Front

(B) the restaurant company has recently added many new restaurants across the country and its sales increased dramatically, its

 

(A) the restaurant company has recently added many new restaurants across the country and its sales have increased dramatically, its

 

1. Sales= the number of items sold= plural
2. (b) contains bad parallelism. since you're talking about two trends that have taken place simultaneously, you MUST use the same verb tense to describe those trends.

C. Run-on sentence
Ko thể hiện được new restaurants được opened by WHOM??

 

 

 

Back
Front

 

A.B.E. Rule that clause: đúng

Rule sb sth: sai

B.D. exempt from: đúng

exempt of: sai

 

A.D. Its-> dễ bị hiểu là the court -> sai meaning

B. their: ko có antecedent

E. The primary aim: ko rõ aim của bên nào

 

B. In rejecting... , the court ruled: ruling ko phải là 1 hành động thuộc rejecting

E. Rejecting: ko phải inevitable consequence của mệnh đề đứng trươc

Back

To map Earth's interior, geologists use a network of seismometers to chart seismic waves that originate in the earth's crust and ricochet around its interior, most rapidly traveling through cold, dense regions and slower through hotter rocks.


(A) interior, most rapidly traveling through cold, dense regions and slower

(B) interior, which travel most rapidly through cold, dense regions, and more slowly

(C) interior, traveling most rapidly through cold, dense regions and more slowly

(D) interior and most rapidly travel through cold, dense regions, and slower

(E) interior and that travel most rapidly through cold, dense regions and slower
 

Front

To map Earth's interior, geologists use a network of seismometers to chart seismic waves that originate in the earth's crust and ricochet around its interior, most rapidly traveling through cold, dense regions and slower through hotter rocks.
(A) interior, most rapidly traveling through cold, dense regions and slower

(B) interior, which travel most rapidly through cold, dense regions, and more slowly

(D) interior and most rapidly travel through cold, dense regions, and slower

(E) interior and that travel most rapidly through cold, dense regions and slower

 

(C) interior, traveling most rapidly through cold, dense regions and more slowly
 

A: Most rapidly đứng trước traveling-> modifier cho cả cụm đằng sau, bao gồm slower: Đã rapidly rồi còn slower

A, D, E. Slowly= adv 
vs. slower=adj, không thể modify cho travel
- {Slower} chỉ là trạng từ khi có {faster}


B. Which đứng quá xa -> ko thể modify cho waves
 

C. ,traveling....: mô tả hành động orginate và ricochet của wave, thay vì modify trực tiếp cho waves

 

D. waves that originate and ricochet and travel


 

Back

Faulty voting equipment, confusing ballots, voter error, and problems at polling places have been cited by a new study of the 2000 United States presidential election, which estimated that they did not count 4 million to 6 million of the 100 million votes cast.

(A) Faulty voting equipment, confusing ballots, voter error, and problems at polling places have been cited by a new study of the 2000 United States presidential election, which estimated that they did not count 4 million to 6 million of the 100 million votes cast.

(B) Citing faulty voting equipment, confusing ballots, voter error, and problems at polling places, a new study of the 2000 United States presidential election has estimated that 4 million to 6 million of the 100 million votes cast were not counted.

(C) Citing faulty voting equipment, confusing ballots, voter error, and problems at polling places, 4 million to 6 million of the 100 million votes cast were not counted in the 2000 United States presidential election, a new study estimates.

(D) A new study has cited faulty voting equipment, confusing ballots, voter error, and problems at polling places in estimating that 4 million to 6 million of the 100 million votes that were cast had not been counted in the 2000 United States presidential election.

(E) A new study of the 2000 United States presidential election, citing faulty voting equipment, confusing ballots, voter error, and problems at polling places, has estimated 4 million to 6 million votes had not been counted of the 100 million votes cast.

Front

Faulty voting equipment, confusing ballots, voter error, and problems at polling places have been cited by a new study of the 2000 United States presidential election, which estimated that they did not count 4 million to 6 million of the 100 million votes cast.

(A) Faulty voting equipment, confusing ballots, voter error, and problems at polling places have been cited by a new study of the 2000 United States presidential election, which estimated that they did not count 4 million to 6 million of the 100 million votes cast.
 

(C) Citing faulty voting equipment, confusing ballots, voter error, and problems at polling places, 4 million to 6 million of the 100 million votes cast were not counted in the 2000 United States presidential election, a new study estimates.

(D) A new study has cited faulty voting equipment, confusing ballots, voter error, and problems at polling places in estimating that 4 million to 6 million of the 100 million votes that were cast had not been counted in the 2000 United States presidential election.

(E) A new study of the 2000 United States presidential election, citing faulty voting equipment, confusing ballots, voter error, and problems at polling places, has estimated  4 million to 6 million votes had not been counted of the 100 million votes cast.

 

(B) Citing faulty voting equipment, confusing ballots, voter error, and problems at polling places, a new study of the 2000 United States presidential election has estimated that 4 million to 6 million of the 100 million votes cast were not counted.

 

A. Main idea cần được nói đến ở đây là: Số lượng votes đã không được đếm; thay vì việc có lỗi trong việc kiểm phiếu. 

Non-essential (Which modifer) đã làm mất main idea của câu

C.D. Sai. "votes đơn giản là được "cast", chứ không "in the 2000 United States presidential election." hay "in một cái election khác"
- the 2000 United States presidential election cần modify cho a study (of)

D.E. 
- cast phải xảy ra trước count >< D.E
- had not been counted không có impact với hành động nào trong câu
E. "of the 100m votes cast": modifier cần đứng gần "4 million to 6 million "

Back

From studies of the bony house of the brain, which is the cranium, located in the back of the skull, come what scientists know about dinosaur brains.


A. From studies of the bony house of the brain, which is the cranium, located in the back of the skull, come what scientists know about dinosaur brains.

B. The knowledge of dinosaur brains that scientists have come from studies of the bony house of the brain, located in the back of the skull, that is, the cranium

C. The knowledge that scientists know about dinosaur brains comes from studies of the bony house of the brain, which is located in the back of the skull and is called the cranium

D. What scientists know about dinosaur brains comes from studies of the cranium, the bony house of the brain located in the back of the skull

E. Located in the back of the skull is the cranium, the bony house of the brain, and it is from studies of this that scientists know what they know about dinosaur brains

Front

 

B. , that is, : that đứng sau comma -> sai

the cranium = the bony house of the brain #  the back of the skull

the knowledge=singular # plural=come

 

C. knowledge" + "know" is an error of REDUNDANCY

Back

Making the pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in a lifetime, if affordable, is one of the five obligations of devout Muslims.

(A) if affordable

(B) when it can be afforable

(C) if they can afford it

(D) when affordable

(E) if it should be affordable

Front

Making the pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in a lifetime, if affordable, is one of the five obligations of devout Muslims.

(A) if affordable

(B) when it can be affordable

(C) if they can afford it

(D) when affordable

(E) if it should be affordable

 

 

  1. when/if affordable: modify cho danh từ nào?
  2. If + should
  3. when it can be affordable->  Who can afford it. Cần có they
Back

During the same period in which the Maya were developing a hieroglyphic system of writing, the Aztec people also developed a written language, but it was not as highly sophisticated as that of the Maya and was more pictographic in nature.

(A) but it was not as highly sophisticated as that of the Maya and was
(B) but it was not as highly sophisticated as the Maya, being
(C) but, not as highly sophisticated as the Maya's, was
(D) not as highly sophisticated as that of the Maya, however, being
(E) not as highly sophisticated as the Maya's however, it was

Front

During the same period in which the Maya were developing a hieroglyphic system of writing, the Aztec people also developed a written language, but it was not as highly sophisticated as that of the Maya and was more pictographic in nature.
 

(B) but it was not as highly sophisticated as the Maya, being

(C) but, not as highly sophisticated as the Maya's, was

(D) not as highly sophisticated as that of the Maya, however, being

(E) not as highly sophisticated as the Maya's however, it was

 

(A) Same

C.
- the Aztec people developed..., but...was more pictographic....: nonsense and disagree in number
- Appositive touch rule: 'not as ... maya' cần đứng ngay sau danh từ mà nó modify
Ví dụ: the Aztecs' language, not as sophisticated as the Maya's, was ...
- not as ... maya // more pictographic in nature: nên cần được diễn tả song song

D. however: không đứng giữa S và V, không đứng đầu câu: Sai

B.D. Being more pictographic - không có mối quan hệ (immediate consequence/ describe) nào vs. " the aztec language was not as highly sophisticated as the Maya" -> sai

E. the Aztec people developed.., it was: run-on sentence
- however + comma + It was more pictographic in nature: Cần có Semiconlon đứng trước however

 

Back

The United States petroleum industry’s cost to meet environmental regulations is projected at ten percent of the price per barrel of refined petroleum by the end of the decade.

(A) The United States petroleum industry’s cost to meet environmental regulations is projected at ten percent of the price per barrel of refined petroleum by the end of the decade.

(B) The United States petroleum industry’s cost by the end of the decade to meet environmental regulations is estimated at ten percent of the price per barrel of refined petroleum.

(C) By the end of the decade, the United States petroleum industry’s cost of meeting environmental regulations is projected at ten percent of the price per barrel of refined petroleum.

(D) To meet environmental regulations, the cost to the United States petroleum industry is estimated at ten percent of the price per barrel of refined petroleum by the end of the decade.

(E) It is estimated that by the end of the decade the cost to the United States petroleum industry of meeting environmental regulations will be ten percent of the price per barrel of refined petroleum.

Front

 

1. Idioms.

*Cost of X: Chi phí để mua X

*Cost to Y: Chi phí Y phải trả

-> Cost of meeting environmental regulations

-> Cost to the United States petroleum industry

A.B.  Cost to meet environmental regulations-> sai

 

* is projected to be/ is estimated to be

-> A.B.C.D. is projected at/ is estimated at

sai

 

A.C.D. The cost is projected.... by the end of the decade/ by the end of the decade, the cost is projected

-> Khi nào sẽ dự báo:  VÀO THỜI ĐIỂM cuối thập kỉ (Tương lai) -> sai. Hiện tại đang dự báo rồi

D. To meet environmental regulations, the cost...: Cost này muốn " meet environmental regulations,"????

 

Back

The number of people flying first class on domestic flights rose sharply in 1990, doubling the increase of the previous year.


(A) doubling the increase of

(B) doubling that of the increase in

(C) double as much as the increase of

(D) twice as many as the increase in

(E) twice as many as the increase of

Front

The number of people flying first class on domestic flights rose sharply in 1990, doubling the increase of the previous year.

(B) doubling that of the increase in

(C) double as much as the increase of

(D) twice as many as the increase in

(E) twice as many as the increase of

 

(A) doubling the increase of

 

A. doubling..: Modify cho cả mệnh đề.

- Năm 1990 tăng gấp đôi mức tăng của năm TRƯỚC ĐÓ

 

C.D.E twice the increase: không có noun hợp lý để modify, thường là cần có một actual number ở trước

 

C.D.E. as much as/ as many as +  increase: redundant -> increase đã thể hiện số lượng rồi

<=> gấp đôi SỐ LƯỢNG + số lượng tăng

 

- increase: uncountable nên cũng ko thể dùng as many as

 

B. that: ko có antecedent

-> ám chỉ số lượng: redundant khi đi với increase

 

in/ of chưa chắc đã sai

Back

Corporations will soon be required to report to the government whether they have the necessary reserves to pay the pension benefits earned by their employees and that the information be published in annual reports to shareholders.


(A) earned by their employees and that the information be published

(B) that their employees earned and that the information be published

(C) that was earned by their employees with the information being published

(D) earned by their employees, information that must also be published

(E) earned by their employees and published the information

Front

Corporations will soon be required to report to the government whether they have the necessary reserves to pay the pension benefits earned by their employees and that the information be published in annual reports to shareholders.


(A) earned by their employees and that the information be published

(B) that their employees earned and that the information be published

(C) that was earned by their employees with the information being published

(D) earned by their employees, information that must also be published

(E) earned by their employees and published the information

 

Meaning: Corporations will soon be required to report {information}, information that must also be published...

E. Tuy là Have // published

nhưng ko có lý do chuyển publish sang quá khứ, xảy ra trước have the necessary reserves

Back

In an effort to reduce their inventories, Italian vintners have cut prices; their wines have been priced to sell, and they are.

(A) have been priced to sell, and they are
(B) are priced to sell, and they have
(C) are priced to sell, and they do
(D) are being priced to sell, and have
(E) had been priced to sell, and they have
 

Front

In an effort to reduce their inventories, Italian vintners have cut prices; their wines have been priced to sell, and they are.
 

(A) have been priced to sell, and they are 

(B) are priced to sell, and they have 

(D) are being priced to sell, and have 

(E) had been priced to sell, and they have

 

(C) are priced to sell, and they do

 

1. Verb tense
- sell = be popular in the market (ăn khách)
- they = their wines= vintners' wines -> pronoun ko ambiguous
C. are priced to sell: be popular in the market), 
they do = they sell = they is popular in the market)


A. are -> to sell??
E. had been priced: được định giá trước khi "have cut prices"??
B.D. they have (sell)?: đã ăn khách trước khi "are priced/ are being priced"??

Back

Legislation in the Canadian province of Ontario requires of both public and private employers that pay be the same for jobs historically held by women as for jobs requiring comparable skill that are usually held by men.


(A) that pay be the same for jobs historically held by women as for jobs requiring comparable skill that are

(B) that pay for jobs historically held by women should be the same as for a job requiring comparable skills

(C) to pay the same in jobs historically held by women as in jobs of comparable skill that are

(D) to pay the same regardless of whether a job was historically held by women or is one demanding comparable skills

(E) to pay as much for jobs historically held by women as for a job demanding comparable skills

Front

Legislation in the Canadian province of Ontario requires of both public and private employers that pay be the same for jobs historically held by women as for jobs requiring comparable skill that are usually held by men.
 

(B) that pay for jobs historically held by women should be the same as for a job requiring comparable skills

(C) to pay the same in jobs historically held by women as in jobs of comparable skill that are

(D) to pay the same regardless of whether a job was historically held by women or is one demanding comparable skills

(E) to pay as much for jobs historically held by women as for a job demanding comparable skills

 

(A) that pay be the same for jobs historically held by women as for jobs requiring comparable skill that are

 

1. Command subjunctive
A. require {of both public and private employers} that pay be the same
{of both public and private employers} ở đây chỉ là modifier, có thể bỏ qua. 
-> Vẫn đọc là {require that pay be the same}
Note: "pay" ở đây là danh từ

B. require that should be...
C.D.E: require OF sb to pay....: sai cấu trúc
Cấu trúc đúng: require sb to do sth

2. Idiom: pay for
C. Pay in
D. pay the same regardless

3. Comparison, parallelism
D. whether a job...or is one
B.E. jobs....vs. a job

Back

Asset allocators create portfolios, often in the form of mutual funds, with the intention to turn in good results in both “bull” and “bear” markets.

(A) with the intention

(B) the intention of which is

(C) intended

(D) and intending

(E) so intended as

Front

Asset allocators create portfolios, often in the form of mutual funds, with the intention to turn in good results in both “bull” and “bear” markets.
(A) with the intention

(B) the intention of which is

(D) and intending

(E) so intended as

 

(C) intended

 

Meaning: Cái gì sẽ "turn in good results..." -> portfolios
-> Asset allocators create portfolios "that are intended to turn in good results" in both “bull” and “bear” markets.
C. Touch rule exception: Modifier cách Noun 1 modifier ngắn -> ngắn gọn và make sense

(a)<=> allocators themselves, not the portfolios, will turn in good results.-> sai
Sai idiom: intention to do sth
Đúng: "intention of doing sth..."
(b) Which -> modify portfolios: dù có đúng thì cũng dài dòng

 

(d) "and intending..." // "in the form of mutual funds". -> modify: portfolios themselves.
-> sai do portfolios aren't intending anything.
E. funds (which are) so intended as: -> Cái funds này quá "intended" nên turn into good results???

 

Back

In 1791 Robert Carter III, one of the wealthiest plantation owners in Virginia, stunned his family, friends, and neighbors by filing a deed of emancipation, setting free the more than 500 slaves who were legally considered his property.

(A) setting free the more than 500 slaves who were legally considered
(B) setting free more than the 500 slaves legally considered as
(C) and set free more than 500 slaves, who were legally considered as
(D) and set free more than the 500 slaves who were legally considered
(E) and he set free the more than 500 slaves who were legally considered as
 

Front

In 1791 Robert Carter III, one of the wealthiest plantation owners in Virginia, stunned his family, friends, and neighbors by filing a deed of emancipation, setting free the more than 500 slaves who were legally considered his property.

(B) setting free more than the 500 slaves legally considered as
(C) and set free more than 500 slaves, who were legally considered as
(D) and set free more than the 500 slaves who were legally considered
(E) and he set free the more than 500 slaves who were legally considered as

(A) setting free the more than 500 slaves who were legally considered

 

1. Setting free... miêu tả rõ hơn việc stunned -> loại C, D, E
2. more than the 500 slaves: ngoài 500(exactly) nộ lệ này còn những loại người khác nữa (công nhân, hàng xóm,...)-> sai meaning. 
 

Ở đây chỉ nói đến nô lệ. Con số cũng khó có khả năng là exactly 500. 

->  the more than 500 slaves: hơn 500 nô lệ

3.X was considered Y: Ko có as
(consider đã mang nghĩa as rồi)

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In A.D. 391, resulting from the destruction of the largest library of the ancient world at Alexandria, later generations lost all but the Iliad and Odyssey among Greek epics, most of the poetry of Pindar and Sappho, and dozens of plays by Aeschylus and Euripides.


(A) resulting from the destruction of the largest library of the ancient world at Alexandria,

(B) the destroying of the largest library of the ancient world at Alexandria resulted and

(C) because of the result of the destruction of the library at Alexandria, the largest of the ancient world,

(D) as a result of the destruction of the library at Alexandria, the largest of the ancient world,

(E) Alexandria’s largest library of the ancient world was destroyed, and the result was
 

Front

In A.D. 391, resulting from the destruction of the largest library of the ancient world at Alexandria, later generations lost all but the Iliad and Odyssey among Greek epics, most of the poetry of Pindar and Sappho, and dozens of plays by Aeschylus and Euripides.
 

(A) resulting from the destruction of the largest library of the ancient world at Alexandria,

(B) the destroying of the largest library of the ancient world at Alexandria resulted and

(C) because of the result of the destruction of the library at Alexandria, the largest of the ancient world,

(E) Alexandria’s largest library of the ancient world was destroyed, and the result was

 

(D) as a result of the destruction of the library at Alexandria, the largest of the ancient world,

 

A. later generations không result from cái gì cả.
resulting from: modify cho cả mệnh đề -> luôn sai

B. the destroying....resulted: thiếu "in", mà "resulted in" cái gì?

C. because of + the result of: redundant

E. Sai meaning: Alexandria có nhiều cái library và cái to nhất ở đây bị huỷ?
Meaning đúng: Cái bị huỷ là cái library ở Alexandria, cái lớn nhất trong thế giới cổ đại
- Alexandria’s largest library  was destroyed, and the result was, S+ V: thiếu "that" và bỏ cả cụm {, and the result was,} thì run-on

D. As the result of destruction...., clause:

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There are hopeful signs that we are shifting away from our heavy reliance on fossil fuels: more than ten times as much energy is generated through wind power now than it was in 1990.


(A) generated through wind power now than it was

(B) generated through wind power now as it was

(C) generated through wind power now as was the case

(D) now generated through wind power as it was

(E) now generated through wind power than was the case.

Front

There are hopeful signs that we are shifting away from our heavy reliance on fossil fuels: more than ten times as much energy is generated through wind power now than it was in 1990.


(A) generated through wind power now than it was

(B) generated through wind power now as it was

(C) generated through wind power now as was the case

(D) now generated through wind power as it was

(E) now generated through wind power than was the case

 

A.B.D. it = more than ten times as much energy (essential modify + noun)-> sai.

- thay "that" cũng ko đúng: that in 1990= energy in 1990 /0/ energy nói chung ở vế trái ( do now ở vị ngữ )

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In preparation for the prediction of a major earthquake that will hit the state, a satellite-based computer network is being built by the California Office of Emergency Services for identifying earthquake damage and to pinpoint the most affected areas within two hours of the event.


(A) In preparation for the prediction of a major earthquake that will hit the state, a satellite-based computer network is being built by the California Office of Emergency Services for identifying

(B) In preparing for the prediction that a major earthquake will hit the state, the California Office of Emergency Services is building a satellite-based computer network that will identify

(C) In preparing for a major earthquake that is predicted to hit the state, the California Office of Emergency Services is building a satellite-based computer network to identify

(D) To prepare for the prediction of a major earthquake hitting the state, a satellite-based computer network is being built by the California Office of Emergency Services to identify

(E) To prepare for a major earthquake that is predicted to hit the state, the California Office of Emergency Services is building a satellite-based computer network that will identify

Front

In preparation for the prediction of a major earthquake that will hit the state, a satellite-based computer network is being built by the California Office of Emergency Services for identifying earthquake damage and to pinpoint the most affected areas within two hours of the event.


(B) In preparing for the prediction that a major earthquake will hit the state, the California Office of Emergency Services is building a satellite-based computer network that will identify

(E) To prepare for a major earthquake that is predicted to hit the state, the California Office of Emergency Services is building a satellite-based computer network that will identify

 

(C) In preparing for a major earthquake that is predicted to hit the state, the California Office of Emergency Services is building a satellite-based computer network to identify

 

1. Modifier
A.B.D To prepare/ in preparasion for the prediction: Not the intended meaning.
The office is preparing not for the prediction but for A MAJOR EARTHQUAKE.
- Việc dự đoán (prediction) của 1 cái earthquake CHẮC CHẮN (that will/ hitting) sẽ hit the state: Đã chắc chắn rồi còn dự đoán gì nữa


To Verb = ý định TƯƠNG LAI sẽ thực hiện, hiện tại chưa xảy ra
D.E. to prepare: thể hiện là COOES có Ý ĐỊNH sẽ prepare for an earthquake TRONG TƯƠNG LAI ->sai

Hiện tại COOES ĐÃ VÀ ĐANG có ý định prepare, và xây dựng computer network rồi

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Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not the products of natural selection, favored due to their enhancement of reproduction or survival, but that they are simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments.


(A) due to their enhancement of reproduction or survival, but that they are

(B) due to the reproduction or survival they enhance, but they are

(C) because they enhance reproduction or survival, but

(D) because they enhance reproduction or survival, but are

(E) because of enhancing reproduction or survival, but are

Front

Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not the products of natural selection, favored due to their enhancement of reproduction or survival, but that they are simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments.


(A) due to their enhancement of reproduction or survival, but that they are

(B) due to the reproduction or survival they enhance, but they are

(C) because they enhance reproduction or survival, but (are)

(D) because they enhance reproduction or survival, but are

(E) because of enhancing reproduction or survival, but are

 

D. Cần có are để adverb simply có thể modify cho động từ are 

Nếu khôngare -> adverb simply không biết modify cho cái gì

simply ko thể modify cho random: những sản phẩm random một cách đơn giản

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With its plan to develop seven and a half acres of shore land, Cleveland is but one of a large number of communities on the Great Lakes that is looking to its waterfront as a way to improve the quality of urban life and attract new businesses.


(A) is looking to its waterfront as a way to improve the quality of urban life and attract

(B) is looking at its waterfront to improve the quality of urban life and attract

(C) are looking to their waterfronts to improve the quality of urban life and attract

(D) are looking to its waterfront as a way of improving the quality of urban life and attracting

(E) are looking at their waterfronts as a way they can improve the quality of urban life and attract

Front

With its plan to develop seven and a half acres of shore land, Cleveland is but one of a large number of communities on the Great Lakes that is looking to its waterfront as a way to improve the quality of urban life and attract new businesses.
 

(E) are looking at their waterfronts as a way they can improve the quality of urban life and attract

 

(C) are looking to their waterfronts to improve the quality of urban life and attract

 

1. Meaning
- Looking to sth: Hy vọng, trông cậy từ cái gì đó
- Looking at sth: Nhìn một cái gì đó physically
- a waterfront is not a way of doing something;
-> E sai.

 

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Discussion of greenhouse effects has usually focused on whether the Earth would warm and by how much, but climatologists have indicated all along that the most obvious effects, and those that would have the largest impact on people, would be extremes of temperature, precipitation, and storminess.


(A) the most obvious effects, and those that would have the largest impact on people, would be extremes of temperature, precipitation, and storminess

(B) the effects that are the most obvious ones, extremes of temperature, precipitation, and storminess, would be those impacting the most on people

(C) those effects to have the largest impact on people, extremes of temperature, precipitation, and storminess, are what are the most obvious effects

(D) extremes of temperature, precipitation, and storminess, the most obvious effects, that they would have the largest impact on people

(E) extremes of temperature, precipitation, and storminess, which are the most obvious effects, are those to impact the most on people

Front

Discussion of greenhouse effects has usually focused on whether the Earth would warm and by how much, but climatologists have indicated all along that the most obvious effects, and those that would have the largest impact on people, would be extremes of temperature, precipitation, and storminess.

 

(B) the effects that are the most obvious ones, extremes of temperature, precipitation, and storminess, would be those impacting the most on people

(C) those effects to have the largest impact on people, extremes of temperature, precipitation, and storminess, are what are the most obvious effects
 

(E) extremes of temperature, precipitation, and storminess, which are the most obvious effects, are those to impact the most on people

 

(A) the most obvious effects, and those that would have the largest impact on people, would be extremes of temperature, precipitation, and storminess

 

Intended meaning:
A. Những effects rõ ràng nhất, và những effects có largest impact on people, là extremes of temperature.....

C. This choice distorts the intended meaning. It says that the effects that would have the largest impact are the most obvious ones.

 

B. those- thể hiện 1 copy và khác cái effects ở đằng trước, ko dùng để thể hiện 1 cái giống với cái đằng trước
-> The X would be those doing sth else


B.C.  effects ..., extremes of temperature, precipitation, and storminess: 

-> 4 nouns đi cạnh nhau, được hiểu là 4 nouns song song; thay vì là 1 Noun + appositives


1. Idioms:
- have an impact on people

- impact people the most
B.E. Sai: impacting the most on people

2. Wordy
B. the effects that are the most obvious ones -> the most obvious effect

C. What are: thừa

Back

The spectacular disintegration of a comet last year in full view of ground- and space-based telescopes provided new insights into how comets form and may thus force a rethinking of the role of comets in the delivery of organic compounds to the evolving Earth.


(A) The spectacular disintegration of a comet last year in full view of ground- and space-based telescopes provided new insights into how comets form and may thus force

(B) The spectacular disintegration of a comet last year in full view of ground- as well as space-based telescopes, provided new insights into how comets form and thus possibly forcing

(C) When a comet's spectacular disintegration occurred in full view of ground- and space-based telescopes last year, it provided new insights into how comets form and thus may possibly force

(D) Last year, in full view of ground- and space-based telescopes, a comet's spectacular disintegration provided new insights into how comets form and thus possibly forcing

(E) Last year, in full view of ground- as well as space-based telescopes, the spectacular disintegration of a comet has provided new insights into how comets form and may thus force

Front

The spectacular disintegration of a comet last year in full view of ground- and space-based telescopes provided new insights into how comets form and may thus force a rethinking of the role of comets in the delivery of organic compounds to the evolving Earth.
 

 

(B) The spectacular disintegration of a comet last year in full view of ground- as well as space-based telescopes, provided new insights into how comets form and thus possibly forcing

(C) When a comet's spectacular disintegration occurred in full view of ground- and space-based telescopes last year, it provided new insights into how comets form and thus may possibly force
 

(D) Last year, in full view of ground- and space-based telescopes, a comet's spectacular disintegration provided new insights into how comets form and thus possibly forcing
 

E. Last year, in full view of ground- as well as space-based telescopes, the spectacular disintegration of a comet has provided new insights into how comets form and may thus force

 

A. The spectacular disintegration of a comet last year in full view of ground- and space-based telescopes provided new insights into how comets form and may thus force

 

C. When: bất cứ khi nào X xảy ra, Y xảy ra...

-> sai meaning

C. a comet's spectacular disintegration occurred in full view of ground- and space-based telescopes: Sự kiện này xảy ra ở trên trời, không ở trong kính hiển vi

C. may + possibly 

E. Last year....has provided -> sai. Thời gian xác định phải dùng provided 

D. E. The disintegration has provided insights ở đâu?? In full view of ground- as well as space-based telescopes -> sai

 

A. In full view ....: modify cho The disintegration

The disintegration - (occured) in full view of ground- as well as space-based telescopes

Back

The Olympic Games helped to keep peace among the pugnacious states of the Greek world in that a sacred truce was proclaimed during the festival’s month.


(A) world in that a sacred truce was proclaimed during the festival’s month

(B) world, proclaiming a sacred truce during the festival’s month

(C) world when they proclaimed a sacred truce for the festival month

(D) world, for a sacred truce was proclaimed during the month of the festival

(E) world by proclamation of a sacred truce that was for the month of the festival

Front

The Olympic Games helped to keep peace among the pugnacious states of the Greek world in that a sacred truce was proclaimed during the festival’s month.


(A) world in that a sacred truce was proclaimed during the festival’s month
 

B. world, proclaiming a sacred truce during the festival’s month

C. world when they proclaimed a sacred truce for the festival month

 

(E) world by proclamation of a sacred truce that was for the month of the festival

 

D. world, for a sacred truce was proclaimed during the month of the festival

 

1. Meaning:
- Olympic games giúp gìn giữ hoà bình trong các states của thế giới Hy Lạp cổ đại VÌ có một sự đình chiến được tuyên bố trong những tháng nghỉ lễ này
* Ở đây không nói rõ ai proclaim = tuyên bố cả

2. Modifier
A.B. the festival's month: festival không phải living thing -> dùng the month of the festivval
B. Ám chỉ The Olympic Games proclaim-> sai meaning
C.E for (the sake) of the month of festival: vì quyền lợi của những tháng lễ hội -> sai
< D. during the festival month

 

C. They =???

C. When: Tại thời điểm mà

E. by proclamation of a sacred truce that was for the month of the festival: ugly

Back

A long-term study of some 1,000 physicians indicates that the more coffee these doctors drank, the more they had a likelihood of coronary disease.


(A) more they had a likelihood of coronary disease

(B) more was their likelihood of having coronary disease

(C) more they would have a likelihood to have coronary disease

(D) greater was their likelihood of having coronary disease

(E) greater was coronary disease likely
 

Front

A long-term study of some 1,000 physicians indicates that the more coffee these doctors drank, the more they had a likelihood of coronary disease.
 

(A) more they had a likelihood of coronary disease

(B) more was their likelihood of having coronary disease

(C) more they would have a likelihood to have coronary disease

(E) greater was coronary disease likely

 

(D) greater was their likelihood of having coronary disease

 

1. Comparison
A.B.C- Likelihood đi với greater/ less, không đi với more
E. greater was coronary disease??

2. Style
A. likelihood of disease -> likelihood of having the disease
A. C. không dùng cấu trúc " they had a likelihood"

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Front

 

* Cả 5 câu đều là đảo ngữ, nhưng ưu tiên " One of ...is ..." hơn

A. B.D. one of the  proudest of family legends: ko rõ modify cho digging hay tunnels ( nhiều tunnels cũng có thể coi là một legend)

C. Digging: cùng thì hiện tại với remember => sai. digging trong quá khứ

C. Digging: ko modify cho mệnh đề phía sau

C. it: ko rõ refer đến cái gì

B. Bỏ mất remember -> mất nghĩa

 

 

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For many people, household labor remains demanding even if able to afford household appliances their grandparents would find a miracle.

(A) even if able to afford household appliances their grandparents would find a miracle

(B) despite being able to afford household appliances their grandparents would find a miracle

(C) even if they can afford household appliances their grandparents would have found miraculous

(D) although they could afford household appliances their grandparents would find miraculous

(E) even if they are able to afford household appliances which would have been a miracle to their grandparents

Front

Meaning: Với nhiều người, người giúp việc nhà vẫn đang cần thiết EVEN IF (HIỆN TẠI) họ có thể afford household appliances - những cái the grandparents would have found these appliances miraculous  (if these appliances had existed in the past- nội dung bị ẩn đi)

 

A. able to afford: không rõ subject

B. despite + Ving-> despite + Noun

A.B.D. would find - ko có thực ở *hiện tại* -> sai. Những cái appliances này không có thực trong *quá khứ*

D. Although- thể hiện sự chắc chắn >< could- thể hiện hypothetical

E. Nhiều cái appliances - là 1 cái miracle: ko đồng nhất về mặt số lương

- which: ko có comma đứng trước

Back

As rainfall began to decrease in the Southwest about the middle of the twelfth century, most of the Monument Valley Anasazi abandoned their homes to join other clans whose access to water was less limited.

(A) whose access to water was less limited

(B) where there was access to water that was less limited

(C) where they had less limited water access

(D) with less limitations on water access

(E) having less limitations to water access

Front

As rainfall began to decrease in the Southwest about the middle of the twelfth century, most of the Monument Valley Anasazi abandoned their homes to join other clans whose access to water was less limited.

 

(B) where there was access to water that was less limited

(C) where they had less limited water access

(D) with less limitations on water access

(E) having less limitations to water access

 

(A) whose access to water was less limited

 

1. Modifier
D.E.less limitations -> fewer limitations
B.C. where: ko thể modify cho clan

C. less limited water access: less limited/ access?

D: with... - ambiguous, có thể modify cho danh từ clans/ động từ abandon (bỏ đi với việc nước của họ ít bị giới hạn)

B. There was...that: wordy

Back

Even in this age of conservation, cooking ranges that consume fossil fuels are far more common than those that rely on magnetic resonance, producing heat more efficiently than natural gas.


(A) producing heat more efficiently than natural gas

(B) producing heat more efficiently than natural gas does

(C) which produce heat more efficiently than natural gas

(D) which produce heat more efficiently than natural gas does

(E) much more efficient at producing heat than natural gas
 

Front
Back

At the beginning of the year, the city allocated $150 million to cover the increase in wages that it expected to approve as a result of negotiations with the municipal labor unions.

(A) increase in wages that it expected to approve as a result of negotiations
(B) increased wages it expected to approve from negotiations
(C) increasing wages expected to be approved as a result of negotiating
(D) negotiated increases in wages it expected to approve
(E) increases expected to be approved in wages from negotiating
 

Front

At the beginning of the year, the city allocated $150 million to cover the increase in wages that it expected to approve as a result of negotiations with the municipal labor unions.

 

B) increased wages it expected to approve from negotiations
(C) increasing wages expected to be approved as a result of negotiating
(D) negotiated increases in wages it expected to approve
(E) increases expected to be approved in wages from negotiating

 

1. Meaning
A. Cái wages này là kết quả của các cuộc đàm phán, chưa biết là xong hay chưa
B.C.D. -> Đã tăng/ đang tăng/ đã được đàm phán -> sai
B.D increase in wages as a result of negotiations, chứ không phải from negotiations
E. *in wages* modify cho *increases* nhưng lại đứng quá xa, trở thành " approved in wages "-> sai

C.E.  to be approved BY WHO?

 

Back
Front

 

A.B.D. không phải forces, mà là disaster mới là cái repeated

Back

Heavy commitment by an executive to a course of action, especially if it has worked well in the past, makes it likely to miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpret them when they do appear.


A. Heavy commitment by an executive to a course of action, especially if it has worked well in the past, makes it likely to miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpret them when they do appear.

B. An executive who is heavily committed to a course of action, especially one that worked well in the past, makes missing signs of incipient trouble or misinterpreting ones likely when they do appear.

C. An executive who is heavily committed to a course of action is likely to miss or misinterpret signs of incipient trouble when they do appear, especially if it has worked well in the past.

D. Executives' being heavily committed to a course of action, especially if it has worked well in the past, makes them likely to miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpreting them when they do appear.

E. Being heavily committed to a course of action, especially one that has worked well in the past, is likely to make an executive miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpret them when they do appear.

Front

Heavy commitment by an executive to a course of action, especially if it has worked well in the past, makes it likely to miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpret them when they do appear.

 

A. Heavy commitment by an executive to a course of action, especially if it has worked well in the past, makes it likely to miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpret them when they do appear.

B. An executive who is heavily committed to a course of action, especially one that worked well in the past, makes missing signs of incipient trouble or misinterpreting ones likely when they do appear.

C. An executive who is heavily committed to a course of action is likely to miss or misinterpret signs of incipient trouble when they do appear, especially if it has worked well in the past.

D. Executives' being heavily committed to a course of action, especially if it has worked well in the past, makes them likely to miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpreting them when they do appear.

 

E. Being heavily committed to a course of action, especially one that has worked well in the past, is likely to make an executive miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpret them when they do appear.

 

A. Meaning: who or what is likely to miss these signs?
Pronoun. Make it likely...: It ko thể refer cho executive (người) => it refers cho cái gì?

B.Meaning: Executive ....make missing signs: Ko make sense

C. Modifier: , especially if it has worked well in the past. PHẢI ĐỨNG CẠNH để modify cho "a course of action" 

C. Pronoun: {it} is unclear because many nouns have intervened between the appearance of the logical referent (course of action) and it.

D. Pronoun: Them...ko thể refer đến Executives' (Sở hữu cách).
Kể cả them refer đến Executives' Mà They thì refer đến signs
=> Them/ They không ĐỒNG NHẤT antecedent -> LOẠI
- Misinterpreting /0/ to miss

Back

Since the 1930's aircraft manufacturers have tried to build airplanes with frictionless wings, shaped so smoothly and perfectly that the air passing over them would not become turbulent.


(A) wings, shaped so smoothly and perfectly

(B) wings, wings so smooth and so perfectly shaped

(C) wings that are shaped so smooth and perfect

(D) wings, shaped in such a smooth and perfect manner

(E) wings, wings having been shaped smoothly and perfectly so
 

Front

Since the 1930's aircraft manufacturers have tried to build airplanes with frictionless wings, shaped so smoothly and perfectly that the air passing over them would not become turbulent.
 

(A) wings, shaped so smoothly and perfectly

(C) wings that are shaped so smooth and perfect

(D) wings, shaped in such a smooth and perfect manner

(E) wings, wings having been shaped smoothly and perfectly so

 

(B) wings, wings so smooth and so perfectly shaped

 

B. smooth & perfectly shaped: được làm nhẵn và có hình dáng hoàn hảo
A.C.E. shape smoothly/ perfect:
D. shaped in such a smooth and perfect manner < (B)
D. such..that
E. having been shaped: đã được shaped trước khi build???

Back
Front

 

 

A. Sau chấm phảy(;) là mệnh đề độc lập -> ko được có and

- of being

B. private=adj /0/ noun=a public realm // a private one/ realm

D. private ones= plural /0/ singular=a public realm // a private one/ realm

D. as opposed to > opposite of (E)

 

Back

Through experimenting designed to provide information that will ultimately prove useful in the treatment of hereditary diseases, mice have received bone marrow transplants that give them a new gene.

(A) Through experimenting designed to provide information that will ultimately prove

(B) Through experiments designed to provide information ultimately proving

(C) In experimentation designed to provide information that ultimately proves

(D) In experimenting designed to provide information ultimately proving

(E) In experiments designed to provide information that will ultimately prove
 

Front

Through experimenting designed to provide information that will ultimately prove useful in the treatment of hereditary diseases, mice have received bone marrow transplants that give them a new gene.
 

(A) Through experimenting designed to provide information that will ultimately prove

(B) Through experiments designed to provide information ultimately proving

(C) In experimentation designed to provide information that ultimately proves

(D) In experimenting designed to provide information ultimately proving

 

(E) In experiments designed to provide information that will ultimately prove

 

1. Có ultimately -> chắc chắn thì tương lai + cần có {will}
E. Will prove: Các thí nghiệm này cung cấp thông tin mà sẽ chứng minh được...->Đúng
B.C.D: Prove = thì hiện tại/ proving= thì hiện tại hoàn thành của "have received" -> Hiện tại các thí nghiệm ngày đã chứng minh được sự hiệu quả của phương pháp điều trị bệnh di truyền
-> Sai: các thông tin này mới đang thu thập, chưa thể chứng minh được hiệu quả của phương pháp vào thời điểm bây giờ

2. A.C.D. Experimenting: hành động thực hiện thí nghiệm, cần có subject của hành động này
experimentation: Thử nghiệm
# cái thí nghiệm = Expriements

Back
Front

 

D. ending -> cái gì thực hiện hành động ending???

E. tăng trưởng nâng suất "ĐANG BỊ CHẬM LẠI ...bị phụ thuộc vào "SỰ KẾT THÚC của period..."

-> sai meaning. Năng suất đang tăng chậm lại -> cái period chưa kết thúc-> dùng  the coming to an end

C. the coming to an end // The slackening of growth

 

Back

The decision by one of the nation's largest banks to admit to $3 billion in potential losses on foreign loans could mean less lending by commercial banks to developing countries and increasing the pressure on multigovernment lenders to supply the funds.

(A) increasing the pressure
(B) the increasing pressure
(C) increased pressure
(D) the pressure increased
(E) the pressure increasing
 

Front

The decision by one of the nation's largest banks to admit to $3 billion in potential losses on foreign loans could mean less lending by commercial banks to developing countries and increasing the pressure on multigovernment lenders to supply the funds.

 

(A) increasing the pressure
(B) the increasing pressure
(D) the pressure increased
(E) the pressure increasing

(C) increased pressure

 

C. less lending // increased pressure = Adj + noun 
A.Sai. sau "and" phải là danh từ: ko phải danh động từ (increasing)
less + Noun-> lending ở đây là danh từ

B,D,E. Sai. the pressure on multigoverment lenders: Các lenders này có thể có rất nhiều pressure, cái pressure ở đây là không xác định -> Ko được dùng the

D,E. Sai: the pressure increased/increasing on multigovernment lenders....: {on multigovernment lenders} phải bổ nghĩa ngay cho {pressure}
- also fail to parallel the adjective + noun construction.

 

Back

In the minds of many people living in England, before Australia was Australia, it was the antipodes, the opposite pole to civilization, an obscure and unimaginable place that was considered the end of the world.


(A) before Australia was Australia, it was the antipodes

(B) before there was Australia, it was the antipodes

(C) it was the antipodes that was Australia

(D) Australia was what was the antipodes

(E) Australia was what had been known as the antipodes
 

Front

In the minds of many people living in England, before Australia was Australia, it was the antipodes, the opposite pole to civilization, an obscure and unimaginable place that was considered the end of the world.

 

(B) before there was Australia, it was the antipodes

(C) it was the antipodes that was Australia

(D) Australia was what was the antipodes

(E) Australia was what had been known as the antipodes

 

(A) before Australia was Australia, it was the antipodes

 

Meaning:
- Trước khi nhiều người ở England thực sự biết về Australia, họ nghĩ nó là antipodes

D. E. Australia đã từng tuy nhiên không còn (was) là một thứ gì đó nữa 
-> sai meaning

D. Australia và antipodes đã từng (was) cùng là một thứ gì đó -> sai meaning

B.There was Aus -> Đã từng có một vùng đất là Aus, trước đó và sau này không còn nữa

C. It was sth that...: mẫu câu dùng để nhấn mạnh, nhưng trong câu này đây không phải intended meaning

Back

The Arthritis Research Institute of America advises women of color that they have twice the likelihood to get osteoarthritis of the knee as do White women.

(A) that they have twice the likelihood to get osteoarthritis of the knee as do White women

(B) that they are twice as likely as White women to get osteoarthritis of the knee

(C) that their likelihood of getting osteoarthritis of the knee is twice as much as White women

(D) of being twice as likely as White women to get osteoarthritis of the knee

(E) of having twice the likelihood of getting osteoarthritis of the knee as White women

Front

A.E. You can't "have a likelihood."

C. A likelihood can be high or low, but not twice as much. 

Back
Front

 

A.D. graders ko thể waste cái gì cả

 

C. wasted rainwater ≈ runoff: nước thải

=> Không có "nước thải" trong "nước thải" chảy xuống ruộng dốc

 

D. Thiếu trợ động từ "do" + not waste

 

D.E. and: ko thể hiện được mối quan hệ nguyên nhân kết quả < so that

 

C.E. there is no: ko trực tiếp, chủ động như câu B

 

Back

Now that so much data travels via light—i.e., is carried in glass fibers rather than by electrical current—one goal of semiconductor research is to develop a silicon chip that can transmit and receive light signals directly, a development that mav one day lead to smaller, faster semiconductors.


A. to develop a silicon chip that can transmit and receive light signals directly, a development that may one day lead

B. to develop a silicon chip with the capability of transmitting and receiving light signals directly, which may one day lead

C. the development of a silicon chip that has the capability of transmitting and receiving light signals directly, a development maybe one day leading

D. developing a silicon chip that can transmit and receive light signals directly, which may one day lead

E. developing a silicon chip with the ability to transmit and receive light signals directly, with this development maybe one day leading

Front

B. to develop a silicon chip with the capability of transmitting and receiving light signals directly, which may one day lead

C. the development of a silicon chip that has the capability of transmitting and receiving light signals directly, a development maybe one day leading

E. developing a silicon chip with the ability to transmit and receive light signals directly, with this development maybe one day leading

 

A. Same

 

1. Idioms
- One goal....is to do sth

2. With modifier:
- chỉ thể hiện sub-component or aspect of the previous observation, 
- không dùng để thể hiện exactly cái được nói ở previous observation
-> E. sai

Back
Front

1. as well (informal) < also (formal)

2. perhaps (adv) /0/ can (modal verb) // may (modal verb)

Sau "may" không chia động từ

Back

The Federal Reserve announcement said that growth had accelerated after slowing in the second quarter and that the policy makers remain concerned about the prospects of inflation, even though there are few signs of higher energy prices driving up the cost of other goods so far.


(A) that growth had accelerated after slowing in the second quarter and that the policy makers remain concerned about the prospects of inflation, even though there are few

(B) growth had accelerated after slowing in the second quarter and that the policy makers remain concerned about the prospects of inflation, even though there are few

(C) that growth had accelerated after slowing in the second quarter and the policy makers remain concerned about the prospects of inflation, even though there are little

(D) growth had accelerated after slowing in the second quarter and the policy makers remain concerned about the prospects of inflation, even though there are little

(E) that growth accelerated after slowing in the second quarter and that the policy makers remain concerned about the prospects of inflation, even though there are few

Front

 

A. had accelerated xảy ra trước khi Fed said

E. accelerated xảy ra cùng thời điểm Fed said

Không chỉ nhìn vào "after slowing in the second quarter" để chọn ngay thì quá khứ

Back

Sales of wines declined in the late 1980s, but they began to grow again after the 1991 report that linked moderate consumption of alcohol, and particularly of red wine, with a reduced risk of heart disease.

 

(A) they began to grow again after the 1991 report that linked moderate consumption of alcohol, and particularly of red wine, with a reduced risk of heart disease

(B) after the 1991 report that linked a reduced risk of heart disease with a moderate alcohol consumption, particularly red wine, they began growing again

(C) in a 1991 report, moderate alcohol consumption, and particularly of red wine, which was linked with a reduced risk of heart disease, caused them to begin to grow again

(D) with a reduced risk of heart disease linked in a 1991 report with moderate alcohol consumption, in particular red wine, they began growing again

(E) a reduced risk of heart disease linked to moderate alcohol consumption in a 1991 report, and in particular red wine, started them growing again

Front

Sales of wines declined in the late 1980s, but they began to grow again after the 1991 report that linked moderate consumption of alcohol, and particularly of red wine, with a reduced risk of heart disease.

 

(D) with a reduced risk of heart disease linked in a 1991 report with moderate alcohol consumption, in particular red wine, they began growing again


(A) they began to grow again after the 1991 report that linked moderate consumption of alcohol, and particularly of red wine, with a reduced risk of heart disease

 

1. Modifier
A. Exception: comma + and - ở đây mang tính ngắt nhịp, giúp câu đọc dễ dàng hơn. Tương tự như X, Y, and Z

B.C.D.E. "(particularly) red wine" is not an example of "alcohol consumption".
A.C.E. "and" vẫn biểu thị song song
- A. of red wine// of alcohol 
- C.E. of/ in red wine /0/ với phần nào đằng trước

D. with.... modifier-> they= sales ...exprience a reduced risk of heart disease

Back

It was only after Katharine Graham became publisher of The Washington Post in 1963 that it moved into the first rank of American newspapers, and it was under her command that the paper won high praises for its unrelenting reporting of the Watergate scandal.

(A) It was only after Katharine Graham became publisher of The Washington Post in 1963 that it moved into the first rank of American newspapers, and it was under her command that the paper won high praises

(B) It was only after Katharine Graham's becoming publisher of The Washington Post in 1963 that it moved into the first rank of American newspapers, and under her command it had won high praises

(C) Katharine Graham became publisher of The Washington Post in 1963, and only after that did it move into the first rank of American newspapers, having won high praise under her command

(D) Moving into the first rank of American newspapers only after Katharine Graham became its publisher in 1963, The Washington Post, winning high praise under her command

(E) Moving into the first rank of American newspapers only after Katharine Graham's becoming its publisher in 1963, The Washington Post won high praise under her command

Front

It was only after Katharine Graham became publisher of The Washington Post in 1963 that it moved into the first rank of American newspapers, and it was under her command that the paper won high praises for its unrelenting reporting of the Watergate scandal.

(A) It was only after Katharine Graham became publisher of The Washington Post in 1963 that it moved into the first rank of American newspapers, and it was under her command that the paper won high praises

(B) It was only after Katharine Graham's becoming publisher of The Washington Post in 1963 that it moved into the first rank of American newspapers, and under her command it had won high praises

(C) Katharine Graham became publisher of The Washington Post in 1963, and only after that did it move into the first rank of American newspapers, having won high praise under her command

(D) Moving into the first rank of American newspapers only after Katharine Graham became its publisher in 1963, The Washington Post, winning high praise under her command

(E) Moving into the first rank of American newspapers only after Katharine Graham's becoming its publisher in 1963, The Washington Post won high praise under her command

 

Idiom:  It was only after...that S V, and it was under her command that S V

 

C. KG became publisher // it did move into ... => KG ≈ it???

C. having won: ko mô tả/ là immediate consequence của việc it move into the 1st rank

 

E

- "moving" and "becoming"

+ Không xảy ra cùng thời điểm WP won high praise (***)

+ KHÔNG modify gì việc TWP won high praise
- won high praise ....for its unrelenting reporting of the Watergate scandal: ko đứng cạnh nhau

Back

Unlike a hurricane, which can be observed from within, a tornado is so small that such a study has not been practical.


(A) that such a study has not been practical

(B) that studying it that way has not been impractical

(C) for such studies as this to have been impractical

(D) as to not make such a study practical

(E) as to be impractical of study

Front

Unlike a hurricane, which can be observed from within, a tornado is so small that such a study has not been practical.

(B) that studying it that way has not been impractical

(C) for such studies as this to have been impractical

(D) as to not make such a study practical

(E) as to be impractical of study

 

(A) that such a study has not been practical
 

A - "such a study" refer về cái study "a hurricane, which can be observed from within" và ám chỉ cái study này không dành cho tornado.

B - "has not been impractical" double negative- INCORRECT

- studying it that way < "such a study"

C - "so small for" 

- as this

- "to have been impractical": Trong quá khứ bị impractical -> sai khi nói về fact
- such studies: plural # trước đó chỉ có 1 study

D - so as to "not make such a study practical" < so that
E - impractical of study: ám chỉ  không thể  thực hiện BẤT CỨ nghiên cứu nào với tornado???

 - impractical of study => impractical to study

Back

Less than 35 years after the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil, their descendents, popularly known as killer bees, had migrated as far north as Southern Texas.


(A) Less than 35 years after the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil,

(B) In less than 35 years since releasing African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil,

(C) In less than the 35 years since African honeybees had been released outside Sao Paulo, Brazil,

(D) It took less than 35 years from the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil, when

(E) It took less than the 35 years after the time that African honeybees were released outside Sao Paulo, Brazil, and then

Front

Less than 35 years after the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil, their descendents, popularly known as killer bees, had migrated as far north as Southern Texas.
 

(B) In less than 35 years since releasing African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil,

(C) In less than the 35 years since African honeybees had been released outside Sao Paulo, Brazil,

(D) It took less than 35 years from the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil, when

(E) It took less than the 35 years after the time that African honeybees were released outside Sao Paulo, Brazil, and then

 

(A) Less than 35 years after the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil,

 

1. Meaning
Cho đến thời điểm 35 năm sau khi những con ong African được thả ở Brazil, con cháu chúng đã di cư xa lên phần phía Bắc tận Southern Texas
=> Dùng Past perfect cho mệnh đề chính: had migrated

B. the honeybees' descendants - releasing tổ tiên của chúng

2. Verb tense
Since + Past simple/một điểm trong quá khứ
C: since + had been released
C. The 35 years: Hiện tại đã là 35 năm năm sau khi release bầy ong này
D.E. It took... + to do what???

 

Back

Selling several hundred thousand copies in six months, the publication of "Maple Leaf Rag" in 1899 was an instant hit, helping to establish Scott Joplin as the preeminent ragtime composer.


(A) Selling several hundred thousand copies in six months, the publication of "Maple Leaf Rag" in 1899 was an instant hit, helping to establish Scott Joplin as the preeminent ragtime composer.

(B) The publication in 1899 of "Maple Leaf Rag" was an instant hit: in six months they sold several hundred thousand copies and it helped establish Scott Joplin as the preeminent ragtime composer.

(C) Helping to establish Scott Joplin as the preeminent ragtime composer was the publication of"Maple Leaf Rag" in 1899, which was an instant hit: it sold several hundred thousand copies in six months.

(D) "Maple Leaf Rag" was an instant hit: it helped establish Scott Joplin as the preeminent ragtime composer, published in 1899 and selling several hundred thousand copies in six months.

(E) Published in 1899, "Maple Leaf Rag" was an instant hit, selling several hundred thousand copies in six months: it helped establish Scott Joplin as the preeminent ragtime composer.

Front

Selling several hundred thousand copies in six months, the publication of "Maple Leaf Rag" in 1899 was an instant hit, helping to establish Scott Joplin as the preeminent ragtime composer.
 

(C) Helping to establish Scott Joplin as the preeminent ragtime composer was the publication of"Maple Leaf Rag" in 1899, which was an instant hit: it sold several hundred thousand copies in six months. 

 

(D) "Maple Leaf Rag" was an instant hit: it helped establish Scott Joplin as the preeminent ragtime composer, published in 1899 and selling several hundred thousand copies in six months.

 

(E) Published in 1899, "Maple Leaf Rag" was an instant hit, selling several hundred thousand copies in six months: it helped establish Scott Joplin as the preeminent ragtime composer.

 

A.C. the publication # publisher/ the book -> không thể selling
C. Helping to do X was Y: sai
-> Y helped to do X
C. It: ko có antecedent rõ ràng
- Không thể refer đến Maple Leaf Rag

 

Back

Although the first pulsar, or rapidly spinning collapsed star, to be sighted was in the summer of 1967 by graduate student Jocelyn Bell, it had not been announced until February, 1968.


(A) Although the first pulsar, or rapidly spinning collapsed star, to be sighted was in the summer of 1967 by graduate student Jocelyn Bell, it had not been announced until February, 1968.

(B) Although not announced until February, 1968, in the summer of 1967 graduate student Jocelyn Bell observed the first pulsar, or rapidly spinning collapsed star, to be sighted.

(C) Although observed by graduate student Jocelyn Bell in the summer of 1967, the discovery of the first sighted pulsar, or rapidly spinning collapsed star, had not been announced before February, 1968.

(D) The first pulsar, or rapidly spinning collapsed star, to be sighted was observed in the summer of 1967 by graduate student Jocelyn Bell, but the discovery was not announced until February, 1968.

(E) The first sighted pulsar, or rapidly spinning collapsed star, was not announced until February, 1968, while it was observed in the summer of 1967 by graduate student Jocelyn Bell.

Front

Although the first pulsar, or rapidly spinning collapsed star, to be sighted was in the summer of 1967 by graduate student Jocelyn Bell, it had not been announced until February, 1968.
 

(A) Although the first pulsar, or rapidly spinning collapsed star, to be sighted was in the summer of 1967 by graduate student Jocelyn Bell, it had not been announced until February, 1968.

(B) Although not announced until February, 1968, in the summer of 1967 graduate student Jocelyn Bell observed the first pulsar, or rapidly spinning collapsed star, to be sighted.

(C) Although observed by graduate student Jocelyn Bell in the summer of 1967, the discovery of the first sighted pulsar, or rapidly spinning collapsed star, had not been announced before February, 1968.

(E) The first sighted pulsar, or rapidly spinning collapsed star, was not announced until February, 1968, while it was observed in the summer of 1967 by graduate student Jocelyn Bell.

 

(D) The first pulsar, or rapidly spinning collapsed star, to be sighted was observed in the summer of 1967 by graduate student Jocelyn Bell, but the discovery was not announced until February, 1968.

------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Cái được announced phải là the discovery, thay vì pulsar-> Loại A,B,E

2. Cấu trúc với the first/ the last: {The first/ the last X + to be V_pp} + main_verb
D. {to be sighted} modify {pulsar}

Ko dùng: the first/ the last X + who/ which....

A. The first pulsar: 1 physical object, không phải một hoạt động/ sự kiện gì để có thể ...was in the summer
You could say that :
it “was observed in the summer of 1967” or “was first seen in the summer of 1967” or maybe even “was first sighted in the summer of 1967”,

A. it had not been announced xảy ra trước khi  was (observed) in the summer???

Back

Performing a risky maneuver that required precision flying, not only did space shuttle astronauts retrieve an orbiting satellite, it was done simultaneously while avoiding being rear-ended by a passing ultraviolet telescope.

A. not only did space shuttle astronauts retrieve an orbiting satellite, it was done simultaneously while avoiding

B. not only was an orbiting satellite retrieved by space shuttle astronauts, but they also simultaneously avoided

C. an orbiting satellite was retrieved by space shuttle astronauts who also avoided simultaneously

D. space shuttle astronauts retrieved an orbiting satellite, simultaneously while avoiding

E. space shuttle astronauts retrieved an orbiting satellite and simultaneously avoided
 

Front

D. space shuttle astronauts retrieved an orbiting satellite, simultaneously while avoiding
 

E. space shuttle astronauts retrieved an orbiting satellite and simultaneously avoided

 

A.D. "simultaneously" cần đứng cạnh "avoid"

D. Sai meaning: Astronauts retrieved "simultaneously" -> làm một việc đồng thời
-> Meaning đúng: Astronauts retrieved và đồng thời avoided
 

V1....,  simultaneously + V2:

-> Làm việc V1, đồng thời thực hiện V2

-> simultaneously: Luôn modify cho V2


*D. Đảo ngược -> while + simultaneously = "while at the same time... = Contrast + đồng thời -> ko redundant

 

Back

In 1914 a total of 469,000 cars and trucks were produced in the United States, but in 1929 almost twice the numbers of trucks alone came off the assembly lines.

(A) the numbers of trucks alone

(B) that number of trucks alone

(C) the number of trucks by themselves

(D) as many trucks themselves

(E) as many trucks by themselves

Front

A. "the numbers"- số nhiều-> sai. Ở đây chỉ có 1 con số 469,000 mà thôi

A.C. the number of trucks: ám chỉ số trucks trước đây

-> B. that number - số ít + ám chỉ con số cụ thể 469.000 (cars + trucks)

 

D. "twice AS MANY trucks"=  "twice as many trucks AS were produced in 1914". (ko cần có AS...AS trong D.E vì trucks năm1914 đã được nhắc đến rồi)

- Intended meaning ko cho cho và cũng ko muốn nói đến gấp đôi số lượng trucks, mà muốn ám chỉ gấp đôi số lượng "cars and trucks" năm 1914

"trucks themselves": ám chỉ khả năng tự nhiên vốn có của trucks -> sai meaning

"trucks BY themselves": trucks nó tự đi ra từ dây chuyền sản xuất ->  sai meaning

Back
Front

1. recovery/ recover from: đúng

C.D. Recovery/ recover out of: sai

 

2. Try to: đúng

B.D. try "and recover/ for the recovery": sai

E. Recovering ....try (to do): thừa "to do"

 

3. C. the procress bị hiểu nhầm là Trying to recover

Meaning: The process = to recover uranium

Back

The loan company announced it would soon lend money to borrowers with proven records of their not paying back their loans on time, collectively known as the subprime lending market.


A. of their not paying back their loans on time,

B. of not paying back their loans on time, a group

C. of not paying back their loans on time, with such a group

D. that they do not pay back their loans on time,

E. that they do not pay back their loans on time, such a group
 

Front

The loan company announced it would soon lend money to borrowers with proven records of their not paying back their loans on time, collectively known as the subprime lending market.


A. of their not paying back their loans on time, (a group)

B. of not paying back their loans on time, a group

C. of not paying back their loans on time, with such a group

D. that they do not pay back their loans on time, (a group)

E. that they do not pay back their loans on time, such a group

 

A.D. cái gì known as a market??? đứng quá xa và cũng ko thể modify borrowers

borrowers không thể hình thành lên 1 market

 

C.E. such a group: ko refer đến group nào trước đó

such a group <=> phải có nhiều group tương tự -> sai. Vì chỉ có 1 group được biết đến như là the subprime lending market

 

D.E. records that they do not pay back -> They pay the records back????

records of doing sth: Đúng 

 

B. a group + collectively known as: Một nhóm + được biết đến CHUNG là ....

collectively:  modify known as -> ko redundant với "a group"

 

 

Back

Much of the hope for continued improvement of the economy lies in the projection of increasing consumer spending this year.

(A) projection of increasing consumer spending
(B) projection of consumers increasing spending for
(C) projected consumer spending increase
(D) consumer spending that is projected to increase
(E) increase in consumer spending that is projected for
 

Front

Much of the hope for continued improvement of the economy lies in the projection of increasing consumer spending this year.
 

(A) projection of increasing consumer spending
(B) projection of consumers increasing spending for
(C) projected consumer spending increase
(D) consumer spending that is projected to increase

(E) increase in consumer spending that is projected for

 

1. Meaning A.B.D. Bản thân Consumer Spending hay Projection of consumer spending không thể khiến cho mọi người hi vọng được. Phải là The increase in consumer spending. 

 

2. Structure 

C. This choice correctly focuses on the increase in consumer spending as a whole. However, it strings together too many adjectives; to make the sentence clearer and more readable, it would be preferable to state increase first as in choice E. 

 

E. Correct. With this choice, it is clear that the underlined portion of the sentence focuses on increase. Use of the preposition {for} also clarifies that the projected increase is attributed to this year."
 

Back

Just because King Alfred occupied and fortified London in 886 did not mean that he also won the loyalty of its citizens: the invading Danes were well aware of this weakness and used it to their advantage in 893.


(A) Just because King Alfred occupied and fortified London in 886 did not mean that he

(B) The fact that King Alfred had occupied and fortified London in 886 did not mean that he had

(C) Just because King Alfred occupied and fortified London in 886, it did not mean he

(D) The fact that King Alfred occupied and fortified London in 886, it did not mean that he

(E) Just because King Alfred had occupied and fortified London in 886, it did not mean he

Front

B. 886 xảy ra trước 893 -> dùng had occupied được

=> Dùng verb tense để loại trong split cuối cùng

B.  Vẫn có thể dùng past perfect với pecific time nếu có time khác để reference

 

A. Just because + clause: ko thể làm subject giống như trong văn nói

C.E. It (did): ko có antecdent

D. Fragment

Back

Antarctica receives more solar radiation than does any other place on Earth, yet the temperatures are so cold and the ice cap is reflective, so that little polar ice melts during the summer; otherwise, the water levels of the oceans would rise 250 feet and engulf most of the world’s great cities.


(A) is reflective, so that little polar ice melts during the summer; otherwise,

(B) is so reflective that little of the polar ice melts during the summer; were it to do so,

(C) so reflective that little polar ice melts during the summer, or else

(D) reflective, so that little of the polar ice melts during the summer, or

(E) reflects so that little of the polar ice melts during the summer; if it did
 

Front

(C) so reflective that little polar ice melts during the summer, or else

 

(B) is so reflective that little of the polar ice melts during the summer; were it to do so,

 

Cả B và C đều đúng với cấu trúc so...that
- the temps are so cold and the ice cap [so] reflective...

C. "or" ám chỉ 2 khả năng bằng nhau, độc lập nhau
- little polar ice melts: một ít băng tan
- OR ELSE the water levels...: hoặc nước dâng lên...
-> sai

B. were it to do so: ám chỉ hypothetical, như vậy mới có would đằng sau chứ
- Nếu toàn bộ băng tan, mực nước sẽ dâng...

 

Back

A 1972 agreement between Canada and the United States reduced the amount of phosphates that municipalities had been allowed to dump into the Great Lakes.


(A) reduced the amount of phosphates that municipalities had been allowed to dump

(B) reduced the phosphate amount that municipalities had been dumping

(C) reduces the phosphate amount municipalities have been allowed to dump

(D) reduced the amount of phosphates that municipalities are allowed to dump

(E) reduces the amount of phosphates allowed for dumping by municipalities
 

Front

A 1972 agreement between Canada and the United States reduced the amount of phosphates that municipalities had been allowed to dump into the Great Lakes.
 

(E) reduces the amount of phosphates allowed for dumping by municipalities 

 

D. reduced the amount of phosphates that municipalities are (were) allowed to dump

 

1. It is not possible to reduce an amount for something that has already happened (had been allowed). --> Very careful with meaning, especially with past perfect.
2. Both "were" and "are" can be used and create the correct answer, but would have different meaning. "are" refers to the current level.

 

E. allowed for dumping by municipalities” ->  “municipalities are allowed to dump.”

Back

A majority of observers interviewed see the Middle East as unstable at present but that it will, or could, become less volatile in the future.

(A) that it will, or could,
(B) that it would, or could,
(C) it will be or could
(D) believe that it will be or could
(E) think the Middle East would or could

Front

A majority of observers interviewed see the Middle East as unstable at present but that it will, or could, become less volatile in the future.

(A) that it will, or could,
(B) that it would, or could,
(C) it will be or could
(D) believe that it will be or could
(E) think the Middle East would or could

 

E. Ko nên lặp lại danh từ (the Middle East)

In the future -> will

"Would" may indicate a hypothetical event in future.

"Could" may indicate an event (in future) that is possible but not certain.

 

C. Clause1 + but + Clause 2 (it will, or could....) => clause 2 là quan điểm của tác giả, không phải góc nhìn của observers?

- không có comma trước but -> cần có verb// see, chứ không phải clause

Back

Declining values for farm equipment and land, the collateral against which farmers borrow to get through the harvest season, is going to force many lenders to tighten or deny credit this spring.

(A) the collateral against which farmers borrow to get through the harvest season, is
(B) which farmers use as collateral to borrow against to get through the harvest season, is
(C) the collateral which is borrowed against by farmers to get through the harvest season, is
(D) which farmers use as collateral to borrow against to get through the harvest season, are
(E) the collateral against which farmers borrow to get through the harvest season, are

Front

Declining values for farm equipment and land, the collateral against which farmers borrow to get through the harvest season, is going to force many lenders to tighten or deny credit this spring.
(A) the collateral against which farmers borrow to get through the harvest season, is
(B) which farmers use as collateral to borrow against to get through the harvest season, is
(C) the collateral which is borrowed against by farmers to get through the harvest season, is
(D) which farmers use as collateral to borrow against to get through the harvest season, are

(E) the collateral against which farmers borrow to get through the harvest season, are

 

1. Declining values for farm equipment and land,...., is/ are?
-> Nếu chủ ngữ là việc declining: ai đó declines values of...-> ko make sense. Vì ở đây giá trị nó tự giảm chứ không ai giảm nó 
-> chủ ngữ là values: số nhiều -> loại A,B,C

2. B.D. sai. ...,which... against...: which ở đây là object -> giới từ against cần đứng trước đại từ quan hệ "which"
Object + which + S + V + preposition
Object + preposition + which + S +V

Back
Front

A.B.C.

- from: giới từ. => Financial uncertainties di chuyển từ the accident đến một cái khác => sai, ko clear bằng resulting from

- resulting from: V_ing modifier - thể hiện được mối quan hệ nhân quả giữa the accident và Financial uncertainties

A. có "is" mà thiếu tobe ở đằng trước

D. "is" đã có "to be" ở đằng trước (không cần phải là động từ chính)

B.C.E. Ambiguous.

Financial uncertainties (X) ...more...to the nuclear industry (Y) than political opposition (Z) 

Back

Researchers agreed that the study of new treatments for heart attack patients was extremely important but more research was needed to determine that balloon angioplasty preceded with ultrasound was or was not any better for heart attack patients than the balloon procedure by itself.


(A) more research was needed to determine that balloon angioplasty preceded with ultrasound was or was not any better for heart attack patients than

(B) more research was needed for determining whether or not balloon angioplasty preceded by ultrasound is any better for heart attack patients than is

(C) that more research was needed to determine whether balloon angioplasty preceded by ultrasound is any better for heart attack patients than

(D) that more research was needed to determine that balloon angioplasty preceded with ultrasound was any better for heart attack patients than

(E) that more research was needed for determining that balloon angioplasty preceded by ultrasound is or is not any better for heart attack patients than is

Front

(A) (that) more research was needed to determine that balloon angioplasty preceded with ultrasound was or was not any better for heart attack patients than

 

(C) that more research was needed to determine whether balloon angioplasty preceded by ultrasound is any better for heart attack patients than 
 

1. Việc whether balloon angioplasty....better for heart attack patients than...: vẫn còn đúng đến ngày nay -> dùng hiện tại

2. Determine that X is true: Support việc X is true -> A. sai meaning
Determine whether X is true: Xác định việc X có đúng hay không

3.A.E. was or was not/is or is not: redundant
B.whether or not: redundant

4. A.B. sai. thiếu that
Researchers đồng ý 2 thứ=> that... but that..

 

Back

Maria Bonaparte put up the ransom that the Nazis insisted on if Freud was to be allowed to leave Vienna.

(A) if Freud was to be allowed
(B) if Freud were allowed
(C) should Freud be allowed
(D) if they will allow Freud
(E) should allowance be made for Freud
 

Front

(B) if Freud were allowed

(C) should Freud be allowed

 

(A) if Freud was to be allowed

 

Meaning: MB đưa ra khoản tiền chuộc mà Đức Quốc xã đòi nếu Freud được phép rời Vienna.
-> Đây là một việc đã được xác định và có thể xảy ra
-> Không dùng were/ should be (hypothetical)
-> dùng was to be: thể hiện tương lai (factual)

Back
Front

 

A.D as much as + Japan's exports: redundant. 

-> có số LƯỢNG + LƯỢNG xuất khẩu + gấp đôi

 

much/ many: không đi kèm với các từ chỉ số lượng như "exports/ the increase/ the the number/ the amount"

 

A.B.D.E. in 1998 modify cho exported 

=> [sixty percent more than what the United States did/  nearly twice as much as Japan's exports]= ADJ KHÔNG thể modify cho [$400 billion in goods]

 

=>  [sixty percent more than....and ...]: phải modify cho cả mệnh đề [EEC exported]

=> 60% more than [S1-V1] and twice as much as [S2-V2]

 

C. The European Economic Community - exported // the United States - exported // the Japanese - did

 

Back

Astronomers at the Palomar Observatory have discovered a distant supernova explosion, one that they believe is a type previously unknown to science.

(A) that they believe is
(B) that they believe it to be
(C) they believe that it is of
(D) they believe that is
(E) they believe to be of
 

Front

Astronomers at the Palomar Observatory have discovered a distant supernova explosion, one that they believe is a type previously unknown to science.

(A) that they believe is
(B) that they believe it to be
(C) they believe that it is of
(D) they believe that is
(E) they believe to be of

 

1. "explosion" = "of type" - THUỘC MỘT LOẠI and not "type"- không phải LÀ MỘT LOẠI

2. Idioms

a. S1+ believes that S2 + V: She BELIEVES THAT Gary IS right. 

b. S1+ believes S2 + to V: She BELIEVES Gary TO BE right.

=> S2 + S1+ believes + to V: Gary who She BELIEVES TO BE right.

 

 

 

Back

More than 300 rivers drain into Siberia's Lake Baikal, which holds 20 percent of the world's fresh water, more than all the North American Great Lakes combined.


(A) More than 300 rivers drain into Siberia's Lake Baikal, which holds 20 percent of the world's fresh water, more than all the North American Great Lakes combined.

(B) With 20 percent of the world's fresh water, that is more than all the North American Great Lakes combined, Siberia's Lake Baikal has more than 300 rivers that drain into it.

(C) Siberia's Lake Baikal, with more than 300 rivers draining into it, it holds more of the world's fresh water than all that of the North American Great Lakes combined, 20 percent.

(D) While more than 300 rivers drain into it, Siberia's lake Baikal holds 20 percent of the world's fresh water, which is more than all the North American Great Lakes combined.

(E) More than all the North American Great Lakes combined, Siberia's Lake Baikal, with more than 300 rivers draining into it, holds 20 percent of the world's fresh water.
 

Front

More than 300 rivers drain into Siberia's Lake Baikal, which holds 20 percent of the world's fresh water, more than all the North American Great Lakes combined.
 

(B) With 20 percent of the world's fresh water, that is more than all the North American Great Lakes combined, Siberia's Lake Baikal has more than 300 rivers that drain into it.

(C) Siberia's Lake Baikal, with more than 300 rivers draining into it, it holds more of the world's fresh water than all that of the North American Great Lakes combined, 20 percent.

(D) While more than 300 rivers drain into it, Siberia's lake Baikal holds 20 percent of the world's fresh water, which is more than all the North American Great Lakes combined.

(E) More than all the North American Great Lakes combined, Siberia's Lake Baikal, with more than 300 rivers draining into it, holds 20 percent of the world's fresh water.
 

A. Same

 

B. That modifier - đứng sau dấu phảy
- With modifier -> modify " Siberia's Lake Baikal has more than 300 rivers that drain into it." : sai meaning

C. Subject, ..., clause: fragment
D. While= contrast/ 2 sự việc xảy ra cùng lúc # meaning ở câu D.

E. "More than all the North American Great Lakes combined" đứng gần + modify Siberia's Lake Baikal,
thay vì 20 percent of the world's fresh water.

 

Back

In recent years cattle breeders have increasingly used crossbreeding, in part that their steers should acquire certain characteristics and partly because crossbreeding is said to provide hybrid vigor.


(A) in part that their steers should acquire certain characteristics

(B) in part for the acquisition of certain characteristics in their steers

(C) partly because of their steers acquiring certain characteristics

(D) partly because certain characteristics should be acquired by their steers

(E) partly to acquire certain characteristics in their steers
 

Front

(A) in part that their steers should acquire certain characteristics
 

(B) in part for the acquisition of certain characteristics in their steers

(C) partly because of their steers acquiring certain characteristics

(D) partly because certain characteristics should be acquired by their steers

 

(E) partly to acquire certain characteristics in their steers

 

Meaning: cattle breeders đã tăng cường việc giao phối chéo, MỘT PHẦN LÀ ĐỂ MÀ có được những phẩm chất nhất định cho steers VÀ MỘT PHẦN BỞI VÌ giao phối chéo được cho là sẽ provide hybrid vigor

A.B. in part /0/ partly
A.D. In that/ Because + should

- inntended meaning không nói về việc "NÊN LÀM GÌ", mà nói về việc giao phối chéo "SẼ ĐƯỢC GÌ"
B. for the acquisition of:
- ai là người acquire?

- lý do - sự việc đã xảy ra - giải thích cho việc tại sao người ta lại giao phối chéo?? -> Cần mục đích-giao phối chéo sẽ được gì
C. Because of their steers:

Back

Over half of all the agricultural products in the world, including tomatoes, potatoes, and tapioca was first grown by the indigenous populations of Centural and South America.

a) was first grown

b) was grown for the first time

c) was grown for at first.

d) were grown at first

e) were first grown

 

Front

 

A.B.C. was -> were

half + Nouns = plural 

 

C. D. grown at first: "first" modify cho "at" => trước tiên được trồng rồi sau đó làm gì đó khác?

E. were first grown: first modify cho grow -> Trồng lần đầu tiên bởi.....

Back

So called green taxes, which exact a price for the use of polluting or nonrenewable fuels, are having a positive effect on the environment and natural resource base of countries as varied as China, the Netherlands, and Hungary.

(A) as varied as
(B) as varied as are
(C) as varied as those of
(D) that are as varied as
(E) that are varied as are

Front

C. So-called green taxes are having a positive effect on the environment and natural resource base of countries as varied as those of China, the Netherlands, and Hungary.

(B) as varied as are
(D) that are as varied as
(E) that are varied as are

(A) as varied as 

 

6. as varied as: rất khác nhau như / limited to: chỉ bao gồm
- ≈ including: Nếu thay as varied as/ limited to = including dùng được thì ok

- modify từ đứng ngay trước nó: countries, thay vì environment and resource base....

C. Nếu modify environment và resource base thì chúng phải là số nhiều: environments và resource bases

B.D.E. Bản thân mỗi đất nước China, the Netherlands, and Hungary: are not varied
-> ko dùng động từ "are" được. 
-> chúng chỉ khác nhau "as varied as"

Back

Sunspots, vortices of gas associated with strong electromagnetic activity, are visible as dark spots on the surface of the Sun but have never been sighted on the Sun’s poles or equator.

(A) are visible as dark spots on the surface of the Sun but have never been sighted on
(B) are visible as dark spots that never have been sighted on the surface of the Sun
(C) appear on the surface of the Sun as dark spots although never sighted at
(D) appear as dark spots on the surface of the Sun, although never having been sighted at
(E) appear as dark spots on the Sun's surface, which have never been sighted on

Front

Sunspots, vortices of gas associated with strong electromagnetic activity, are visible as dark spots on the surface of the Sun but have never been sighted on the Sun’s poles or equator.
(B) are visible as dark spots that never have been sighted on the surface of the Sun

(C) appear on the surface of the Sun as dark spots although never sighted at

(D) appear as dark spots on the surface of the Sun, although never having been sighted at

(E) appear as dark spots on the Sun's surface, which have never been sighted on

 

(A) are visible as dark spots on the surface of the Sun but have never been sighted on

 

B.E. that/which have never been sighted: modify cho dark spots/ Sun's surface
-> cần modify cho sunspots

C. Although + sighted (adj): cùng thì với appear <=> không bao giờ được sighted: sai
-> Chưa từng bao giờ được sighted: have never been sighted

- appear ... as dark spots: verb modifier cần đứng cạnh động từ

C.D. Although + adj: không được đứng sau mệnh đề, chỉ đứng trước clause/ đứng giữa S và V

-> Meaning: Cái sunspots được nhìn thấy như là dark spots ở bề mặt Mặt Trời nhưng chưa bao giờ được nhìn thấy ở Sun's poles

Back

Unlike many United States cities, where a river is no longer the focal point of urban life, the river in San Antonio winds through the middle of the business district, and the River Walk, or Paseo del Rio, is the city's most popular attraction.


(A) Unlike many United States cities, where a river is no longer the focal point of urban life, the river in San Antonio

(B) Unlike the river in many cities in the United States, which is no longer the focal point of urban life, in San Antonio the river

(C) Today the river in many cities in the United States is no longer the focal point of urban life, unlike San Antonio, where it

(D) In few United States cities today, a river is the focal point of urban life, but the river in San Antonio

(E) No longer do many cities in the United States have a river as the focal point of urban life, but in San Antonio the river

Front

Unlike many United States cities, where a river is no longer the focal point of urban life, the river in San Antonio winds through the middle of the business district, and the River Walk, or Paseo del Rio, is the city's most popular attraction.


(A) Unlike many United States cities, where a river is no longer the focal point of urban life, the river in San Antonio

(B) Unlike the river in many cities in the United States, which is no longer the focal point of urban life, in San Antonio the river

(C) Today the river in many cities in the United States is no longer the focal point of urban life, unlike San Antonio, where it

(D) In few United States cities today, a river is the focal point of urban life, but the river in San Antonio

(E) No longer do many cities in the United States have a river as the focal point of urban life, but in San Antonio the river

 

D.  "But"  không thể hiện contrast gì giữa 2 clauses

D. sai meaning: LUÔN LUÔN chỉ có 1 số ít thành phố là có river là trung tâm

Meaning đúng: Trước kia có nhiều, giờ có ít

D. few ≈ no -> negative

-> in no cities, a river is the focal point

->  main clause "a river is the focal point" tách bởi dấu phảy= positive # negative

 

B.C. the river in many cities in the US

-> chỉ có 1 river ở nhiều thành phố???

Back

As an actress and, more importantly, as a teacher of acting, Stella Adler was one of the most influential artists in the American theater, who trained several generations of actors including Marlon Brando and Robert De Niro.


(A) Stella Adler was one of the most influential artists in the American theater, who trained several generations of actors including

(B) Stella Adler, one of the most influential artists in the American theater, trained several generations of actors who include

(C) Stella Adler was one of the most influential artists in the American theater, training several generations of actors whose ranks included

(D) one of the most influential artists in the American theater was Stella Adler, who trained several generations of actors including

(E) one of the most influential artists in the American theater, Stella Adler, trained several generations of actors whose ranks included

Front

As an actress and, more importantly, as a teacher of acting, Stella Adler was one of the most influential artists in the American theater, who trained several generations of actors including Marlon Brando and Robert De Niro.

 

(B) Stella Adler, one of the most influential artists in the American theater, trained several generations of actors who include

 

(C) Stella Adler was one of the most influential artists in the American theater, training several generations of actors whose ranks included

 

1. Modifier
- Ở đây generations of actors nên được tính là một cụm
-> A.B. Marlon Brando & Robert De Niro là 2 actors # generations of actors
A. Who trained... modify cho one of the artists: Cứ nói đến artist thì người ta nghĩ ngay đến việc train?
B. as an actress and as a teacher, Stella ALder ...trained: Việc SA trained chỉ vì cô ấy là teacher, chứ không liên quan gì đến việc cô ấy là actress
C. "several generations of actors whose ranks included..." khiến câu rõ ràng hơn (A) or (B): Brando and De Niro là 2 trong số the ranks of those generations of actors.

Back

Trans World Entertainment Corporation, which owns the Record Town and Saturday Matinee retail chains, announced that since sales of up to one-fourth of its stores are poor, they will be closed.

(A) that since sales of up to one-fourth of its stores are poor, they will be closed

(B) it is closing up to one-fourth of its stores, which accounted for its poor sales

(C) it was closing up to one fourth of its stores because of poor sales

(D) to be closing, on account of poor sales, up to one-fourth of its stores

(E) having poor sales, such that up to one-fourth of its stores will be closed

Front

Trans World Entertainment Corporation, which owns the Record Town and Saturday Matinee retail chains, announced that since sales of up to one-fourth of its stores are poor, they will be closed.

(A) that since sales of up to one-fourth of its stores are poor, they will be closed

(B) it is closing up to one-fourth of its stores, which accounted for its poor sales

(D) to be closing, on account of poor sales, up to one-fourth of its stores

(E) having poor sales, such that up to one-fourth of its stores will be closed

 

(C) it was closing up to one fourth of its stores because of poor sales
 

1. Tense

-  announced không phải lúc nào cũng cần that đằng sau 

- Nhưng sau announced phải lùi thì 

-> loại A, B, E.

 

2. Meaning

D. thông thường: asked/ needed + to be + V_ed -> thể hiện thông báo, yêu cầu của subject

The coach asked to be informed when the players were released from the hospital.
The taxicab was in such poor condition that it needed to be repared before it could be put back into service.

 

announced + to be + V_Ing: ko hợp lý

 

D. on account of poor sales : non-essential modifier, bỏ đi sẽ không rõ intended meaning

 

A. sales of up to one-fourth of its stores". ≈ stores themselves are being sold???  (Sales of X)

-> the store's sales", or "the sales at store X

A. up to 1/4" implies a degree of uncertainty

Chỉ số về sales thì không thể có uncertainty; hoặc là poor, hoặc là ko poor

Cái uncertainty ở đây là số lượng stores bị đóng cửa

 

E. having poor sales,...

-> công ty này có tổng sales kém nên đóng cửa 1/4 stores

# intended meaning: 1/4 stores có doanh số kém nên bị  đóng cửa

Back

 

Front

A.E. week of interviewing-> week of interviews

 

B.C. weeks // procedures

=> in/under OTHER weeks of ordinary interviews

 

A. may + unlikely: redundant

 

E. likely not to: modify thought-> that clause để modify cho cả cụm "behavior and thought"

 

Back

Reporting that one of its many problems had been the recent extended sales slump in women's apparel, the seven-store retailer said it would start a three-month liquidation sale in all of its stores.


(A) its many problems had been the recent

(B) its many problems has been the recently

(C) its many problems is the recently

(D) their many problems is the recent

(E) their many problems had been the recent
 

Front

Reporting that one of its many problems had been the recent extended sales slump in women's apparel, the seven-store retailer said it would start a three-month liquidation sale in all of its stores.
 

(B) its many problems has been the recently

(C) its many problems is the recently

 

(D) their many problems is the recent

(E) their many problems had been the recent

 

(A) its many problems had been the recent

 

1. Verb tense - Reported speech
Reporting -> reported ≈ said 
-> A. had been
B.C. has been/ is


2. Modifier
A. Recent extended sales slump: Sự sụt giảm sales gần đây

B.C. Recently extended sales slump
Slump này BỊ extended *gần đây* -> Ko make sense.
Đâu có ai cố ý extend cái sales slump này đâu

Back

A surge in new home sales and a drop in weekly unemployment claims suggest that the economy might not be as weak as some analysts previously thought.


(A) claims suggest that the economy might not be as weak as some analysts previously thought

(B) claims suggests that the economy might not be so weak as some analysts have previously thought

(C) claims suggest that the economy might not be as weak as have been previously thought by some analysts

(D) claims, suggesting about the economy that it might not be so weak as previously thought by some analysts

(E) claims, suggesting the economy might not be as weak as previously thought to be by some analysts
 

Front

A surge in new home sales and a drop in weekly unemployment claims suggest that the economy might not be as weak as some analysts previously thought.
(B) claims suggests that the economy might not be so weak as some analysts have previously thought

(C) claims suggest that the economy might not be as weak as have been previously thought by some analysts

 

(A) claims suggest that the economy might not be as weak as some analysts previously thought
 

1. Subject - Verb B.A surge and a drop số nhiều không đi kèm được với suggests 

C. (it) have been thought by some analysts (to have been)

Back

In a leveraged buyout, investors borrow huge sums of money to buy companies, hoping to pay off the debt by using the company's earnings and to profit richly by the later resale of the companies or their divisions.


(A) by using the company's earnings and to profit

(B) by using the companies' earnings and by profiting

(C) using the companies' earnings and profiting

(D) with the company's earnings, profiting

(E) with the companies' earnings and to profit

Front

Còn 2 đáp án, phải so sánh kĩ từng chữ, đừng chỉ để ý đến split đầu và cuối

 

Back

Australian embryologists have found evidence that suggests that the elephant is descended from an aquatic animal, and its trunk originally evolving as a kind of snorkel.


(A) that suggests that the elephant is descended from an aquatic animal, and its trunk originally evolving

(B) that has suggested the elephant descended from an aquatic animal, its trunk originally evolving

(C) suggesting that the elephant had descended from an aquatic animal with its trunk originally evolved

(D) to suggest that the elephant had descended from an aquatic animal and its trunk originally evolved

(E) to suggest that the elephant is descended from an aquatic animal and that its trunk originally evolved

Front
  • Australian embryologists have found evidence that suggests that the elephant is descended from an aquatic animal, and its trunk originally evolving as a kind of snorkel.
     

(A) that suggests that the elephant is descended from an aquatic animal, and its trunk originally evolving

(B) that has suggested the elephant descended from an aquatic animal, its trunk originally evolving

(C) suggesting that the elephant had descended from an aquatic animal with its trunk originally evolved

(D) to suggest that the elephant had descended from an aquatic animal and its trunk originally evolved

 

(E) to suggest that the elephant is descended from an aquatic animal and that its trunk originally evolved

 

 

B.C.D Idiom:

- tobe a descendant of= is descended from: LÀ hậu duệ của.... -> Luôn ở dạng bị động
- Thông tin, bằng chứng là facts-> chia ở thì hiện tại:

=> B. has suggested/ C. had descended/ D. Had descended -> sai

A.D.  is decended from
 

A. suggests that Clause, and its trunk evolving: 
D. suggests that Clause, and (that) its trunk evolved

3. Meaning: các nhà khoa học đã tìm thấy bằng chứng suggest 2 điều là: Điều 1 là ..., điều 2 là...
Structure: evidence to suggest that.... and that.....

4. with: không có comma, viết ngay sau danh từ sẽ modify cho danh từ đó
-> C sai: trunk là của con voi chứ không phải của động vật dưới nước"

Back

Critics say that the government had fallen in the recent election because it had announced higher tax rates and allowed the prices of essential commodities to soar unchecked last year.

(A) had fallen in the recent election because it had announced higher tax rates and allowed

(B) fell out of favor in the recent election because it announced higher tax rates and allowed

(C) fell out of favor in the recent election because it had announced higher tax rates and allowed

(D) had fallen in the recent election because it announced higher tax rates and allowed

(E) had fallen in the recent election because it had announced higher tax rates and had allow

Front

(A) had fallen in the recent election because it had announced higher tax rates and allowed

 

(B) fell out of favor in the recent election because it announced higher tax rates and allowed

 

falling xảy ra sau, announcingallowing xảy ra trước
1.recent election -> falling ko thể ở thì past perfect
A.D.E. had fallen

2. last year/ in recent election: thời gian cụ thể -> past simple
- Chỉ dùng thì Quá khứ hoàn thành khi muốn diễn tả mối quan hệ giữa 2 hành động
- Nếu mối quan hệ đã có thể tìm thấy ở các từ khác của câu, dùng thì hiện tại hoàn thành là redundant
=> ở đây có because, thể hiện cause (xảy ra trước) - effect (xảy ra sau) rồi nên không cần past perfect
A.C.E. had announced and allowed

A.D.E. fell out xảy ra sau-> ko thể là thì Quá khứ hoàn thành

 

Back

The Sports Medicine Programs of the Olympic Training Center, a complex where final tryouts are held for athletes representing the United States in the Olympics, is geared toward enhancing athletes' performance and toward their preparation for international competition.

(A) is geared toward enhancing athletes' performance and toward their preparation

(B) is geared to enhance the performance of athletes and to prepare them

(C) are geared to enhance athletes' performance and their preparation

(D) are geared toward the enhancement of athletes' performance and toward preparing them

(E) are geared toward enhancing the performance of athletes and preparing them

Front

Những kiến thức ko phổ thông thì gmat sẽ ko test -> Progams = plural - giống như mặt hình thái của nó # singular= physics / The United States

there are NO 'tricks' on this exam.

the rule is simple -- if you see a plural form, you should assume that it is plural.

 

C. athletes' performance and their preparation: redundant -> Athletes' performance and preparation

Không có enhance cái preparation, chỉ enhance performance thôi

E. prepare somebody for sth: Chuẩn bị cho ai vì sự kiện gì

Back
Front

A.B.E. the effect is like the eruption: sai meaning

The earthquake is like the eruption: đúng meaning

C. its = sinking??

D. each case => Subject của mệnh đề chính cần là earthquake

 

Back

Federal legislation establishing a fund for the cleanup of sites damaged by toxic chemicals permits compensating state governments for damage to their natural resources but does not allow claims for injury to people.


(A) compensating state governments for damage to

(B) compensating state governments for the damaging of

(C) giving state governments compensation for damaging

(D) giving compensation to state governments for the damage of

(E) the giving of compensation to state governments for damaging

Front

Federal legislation establishing a fund for the cleanup of sites damaged by toxic chemicals permits compensating state governments for damage to their natural resources but does not allow claims for injury to people.

 

(B) compensating state governments for the damaging of

(C) giving state governments compensation for damaging

(D) giving compensation to state governments for the damage of

(E) the giving of compensation to state governments for damaging

 

(A) compensating state governments for damage to

 


B.D. The damage/the damaging (< damage) of their natural resources: natural resources gây ra damage?

C.E. for damaging: Federal legislation permit X vì đã thực hiện hành động damaging natural resources???
-> sai. Ở đây không nói đến hành động damaging, mà nói đến sự hư hại (damage) đã gây ra cho natural resource

 

"X for damage to their natural resouces" //  "Y for injury to people".
-> Để ý các giới từ giống nhau để spot parallelism
- compensating: gerund, đóng vai trò như 1 noun
 

Back

Greatly influenced by the Protested missionary Samuel Kirkland, the Oneida was the only one of the five-nation Iroquois League who sided with the colonists during the American Revolution.


A. was the only one of the five-nation Iroquois League who sided
B. was alone of the five-nation Iroquois League when they sided
C. alone among the five-nation Iroquois League sided
D. were the only ones out of the five nations of Iroquois League in siding
E. only of the five-nation Iroquois League had sided

Front

Greatly influenced by the Protested missionary Samuel Kirkland, the Oneida was the only one of the five-nation Iroquois League who sided with the colonists during the American Revolution.

 

(A) was the only one of the five-nation Iroquois League who sided

(B) was alone of the five-nation Iroquois League when they sided

(D) were the only ones out of the five nations of Iroquois League in siding

(E) only of the five-nation Iroquois League had sided

 

(C) alone among the five-nation Iroquois League sided

 

Meaning: Bị ảnh hưởng nặng bởi SK, những người Oneida - duy nhất trong hiệp hội dân bản xứ - đã đứng về phía thực dân trong cuộc CM Mỹ 

1. the Oneida: cộng đồng bộ lạc Oneida - plural
- Nếu the Oneida là một tổ chức/ quốc gia -> Who ...: -> Which 
- Nếu the Oneida là một nhóm người (plural) # was= singular -> sai

2. the five-nation Iroquois League= singular noun
=> one/ alone/ only of the five-nation Iroquois League: sai

3.D. The Oneida were the ones out of the five nations:
<=> The Oneida là nhiều nations: sai
Nếu tính là nation thì Oneida cũng chỉ là 1 nation

4. did X in doing Y: X là xảy ra trong quá trình Y....
-> D. sai meaning. the Oneida were the only ones..." is not something that happened during the course of "siding with xxxx".
 

Back

Some psychiatric studies indicate that among distinguished artists the rates of manic depression and major depression are ten to thirteen times as prevalent as in the population at large.

(A) the rates of manic depression and major depression are ten to thirteen times as prevalent as in
(B) the rates of manic depression and major depression are ten to thirteen times more prevalent than in
(C) the rates of manic depression and major depression are ten to thirteen times more prevalent when compared to
(D) manic depression and major depression are ten to thirteen times as prevalent when compared to
(E) manic depression and major depression are ten to thirteen times more prevalent than in
 

Front

OA :

(E) manic depression and major depression are ten to thirteen times more prevalent than in
 

Rates ko prevalent, cái prevalent là depresion

Back

Responding to the public’s fascination with―and sometimes undue alarm over―possible threats from asteroids, a scale developed by astronomers rates the likelihood that a particular asteroid or comet may collide with Earth.


(A) a scale developed by astronomers rates the likelihood that a particular asteroid or comet may

(B) a scale that astronomers have developed rates how likely it is for a particular asteroid or comet to

(C) astronomers have developed a scale to rate how likely a particular asteroid or comet will be to

(D) astronomers have developed a scale for rating the likelihood that a particular asteroid or comet will

(E) astronomers have developed a scale that rates the likelihood of a particular asteroid or comet that may

Front

Responding to the public’s fascination with―and sometimes undue alarm over―possible threats from asteroids, a scale developed by astronomers rates the likelihood that a particular asteroid or comet may collide with Earth.
 

(C) astronomers have developed a scale to rate how likely a particular asteroid or comet will be to

(E) astronomers have developed a scale that rates the likelihood of a particular asteroid or comet that may

 

(D) astronomers have developed a scale for rating the likelihood that a particular asteroid or comet will

 

C. likely + will: redundant
will + be to: redundant
 

E. a scale thì không {rate} cái gì cả, người mới {rate}
E. Likelihood (Khả năng) của một cái asteroid or comet -> vô nghĩa

D.{likelihood + that clause}: khả năng 1 cái gì thực hiện hành động gì -> make sense

 

Back

India, like Italy and China, has no single dominant cuisine: Indian food comprises many different styles of cooking, with each a product of their regional influences, from the fiery vegetarian dishes of the south to the Portuguese-influenced Goan cooking of the west, to the more familiar Mogul food of the north.

(A) with each a product of their

(B) with each as a product of its

(C) each products of their

(D) each a product of

(E) each products of

Front

India, like Italy and China, has no single dominant cuisine: Indian food comprises many different styles of cooking, with each a product of their regional influences, from the fiery vegetarian dishes of the south to the Portuguese-influenced Goan cooking of the west, to the more familiar Mogul food of the north.

 

(A) with each a product of their 
(B) with each as a product of its
(C) each products of their
(E) each products of

(D) each a product of

 

1. A.B. {comma + with each...} ko modify được cho styles of cooking

- With modifier sau dấu phảy thường modify cho cả clause

- each: subgroup modifier - mô tả toàn bộ đối tượng # with - subcomponent => ko đi cùng nhau được

2.D. Subgroup modifier: each ở đây là {each style}
Each style = a product of regional influences: Mỗi style là 1 sản phẩm của các ảnh hưởng vùng miền

3.A. C.E. each (singular) + products/  their (plural)

4. their/ its regional influences: regional influences không thuộc sở hữu của styles

Back

Because she knew many of the leaders of colonial America and the American Revolution personally, Mercy Otis Warren was continually at or near the center of political events from 1765 to 1789, a vantage point combining with her talent for writing to make her one of the most valuable historians of the era.

(A) a vantage point combining with her talent for writing to make

(B) a vantage point, when combined with her talent for writing, that made

(C) a vantage point that combined with her talent for writing, and it made

(D) and this vantage point, which combined with her talent for writing to make

(E) and this vantage point, combined with her talent for writing, made

Front

Because she knew many of the leaders of colonial America and the American Revolution personally, Mercy Otis Warren was continually at or near the center of political events from 1765 to 1789, a vantage point combining with her talent for writing to make her one of the most valuable historians of the era.

(A) a vantage point combining with her talent for writing to make

(B) a vantage point, when combined with her talent for writing, that made

(C) a vantage point that combined with her talent for writing, and it made

(D) and this vantage point, which combined with her talent for writing to make

(E) and this vantage point, combined with her talent for writing, made

 

B. When combined: Ám chỉ sometimes cái vantage point được combined with her talent, sometimes không

A.C.D. combined - dạng chủ động -> sai

Back

Many of them chiseled from solid rock centuries ago, the mountainous regions of northern Ethiopia are dotted with hundreds of monasteries.


(A) Many of them chiseled from solid rock centuries ago, the mountainous regions of northern Ethiopia are dotted with hundreds of monasteries.

(B) Chiseled from solid rock centuries ago, the mountainous regions of northern Ethiopia are dotted with many hundreds of monasteries.

(C) Hundreds of monasteries, many of them chiseled from solid rock centuries ago, are dotting the mountainous regions of northern Ethiopia.

(D) The mountainous regions of northern Ethiopia are dotted with hundreds of monasteries, many of which are chiseled from solid rock centuries ago.

(E) The mountainous regions of northern Ethiopia are dotted with hundreds of monasteries, many of them chiseled from solid rock centuries ago.

Front

Many of them chiseled from solid rock centuries ago, the mountainous regions of northern Ethiopia are dotted with hundreds of monasteries.

 

(A) Many of them chiseled from solid rock centuries ago, the mountainous regions of northern Ethiopia are dotted with hundreds of monasteries.

(B) Chiseled from solid rock centuries ago, the mountainous regions of northern Ethiopia are dotted with many hundreds of monasteries.

(C) Hundreds of monasteries, many of them chiseled from solid rock centuries ago, are dotting the mountainous regions of northern Ethiopia.

(D) The mountainous regions of northern Ethiopia are dotted with hundreds of monasteries, many of which are chiseled from solid rock centuries ago.

 

(E) The mountainous regions of northern Ethiopia are dotted with hundreds of monasteries, many of them chiseled from solid rock centuries ago.

 

1. Subgroup modifiers
A,B. Sai. (Many of them) chiseled from solid rock..., the mountainous regions...
->các vùng núi thì không thể được trạm trổ từ đá được 

2. Verb tense
C. Sai. Thông tin ở đây là facts, không dùng are dotting được
D. Sai. việc trạm trổ được thực hiện hàng ngàn năm trước -> ko dùng thì hiện tại "are chiseled" được

E. Đúng. Subgroup modifiers + Past participle
 

Back

In order to evenly and effectively paint a rough surface, it is necessary to sand it and apply primer before applying the paint.


A. it and apply primer before applying the paint

B. it and prime it and paint it

C. it, then prime it, then paint it

D. the surface and apply primer before you apply paint to the surface

E. the surface, apply primer to the surface and then paint it

Front

B.C.E. Để paint hiệu quả, chúng ta cần....paint it ????

Meaning: chúng ta cần before applying the paint để modify cho 2 hành động sand it và apply primer

D. you - đây là ai???

Back

In assessing the problems faced by rural migrant workers, the question of whether they are better off materially than the urban working poor is irrelevant.

(A) In assessing the problems faced by rural migrant workers, the question of whether they are better off materially than the urban working poor is irrelevant.

(B) The question of whether the rural migrant worker is better off materially than the urban working poor is irrelevant in assessing the problems that they face.

(C) A question that is irrelevant in assessing the problems that rural migrant workers face is whether they are better off materially than the urban working poor.

(D) In an assessment of the problems faced by rural migrant workers, the question of whether they are better off materially than the urban working poor is irrelevant.

(E) The question of whether the rural migrant worker is better off materially than the urban working poor is irrelevant in an assessment of the problems that they face.
 

Front

In assessing the problems faced by rural migrant workers, the question of whether they are better off materially than the urban working poor is irrelevant.


(A) In assessing the problems faced by rural migrant workers, the question of whether they are better off materially than the urban working poor is irrelevant.

(B) The question of whether the rural migrant worker is better off materially than the urban working poor is irrelevant in assessing the problems that they face.

(C) A question that is irrelevant in assessing the problems that rural migrant workers face is whether they are better off materially than the urban working poor.

(E) The question of whether the rural migrant worker is better off materially than the urban working poor is irrelevant in an assessment of the problems that they face.

 

(D) In an assessment of the problems faced by rural migrant workers, the question of whether they are better off materially than the urban working poor is irrelevant.

 

1. V_ing modifier:
A.B.C.In assessing..., the question...: sai. Question ko đánh giá cái gì cả, 
-> phải là AI ĐÓ assess the problem

D. In an assessment..., the question... is irrelevant

2. Pronoun
B. E  the rural migrant worker = singular vs. plural= the urban working poor 
-> meaning là plural vs. plural
3. Structure
C. Main clause = A question ...is whether ...

Back

According to analysts, an alliance between three major personal computer companies and most of the nation’s largest local telephone companies would enable customers to receive Internet data over regular telephone lines with speeds much higher than is currently possible.
A. with speeds much higher than is
B. with speeds that are much higher than are
C. at much higher speeds as are
D. at much higher speeds than that
E. at speeds much higher than are

Front

 

A.D. Speeds = plural # is/that = singular

E. at speeds much higher than (what) are currently possible

Back

The bones of Majungatholus atopus, a meat-eating dinosaur that is a distant relative of Tyrannosaurus rex and closely resembles South American predatory dinosaurs, have been discovered in Madagascar.


(A) The bones of Majungatholus atopus, a meat-eating dinosaur that is a distant relative of Tyrannosaurus rex and closely resembles South American predatory dinosaurs, have been discovered in Madagascar.

(B) The bones of a meat-eating dinosaur, Majungatholus atopus, a distant relative of Tyrannosaurus rex and with a close resemblance to South American predatory dinosaurs, has been discovered in Madagascar.

(C) In Madagascar, the bones of a meat-eating dinosaur, Majungatholus atopus, distantly related to Tyrannosaurus rex and closely resembled South American predatory dinosaurs, have been discovered.

(D) A distant relative of Tyrannosaurus rex, bearing a close resemblance to South American predatory dinosaurs is Majungatholus atopus, a meat-eating dinosaur, the bones of which have been discovered in Madagascar.

(E) A distant relative of Tyrannosaurus rex and closely resembling South American predatory dinosaurs, the bones of a meat-eating dinosaur, Majungatholus atopus, have been discovered in Madagascar.

Front

(C) In Madagascar, the bones of a meat-eating dinosaur, Majungatholus atopus, distantly related to Tyrannosaurus rex and closely resembled South American predatory dinosaurs, have been discovered.

 

(A)  The bones of Majungatholus atopus, a meat-eating dinosaur that is a distant relative of Tyrannosaurus rex and closely resembles South American predatory dinosaurs, have been discovered in Madagascar.

 

C. related (participle) /0/ resembled (Verb - nội động từ)
- Đề phòng cùng V_ed nhưng một cái là participle, một cái là Verb

 

 

Back

The auto industry has experienced one of its most significant trends in the last 50 years, which is the migration of motorists from passenger cars to minivans, sport utility vehicles, and pickups.

(A) The auto industry has experienced one of its most significant trends in the last 50 years, which is
(B) Of the trends the auto industry experienced in the last 50 years has been one of the most significant
(C) In the last 50 years, one of the most significant trends that the auto industry has been experiencing has been
(D) One of the most significant trends that the auto industry has experienced in the last 50 years is
(E) In the last 50 years, the auto industry experienced one of the most significant trends that it has had, that of

Front

C. has been -> one of the most significant trend - KO CÒN LÀ  the migration nữa sao??

-> one of ...is the migration: là 1 cái fact-> dùng hiện tại

- in the last 50 years: modify "has been experienced", thay vì "has been"

E. experienced 

In the last 50 years -> has experienced

Back

George Washington Carver dedicated his life to the economic strengthening of the South with improvement of soil and diversification of crops.

(A) the economic strengthening of the South with improvement of soil and diversification of crops
(B) strengthening the economy in the South with soil improvement and the diversification of crops
(C) strengthening the economy of the South through soil improvement and crop diversification
(D) the strengthening of the economy of the South through improving soil and crop diversifying
(E) the economic strengthening in the South with improving soil and diversifying crops

Front

 

committed to ___ing

dedicated to ___ing

opposed to ___ing

 

B.D. soil improvement /0/ the diversification of crops,  improving soil /0/ crop diversifying

A.D.  the economic strengthening of the South=> South tự strengthen economy của nó??

 

A.B.E. dedicate his life to 2 thứ" strengthening ... CÙNG VỚI improvement of soil and diversification of crops"???

D.E. G.W  tự improving và diversifying???

Back

With an awareness that there are connotations associated with the numbers 1 and 2 and the letters A and B, companies conducting consumer taste tests of foods or beverages typically choose numbers such as 697 or 483 to label the products.

A. With an awareness that there are connotations associated with the numbers 1 and 2 and the letters A and B
B. Because the numbers 1 and 2 and the letters A and B have connotations they are aware of
C. Because of an awareness of the numbers 1 and 2 and the letters A and B having connotations
D. Aware of the connotations of the numbers 1 and 2 and the letters A and B
E. Since the numbers 1 and 2 and the letters A and B have connotations associated with them and they are aware of it

Front

A. With an awareness that there are connotations associated with the numbers 1 and 2 and the letters A and B

B. Because the numbers 1 and 2 and the letters A and B have connotations (that) they are aware of

C. Because of an awareness of the numbers 1 and 2 and the letters A and B having connotations

E. Since the numbers 1 and 2 and the letters A and B have connotations associated with them and they are aware of it

 

D. Aware of the connotations of the numbers 1 and 2 and the letters A and B

 

A.B.E: company chỉ biết là có connotations thôi, nhưng không biết chính xác cụ thể là cái gì

there are....: chỉ thể hiện sự tồn tại XYZ
B. connotations (that) they are aware of -> connotations of which they are aware

C. Companies chỉ có awareness về bản thân 1, 2 và A,B
1,2 & A,B having connotations: essential modifier 
-> còn có những letters khác không có connotations???

D. Aware of the connotations: biết chính xác cụ thể về cái connotations

 

Back

Birds known as honeyguides exhibit a unique pattern of behavior: the bird leads another animal, such as a honey-badger or human, to a bees’ nest with their chattering when they fly ahead; after the larger animal takes honey, the bird eats the wasp and bee larvae.

A. with their chattering when they fly
B. with chattering and its flying
C. by chattering as it flies
D. by chattering and its flying
E. by chattering as they are flying

Front

A.E. they/ their -> ko thể refer đến the bird

B.D. chattering = gerund /0/ its flying = complex noun
Nó sử dụng chattering TRONG KHI nó bay phía trước là đủ để để lead rồi -> dùng BY + AS

Back

The Quechuans believed that all things participated in both the material level and the mystical level of reality, and many individual Quechuans claimed to have contact with it directly with an ichana (dream) experience.

(A) contact with it directly with
(B) direct contact with it by way of
(C) contact with the latter directly through
(D) direct contact with the latter by means of
(E) contact directly with the mystical level due to

Front

C. contact with the latter directly through

 

D. direct contact with the latter by means of

 

C. Ambiguous 

1. {contact with the latter directly through...}: 

- Contact là direct, dream experience chỉ là đường dẫn để THÔNG QUA channel 

2. {contact with the latter directly through...}: 

- Contact không biết là có direct hay không? 

- Nhưng việc có contact là phải TRỰC TIẾP THÔNG QUA dream exp 

 

Ex #: Use this door only after 5pm. 

 

interpretation #1: Use this door only after 5pm (i.e., don't use any other doors after 5pm) 

interpretation #2: Use this door only after 5pm (i.e., don't use this door until 5pm) 
 

Back

Teratomas are unusual forms of cancer because they are composed of tissues such as tooth and bone not normally found in the organ in which the tumor appears.


(A) because they are composed of tissues such as tooth and bone

(B) because they are composed of tissues like tooth and bone that are

(C) because they are composed of tissues, like tooth and bone, tissues

(D) in that their composition, tissues such as tooth and bone, is

(E) in that they are composed of tissues such as tooth and bone, tissues
 

Front

(A) because they are composed of tissues such as tooth and bone

(D) in that their composition, tissues such as tooth and bone, is

 

(E) in that they are composed of tissues such as tooth and bone, tissues

 

Meaning: Teratomas là những loại cancer không bình thường, nguyên nhân duy nhất là chúng bao gồm những tế bào như răng và xương, những tế bào BÌNH THƯỜNG sẽ không tìm thấy ở nơi khối u xuất hiện

 

A.B.C. Because= cause - nguyên nhân vì sao + effect - teratomas là unusual forms of cancer-> sai
- ở đây chỉ GIẢI thích TẠI sao .... -> in that

A.B. tooth and bone normally not found
-> phải là: những tissues này ......., tooth and bone chỉ là 1 trong những tissues thôi

D. their COMPOSITION: SỰ CẤU TẠO - không được found in the organ -> sai
-> their COMPONENTS: các thành phần

 

Back

The first shots of the American Revolution, fired at Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts, were, according to legend, heard around the world, but news of these shots, which were sent by swift messenger, took four days in reaching New York City as well as another additional eleven days to reach Charleston, South Carolina.


(A) shots, which were sent by swift messenger, took four days in reaching New York City as well as another additional eleven days

(B) shots that was sent by swift messenger took four days in order to reach New York City, and also another eleven days

(C) shots that were sent by swift messenger took four days to reach New York City and another eleven days

(D) shots took four days by swift messenger in order to reach New York City and another eleven days in addition

(E) shots took four days by swift messenger to reach New York City and another eleven days
 

Front

The first shots of the American Revolution, fired at Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts, were, according to legend, heard around the world, but news of these shots, which were sent by swift messenger, took four days in reaching New York City as well as another additional eleven days to reach Charleston, South Carolina.
 

(B) shots that was sent by swift messenger took four days in order to reach New York City, and also another eleven days

(C) shots that were sent by swift messenger took four days to reach New York City and another eleven days

 

(E) shots took four days by swift messenger to reach New York City and another eleven days

 

news: singular and uncountable

B. news of shots that was sent ....in order to= thể hiện "goal"
News= things # người/ động vật -> không có GOAL

E. took {time period} to {Verb}: idiom, không thể hiện goal gì cả

*idiom:
by swift messenger = by + Method
-> không liên quan gì đến passive voice

Back

His studies of ice-polished rocks in his Alpine home land, far outside the range of present-day glaciers, led Louis Agassiz in 1837 to propose the concept of an age in which great ice sheets had existed in now currently temperate areas.


(A) in which great ice sheets had existed in now currently temperate areas

(B) in which great ice sheets existed in what are now temperate areas

(C) when great ice sheets existed where there were areas now temperate

(D) when great ice sheets had existed in current temperate areas

(E) when great ice sheets existed in areas now that are temperate

Front

His studies of ice-polished rocks in his Alpine home land, far outside the range of present-day glaciers, led Louis Agassiz in 1837 to propose the concept of an age in which great ice sheets had existed in now currently temperate areas.


(A) in which great ice sheets had existed in now currently temperate areas

(C) when great ice sheets existed where there were areas now temperate

(D) when great ice sheets had existed in current temperate areas

(E) when great ice sheets existed in areas now that are temperate

 

(B) in which great ice sheets existed in what are now temperate areas
 

1. Modifier
- In which: modify cho 1 khoảng thời gian

- when: modify cho 1 thời điểm
A. now currently -> redundant
D. current -> cần đổi thành currently để modify cho temperate: Các khu vực mà có khí hậu ôn hoà trong thời gian gần đây 
E. now là adverb, cần đứng ngay sau động từ are -> areas that are now temperate

2. Verb tense
A.D. had existed: không có lý do gì để dùng thì quá khứ hoàn thành, khi việc tồn tại của ice age là fact, không liên quan gì đến việc LA propose
- an age: một khoảng thời gian xác định, nên dùng quá khứ đơn
C. there were areas: Các areas này vẫn ở đó -> ko dùng were
 

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