Section 1
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Antibodies
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Cards (571)
Section 1
(50 cards)
Antibodies
Infection-fighting proteins
Hypocalcemia
Condition commonly referred to as milk fever; caused by low blood calcium occuring at parturition
True or False: Fats easily dissolve in water.
False
Give another name for the cell membrane.
Plasma Membrane
List the four stages of mitosis. (The book list five)
1. Interphase 2. Prophase 3. Metaphase 4. Anaphase 5. Telophase
Rigor mortis
Muscle stiffness occurring after death
How might cancer cells differ from a normally dividing cell?
With cancer cells, new cells produce more quickly than needed, resulting in an accumulation or mass of cells in a region.
Displaced abomasum
Condition commonly called a twisted stomach in which the fourth stomach of a cow fills with gas and is pulled upward; commonly occurs shortly after calving
Keratin
Specialized protein deposited in cells giving a typical hardness and durability
Metabolism
All reaction conducted in the cells
Ligaments
Connective tissue that attaches bones to bones
Catabolism
Cellular reactions that break larger molecules into smaller ones
List five mechanisms of cellular exchange.
1. Diffusion 2. Osmosis 3. Active Transport 4. Endocytosis 5. Exocytosis
Hydrophobic
Repeled by water
Homeostasis
Maintenance of the extracellular fluid
Active transport
Process that allows the pumping of a substance into an area of higher concentration
Osmosis
Process that allows a solvent to move across a membrane in an effort to equalize concentration but will not allow large molecules of the solute to pass
Do mammals have an even or odd number of chromosomes?
Even
Tissue
Collection of cells organized for a particular function
Cancer
Uncontrolled cell division
Do enzymes function identically in all species?
No
Endocytosis
Process that allows the cell membrane to wrap around a particle and then section it into the cytoplasm as a vacuole
Lipid
Fat
Adipose tissue
Fat
Extracellular fluid (EFC) surrounds all living cells and is derived from _____.
Blood
Diabetes
A disorder evidence by elevated blood sugar levels. More correctly, diabetes mellitus
Anabolism
Cellular reactions that break combine smaller molecules into larger ones
Glycogen
Polysaccharide, which is used to store cellular energy
All cellular reactions are collectively called _________.
Metabolism
Organs
Collections of tissue
Diffusion
Process that allows molecules to move across a membrane in an effort to equal concentration
Integument
Skin
Myofiber
Muscle cell
Hydrophilic
Attracted to or soluble in water
Tendons
Connective tissue that attaches muscles to bones
How many different types of amino acids are used to make proteins?
Twenty-two
Enzymes
Protein molecules that speed chemical reactions in the body
Malignant
Description of a tumor that will invade other parts of the body
Anesthetize
To sedate animals so they lack sensitivity or awareness
Too much blood sugar indicates which disease?
Diabetes
Epithelial tissues
Collection of cells that line the body's surface and openings
Basement membrane
Collection of fibers that ties the epithelial layer to the underlying connective tissue
Antibiotics
Drugs that fight bacterial infections
Porcine stress syndrome
Swine condition in which calcium leaks from the endoplasmic reticulum, causing pigs to shake involuntarily
Pathologist
Scientist who interpret and diagnose changes in cells and tissues
Exocytosis
The process which takes a membrane bound sac, joins it to the cell membrane, and then releases it to the extracellular fluid
Foot-and-mouth disease
Highlu infectious viral diseasse that selectively attacks epithelial tissue in cloven-hoofed animalY
True or False: Smooth ednoplasmic reticulum (SER) contains ribosomes.
False
True or False: Larger molecules diffuse more readily than smaller molecules.
False
Benign
Description of a tumor that is localized abd will not spread to other areas of the body
Section 2
(50 cards)
Diastole
Relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle
Heart failure
Conition in which the heart cannot meet the deman of the animal
Hyper-
Prefix that indicates above normal
Electrocardiograph
Electronic instrument that picks up the small electrical signal that runs through the body
What type of tissue lines the body's surface and openings?
Epithelial tissue
Peripheral nervous system
All nerves outside the brain adn spinal column
Tachycardia descirbes an _______ heart rate.
Faster than normal
Central nervous system
Brain and spinal cord
Tying up, or Monday-morning disease
Cramping with potenial muscle damage in working horses that occurs the Monday after a weekend of rest and full feed
Name one of the three types of protein found in plasma.
Albumin, Globulins, Fibrinogen
Electrocardiogram
Tracing made by the electrocardiograph
List two involuntary muscle types.
Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle
Erythropoiesis
Production of red blood cells
True or False: Hair is epidermal tissue.
True
Veins
Vessels that transport blood back to the heart
Leukocytes help to fight _______.
Infection
List three types of neurons.
Sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons
Horner's syndrome
Nerve damage that causes several eye malfunctions, including pupil contriction, eyelid drooping, protrusion of the third eyelid, and sunken eyes
After death, the body lacks energy to pump calcium back into endoplasmic reticulum. Consequently, the body stiffens. Name this condition.
Rigor mortis
Neurons
Nerve cell
Centrifuge
A machine that spinds substances such as blood to separate differing densities within the spun matter
Cranial
Refers to the head
Shock
Condition in which not enough blood is pumped to vital tissues, associated with a drop in blood pressure
True or False: The atrium is a portion of the auricle
False
Autoimmue disease
Condition in which the body's immun systems destroys its own cells
______ provide sites of nutrient/gas transfer in the circulatory system.
Capillaries
Arteries
Vessles that transport blood away from the heart
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
Procedure used to stimulate the heart to deliver oxygen to the lungs
Caudal
Refers to the tail
Heart murmur
Leakage within the heart, creating an abnormal heart sound
Arrhyhthmia
Any change in rate, rhyhthm, or conduction within the heart
Differentiate between tendons and ligaments.
Tendons attach muscles to bones and ligaments attach bones to bones.
Pacemaker system
Maintains the regular rhythm of the heart
Arteries carry blood _____ (direction) from the heart
Away
Tachycardia
Elevated heart rate
What type of tissue is under attack in foot-and-mouth disease?
Epithelial tissue
What type of epithelial tissue lines the urinary tract?
Transitional epithelium
Systole
Contraction phase of the cardiac cycle
Name the hairlike extension from the nerve cell body that carries the nerve impulse.
Axon
Hardware disease
Occurs when ruminants inadvertently consume metal, which migrates through their bodies, causing infection
-emia
Suffix used to describe levels in the bloodstream
Blood can be divided into fluid and _____ parts.
Blood seperates into a fluid portion and a formed element portion
Cardiac cycle
One complete contraction and relaxation of the heart
List the three muscle types.
Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
Which of the four stomachs of a cow becomes displaced when a twisted stomach occurs?
The fourth (abomasum)
Hypo-
Prefix that indicates below normal
Why do light-colored hourses have a higer incidence of melanoma than dark-colored horses?
Because they have little skin pigment
True or False: Kidney damage may occur in Monday-morning disease.
True
Describe the shape of squamous cells.
Flat
Sweeny
Nerve damage and resultant shoulder muscle shrinkage occurring in draft horses from pullin harnesses
Section 3
(50 cards)
Palpated
Felt
Bronchodilators
Medications that open the airways
What purpose do heart valves serve?
Keep blood flowing in one direction
Urinalysis
Evaluation of urine
Gout
Painful disease resulting from high serum levels of uric acid
Inspiration
When air is taken into the lungs
Name the reflex action that occurs when there is an irritation in the nose.
Sneezing
Specific gravity
Weight of liquid as compared with distilled water
Is blood pressure higher in the arteries or veins?
Arteries
Doe
Female goat
The human larynx is often called the _____.
Glottis
Contagious
Disease conition that can be passed among organisms
The muscles between the ribs are called the ______.
External intercostal muscles
Ventral
Below
Describe the electrocardiograph durin an asystole conition.
The tracing in this condition is basically a flat lin. The hear is no longer contracting. The animal is described as being in cardiac arrest. Depending on the cause, external stimulation may be able to start the heart. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) can be used to stimulate the deart to deliver oxygen to the lungs.
What substance lines the lungs, making them easier to inflate?
Surfactant
What controls the rate or respiration?
The brain
True or False: The cartilage rings of the trachea are shaped like an O.
False (C shaped)
Intravenous
In the vein
What species can develop a condition referred to as roaring?
Horses
Pneumonia
Inflammation of the lungs
Refractometer
Instrument that measures specific gravity
Retro
Behind
The _______ is the common area shared by the nose and throat.
Pharynx
Pleural friction rub
Noise heard when listening to lungs with irritated pleura
Respiration
Exchange of gases between the animal and its enviroment
What medical tool is used to evaluate breathing?
Stethoscope
The trachea brances into two _____.
Major bronchi
Expiration
When air is forced from the lungs
Isotonic
The same concentration
Mastitis
Infection of the mammary glan
Spayed
Indicated a female animal with reproductive organs removed
Dorsal
Toward, on, or in the back
Buck
Male goat
Is the cranial vena cava referred to as inferior or superior in humans?
Inferior
Serum
Clear yellow substance obtained when separating blood components
What is the normal rate of respiration rate for a dog?
22
Heaves
Noncontagious condition in horses that causes coughing, nasal dischage, labored breathing, and rapid fatigue; often caused by inhaling dust and molds
Endotracheal tube
Tube, often used in administering anesthesia, that is passed through the trachea
Gas exchanges in the smallest openings of the respiratory system. These openings are called the _______.
Epiglottis and Larynx
True or False: Mucuse lines the epithelial tissue in the nostrils.
True
Urinary incontinence
Leakage of urin at inappropriate times
Free catch urine
Urine caught outside the body while the animal urinates
Which of the four heart chambers has the thickest wall?
Left ventricle
Azotemia
Evaluation of both urea nitrogen and creatinine in the blood
What sound does a systolic murmur make?
Swishing noise
What plays a more significant role in the control of respiration, oxygen, or carbon dioxide?
A hot day, or a trip to the veterinarian
Give another name for the sinoatrial node.
Pacemaker system
Cyanosis
BLue color associated with low oxygen levels in the lungs
Roaring
Horse condition in which one of the vocal folds fails to open, thus causing an ensuing roaring noise when the horse breathes heavily during exertion
Section 4
(50 cards)
Phenobarbital
Drug used to control seizures
What dietary component may be limited in animals with chronic renl failure?
Their appetite
Vestibular system
Balance center
When sodium levels increase, an animal is stimulated to ______.
To drink
What is the primary function of the renal system?
Excrete nitrogen containing wastes from the body
Acute
Sudden onset
True or False: Urine becomes more concentrated during times of hydration.
False (dehydration)
What tool measures specific gravity?
Refractometer
Name the ruminants discussed in the text.
Cows, sheep, and goats
Skin turgor
Measure of the hydration which test how quickly the skin returns to its normal position after being pinched
True or False: Small-intestin diarrhea typically occurs very frequently.
False
Monogastric
Single stomached
Can azotemia result from dehydration?
Yes
Chronic
Long term
True or False: Looking at the teeth of a horse can help determine the animals age.
True
Are cats carnivores or herbivores?
Carnivores
List the pH level of the stomach
2 to 3
Spay (ovariohysterectomy)
Remvoal of the ovaries and uterus
Herbivore
Animals such as cows and horses that require plant-based diets
Parvovirus
Viral disease that causes severe vomiting and diarrhea in dogs
Colic
General term used to describe abdominal pain in horses
Carnivore
Animals, such as dogs and cats that require meat-based dieats
What tubelike structure connect the kindey to the blatter?
Ureter
Which portion of the tooth lies above the gum line?
Crown
Deciduous teeth
Initial set of teeth often referred to as the baby teeth
NPO (veterinary lingo) means ________.
Nothing by mouth
When an animal's kidneys no longer function, the animal is said to be in ____ failure.
Kidney
What portion of the ruminan stomach has a honeycomb-type lining?
Reticulum
What portion of the ruminant stomach is called the true stomach?
Abomasum
The following symptoms are characteristic of which equin conition: kicking at abdomen, rolling, lying down and standing up repeadtedly, sweating?
Colic
Intussusception
Condition that occurs when a region of the intestine telescopes into itself
Peristalsis
Organized set of muscle contractions in hollow organ that propels the contents
Name the two systems that conrol blood pH.
Respiratory and Renal
The foremost teeth used to bite into food are called ________.
Incisors
Epidural
Injection of local anesthetic into fluid around spinal cord
Symbiosis
Mutually beneficial relationship
What structure covers the opening of the larynx?
Epiglottis
Do males or females have a higher incidence of urinary inontinence?
Females
Subcutaneous
Under the skin
Rumination
Process in which the rumen and reticulum contract in a manner that forces some of the stomach contents back through the esophagues an into the mouth, where it is chewed
Castration
Removal of testes
What is the name of the test that evaluates urine?
Urinalysis
True or False: Barium is distinctive on a radiograph.
True
What are the small fingerlike projections that lin the intestine called?
Villi
List two symptoms of parvovirus.
Vomiting and Diarrhea
Eructate
Belch
What breed of dog has a history of difficulty metabolizing uric acid?
Dalmations
Retching
Strong, rapid abdomianl contractions
Differentiate between acute and chronic.
Acute is sudden onset and chronic is long term
Prolapsed uterus
Condition in which uterus turns inside out and is pushed through the vulva
Section 5
(50 cards)
Gestation
Pregnancy; carrying a pregnancy
Weaned
Removal from nursing
Q: Parturition divides into ______ stages.
A: Three
Nystagmus
Condition in which the eyes jerk back and forth in rhythmic manner
Neuron
Nerve cell
In which trimester does the fetus experience the most rapid growth?
The last third
Plexus
Network of nerves
Pheromone
Chemicals emitted by animals that serve as a mean of sexual communication
Obstetric
Having to do with pregnancy and delivery
Estrous cycle
Series of events that occurs in females in preparation of pregnancy
Cervical disk disease
Painful disease resulting from pressure of cervical disk on spinal cord
Autonomic system
Involuntary portion of the peripheral nervous system
Lodocaine
Anesthetic
Parasympathetic system
Part of the autonomic system that slows the body from the flight-or-fight mode, lowering heart rate and blood pressure
Polyestrus
Constant continuation of estrous cycle
Involution
Process by which the uterus returns to a normal state
Epilepsy
Seizure activity
Myelogram
Procedure in which dye is injected into the epidural space, followed by a radiograph to trace the path of the dye
Dilate
Opens
When does the peak of lactation occur in dairy cattle?
2 months into their lactation
What organ becomes infected in Pyometra?
Uterus
Does a dog's temperature rise or fall prior to whelping?
Fall (below 100)
Pyometra
Uterine infection that commonly occurs in older dogs and cats
The ______ is the only accessory sex gland present in the dog.
Prostate
Parturition
Giving birth
The ______ produces sperm.
Male
Polarization
Condition in which one region of cell has different charge than adjacent region
Cryptorchidism
Condition occurs when one or both testes fail to enter the scrotum
Sensory somatic system
Operates the voluntary motor activity of the body
Puberty
Start of sexual maturity
Sympathetic system
The part of the autonomic system that stumulates organs for flight or fight
Cyctic ovaries can interfere with ________.
Pregnancy/Reproduction
Ligated
Tied
Seasonal polyestrus
Continuation of estrous cycle until pregnancy during only certain times of the year
Which hormone released by the fetus stimulates partuition?
Placenta
Name one species that exhibits induced ovulation.
Bovine
Estrus
State of sexual excitement where the female is receptive to the male
Anestrus
Period when animal is not cycling through estrus
Myelinated nerves
Nerves with a myelin sheath
Cecarean Section
Surgical removal of a newborn
Can females continue to produce additional numbers of eggs throughout life?
No
Describe a normal presentation in delivery of calves.
The calf pushyes through the pelvis canal, the head works to dilate or open the cervix. As the calf is further delivered, the head becomes exposed by the time the umbilical vessels and pinched over the pelvis. In this presentation, the calf is not at risk of inhaling amniotic fluid as it tried to take its first breath.
Constrict
Closes
Listeriosis (circling disease)
Brain infection commonly seen in cattle, sheep, and goats
List the four stages of the estrous cycle.
1. Proestrus 2. Estrus 3. Metestrus 4. Diestrus
Whelping
Birthing in dogs
Coma
Prolonged state of unconsciousness
Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis
Disease in which a protozoa causes brain infection and clinical neurological signs
True or False: Luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormones function in both the female and male.
True
Volt
Unit of electrical measurement
Section 6
(50 cards)
In general, is the endocrine system regulated by positive or negative feedback?
Negative
Which hormone stimulates the development of the mammary gland?
Oxytocin
Shunting
Moving
Banded (says "Band" in glossary)
Means of nonsurgical castration in which a band is placed above the testicles, thus cutting off the blood supply, causing atrophy
Which two hormones work in tandem to regulate blood sugar
Insulin and glucagon
Addison's disease
Disease conditition characterized by low levels of cortisol along with lethargy, weakness, weight loss, poor appetite, vomiting, and diarrgea (also known as hypoadrenocorticism)
Sympathetic stimulation causes the heart rate to ________.
Increase
Antigen
Any foreign material that is capable of stimulating an immune response
The dorsal root, which exits the spinal cord, carries ______ nerves.
Sensory
Stocking up
Term used to describe an accumulation of fluid in the legs of horses that have been tied for excessive periods
Does a reflex occur with conscious thought?
Yes
Renin helps to regulate which vital sign?
Blood pressure
Lymph
Transparent yellowish fluid that travels through the lymphatic system, which helps to remove bacteria and proteins, transport fat, and supply lymphocytes
Polydipsia
Excessive drinking
List the four types of taste bude found on the tounge.
Sweet, sour, satly, and bitter
Atrophy
Shrink
True or False: Damage to the right side of the brain causes weakness in the left side of the body.
True
Edema
Swelling due to an accumulation of fluid
Diabetes mellitus
Disease in which the animal is consistently hyperglycemic (elevated blood sugar)
True or False: Endocrine glands contain ducts.
False
The release of follicle-stimulating hormone is controlled by the _______.
Hypothalamus
True or False: All nerves have a myelin sheath.
False
Rickets
Disease condition of deformed and weakened bones resulting from childhood deficiency of calcium
How can humans contract Listeriosis?
Causes usually resulting from consumption of unpasteurized diary products
Tetanus
Acute bacterial infection causing muscle stiffness and rididity; often called lockjaw
Cushing's disease
Elevated blood levels of cortisol with presentation of clinical signs such as excessive thirst, urination, and appetite, thin skin and hair coat, panting, enlarged abdomen, weakness, and lethargy (hyperabrenocorticism)
Are the rod or cone cells of the eye receptive to colors?
Cone cells are receptive to colors
What hormone causes milk letdown?
The pituitary releases oxytocin causing the milk letdown
The long, thin extension of a neuron is called the _______.
Axon
Which gland is the only one in the endocrine system that can be palpated?
Thyroid gland
Ataxia
Uncoordinated muscle movement
List the regions of the brain.
1. The cerebrum 2. The cerebellum 3. The diencephalon 4. The brain stem
Phagocytized (says "Phagocytosis" in glossary)
Process in which a cell engulfs and ingest particles
Humoral immunity
Production of antibody in presonse to an antigen
Can an underlying caue of epilepsy seizures be found?
No
Vitamin __ is produced by the skin when exposed to sunlight.
D
What is the name for low blood sugar?
Hypoglycemia
Polyuria
Excessive urination
Name the junctions where never impulses are transmitted.
Synapse
Gray matter is housed in the _______ region of the spinal cord.
Inner portion of the cord
Alopecia
Baldness
Diabetes insipidus
Lack of antidiuretic hormone, which results in very diluted urine, uncontrolled thirst, and excessive urination
Hypoglycemia
Low blood sugar
Abscess
An accumulation of fluid (pus) in a dead space between tissues containing bacteria, white blood cells, and dead tissue
The pituitary gland is often called the _____ gland.
Master
What is somatotropin
The substance that provides the direct stimulation of bone and cartilage
Primary response
Initial antibody production that occurs when an antigen is first introduced to the body
Name two systems of the peripheral nervous system.
Detects stimuli and informs the CNS (central nervous system)
True or False: Luteinizing hormone has no effect in the male body.
False
Latrogenic
Disease condition resulting from a treatment
Section 7
(50 cards)
Which remain solid at room temperature, fats or oils?
Fats
Pus
Accumulation of infection-fighting cells, destroyed pathogens, dying tissue cells, and tissue fluid that results at the site of infection
Do naturally occuring molecules cause an immune reaction?
Yes
What two cells have the primary responsibility for phagocytizing antigens when first detected by the body?
Neutrophils and macrophages
Autopsy
Examination to determine cause of death; sometimes also referred to as necropsy
Constipation
Condition that occurs when the feces is too dry and moves too slowly
Intranasally
In the nose
Minerals are divided into two categories, _____ and _______.
Macrominerals and trace minerals, or microminerals
Postmortem
Examination to determine cause of death
What human disease is closely associated with cowpox?
Smallpox
ELISA test
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
True or False: Horses may experience leg swelling when tied for an extended period.
True
True or False: All pathogens have only one site of determinant.
False
Kennel cough
Disease involving severe cough, which commonly occurs in dogs kept in close quarters
Passive immunity
Disease resistance resulting from transfer of antibodies from one animal to another
Seroconversion
Change in titer reading by four times
Carbohydrates provide _____ to maintain blood sugar levels.
Glucose
What proportion of the body is composed of water?
Up to 2/3
Calorie
Unit of measure that defines the energy contained within a food
What removes aged red blood cells from circulation?
The spleen
What type of molecule are antigens.
Foreign
Do blood vessels dilate at the site of infection, causing reddening or inflammation?
Yes
Secondary response
Quick response mounted against a second exposure to an antigen, which typically prevents disease development
Lymph begins as _____ fluid that forms between the cells.
Interstitial
Adding ______ to the diet is helpful in both diarrhea and constipation.
Fiber
What gland controls body temperature?
Hypothalamus
Who is credited for the firsst vaccine?
Edward Jenner
Do larger or smaller molecules typically elicit the immune system?
Larger
Dry matter
Amount of a feed that remains when all the water is removed
Active immunity
Disease resistance resulting from exposure of an animal to a pathogen either through disease contraction or vaccination
Anaphylaxis
generalized life-threating allergic reaction
What is the site of recongition on an antigen called?
Antigenic determinant
Name the simplest carbohydrates.
Monosaccharides
Flatulence
An acumulation of gas in the intestinal tract
Hemolysis
Breakdown of red blood cells
Atopy
Sensitization to foreign antigens
Killed vaccines
Immunizations that are manufactured from dead versions of pathogens
Modified live vaccines
Immunizations that are manufactured from altered versions of pathogens
What is the typical life span of plasma cells?
4 to 5 days
Titer
Measure of antibody levels in the bloodstream
Pruritus
Severe itchiness
One kilocalorie equals ______ calories.
1000 calories
Does sweating cool or heat the body?
Cool
Proteins are composed of chains of ______.
Amino acids linked by peptide bonds
Hydrolysis
Process in which water is added to a molecule to vleave it into smaller parts
Rodenticide
Poison used to control rodents such as rats and mice
Addition of which nutrient generally adds palatability to foods?
Fat
How does fever aid in the fight against pathogens?
The fever helps to destroy virally infected cells
Colostrum
Antibody-rich milk that is first produced by the mother and secreted initially after parturition
Free radicals
Atoms having a single free electron, which attracts another electron from neighboring atoms
Section 8
(50 cards)
Antimicrobial
Agent that hinder the growth of or kills microorganisms
Where are simple sugars utilized in the cow?
Rumen
Eukaryotic
Cells with membrane-bound organelles such as a nucleus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum
Anemia
Low in red blood sells
Systemic
Affecting the entire body
Cribbing
Wood chewing
How are ingredients listed on a pet food lable?
Name of the product, the words 'dog food' or 'cat food', and the net weight. In addition, the name and address of the manufacturer or distributor must be identified. The lable must also include a description of the designed usage or pupose of the food. This may describe various life stages, such as puppy, adult, inactive, and overweight, or senior. Many foods may also be labeled to be "complete and balanced for all life stages"
Do horses prefer to graze throughout the day or eat one large meal daily?
Graze
True or False: Bacteria are multicelled organisms.
False
True or False: Fungi contain chlorophyll.
False
Bolt
Accumulation of gas in the rumen
The maintenance energy requirement is typically _____ times that of resting energy requirement for an animal.
1.4
Maintenance energy requiremnt
Amount of energy required by an animal at rest plus any additional energy required for the normal activity
Free choice diet
Having a food available to an animal at all times
Fomite
Inanimate object
True or False: Horses typically have poor muscle tone in their tongues.
False
Does a lactating animal have more or less nutritional needs than when not lactating?
More
What type of food do dogs typically prefer?
Semi-moist food
Filling the sharp edges of a horses teeth is called _____.
Float
Antiseptics
Germicides that can be used on the skin of animals
Resting energy requirement
Amount of energy required by an animal at rest
List the three attributes of animal fat deposits.
Source of energy, lnsulating the animal from the cold, adds protection to the organs
True or False: To develop a diet, a veterinarian first considers the needs of a resting animal in a comfortable environment.
True
List the three classes of nutrients used for energy supply and cellular structure.
Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
Vector
Organism that transmits disease
List the three types of feeds available for dogs and cats
Canned, simi-moist, and dry
List four fat-soluble vitamins
A,D,E, and K
Eructation
Belching
Lyme disease
Bacterial infection that in humans and animals can cause symptoms as fatigue and joint pain
Koch's postulates
Four principles, developed by Robert Koch, that help define infectious disease
Transduction requires the transmission of bacterial DNA by a ______.
Virus
Are cats carnivores or omnivores?
Carnivores
Disinfectants
Germicides that are too harsh to be used on skin but can be used on inanimate objects or surfaces
Grazing
Consumption of forages such as grasses at a leisurely pace
Prodromal Phase
Stage in disease when first signs of illness occur
Which common barnyard ruminant is quite sensitive to copper toxicity?
Sheep
Concentrates
Nonforage component of a diet consisting of grains, protein sources, vitamins, and minerals
Anthrax
A bacterial infection with skin, intestinal, and respiratory forms
Forage
High-fiber feed such as grasses, hay, or silages
Prokaryotic
Cells that lack membrane-bound organelles
Botulism
Food poisoning resulting from a toxin producing bacteria
Bacteriostatic
Agent that slows the rate of growth of bacteria
Float
Filing of a horses teeth to prevent discomfor from the edges of molars that sharpen with age
Which feeding system can help quite confined dogs?
Free choice diet
Where does fiber fermentation occur in the horses digestive tract?
Lare intestine
True or False: The adult rumen in cattle can hold 40 gallons.
True
The suffix -cidal means the antimicrobials that _____ microorganisms.
Kill
Coliform
A related group of disease-causing bacteria commonly found in feces
In general, what is the water content of semi-moist pet food?
15% to 35%
Total mixed ration (TMR)
The mixing of all feedstuffs in a diet
Section 9
(50 cards)
Does a vaccine exist for distemper in dogs?
Yes
What causes ringworm?
A fungus that infects skin, hair, nails, and claws
_______ describes all the processes that occur with an animal.
Metabolism
How many principles are found in Koch's postulate?
Four
Is botulism the result of an endotoxin or an exotoxin?
Exotoxin
Does the risk of tumors increase or decrease with age?
Increase
Antioxidant
Oxidation-inhibiting substance
Idiopathic
Disease condition not explained by current medical knowledge
Metastatsis
Spread of cancer cells to other sites of the body
Can a vaccine affect milk prodution?
Yes
Should vomiting be induced in all causes of toxin ingestion?
No
Name a common side effect of vaccination.
Swelling or soreness
Pneumothorax
Condition in which air becomes trapped between the lungs and the chest wall
Neoplasm
Tumor that develops when cells grow in an uncontrolled manner
Quarantine
Confinement of an animal separate from the herd in an effort to prevent spread of disease
List the three types of anthrax.
Skin, intestinal, and respiratory
Biosecurity
Practices that protect herd health by preventing the introduction and spread of pathogens
How long should a new animal be quarantined when brought home?
2 to 4 weeks
Equine infectious anemia
Viral disease causing fever, red blood cell breakdown, depression, and weight loss
Diabetes can be classified as a ______ disorder.
Metabolic
Name two types of immunity.
Active and passive
Does stress in animals require conscious thought?
No
List the four major classes of infectious disease causing agents
Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites
Wet dewlap
Skin infection in the lower neck of rabbits
Peritonitis
Inflammation throughout the abdominal area
A _______ shot must be given a month or so after administration of a killed vaccine to elicit a memory response.
Booster
Which have higher immunity levels, young or older animals?
Older
A Gram-_______ bacterium causes coliform mastitis.
Negative
What disease category does hemophilia belong to?
Inherited
Who developed the commonly used bacteria staining technique?
Christian Gram
Schistosomus reflexus
Congenital abnormality in which the affected fetus develops inside out, with internal organs exposed
Describe the cough in kennel cough.
Severe, dry hacking cough
List the symptoms of equine infectious anemia.
Fever, an anemia from the breakdown of red blood cells, depression, and weight loss
List at least two factors used in developing a vaccination program.
The risk of acquiring an infection, and age
Fibrosarcoma
Cancer of the connective tissue
Give an example of an arthropod.
Deer tick
Arthritis
Disease condition in which the smooth lining of cartilage becomes rough and irregular
Congenital
Present at birth
Hemophilia
Chromosomal defect resulting in a deficiency of one of the clotting factors
Should modified live vaccine be refriderated?
Yes
How does allowing an animal's hair coat to become wet and matted contribute to disease conditions?
The animal loses higher levels of heat
What external parasite transmits Lyme disease?
Ticks
Latrogenic
Disease condition resulting from a treatment
Ventilation
Exchange of air from within a building and the outside
Give one possible antidote to ingestion of a rat or mouse poison that causes bleeding.
Administration of vitamin K
True or False: All vaccinations offer completed protection from the intended disease.
False
Tunnel ventilation
System with air inlets at one end of a building and fans for outlet at the other
True or False: By law, veterinarians can give medical advice to humans because humans are animals.
False
Is antifreeze toxic if ingested by a dog?
Yes
True or False: Benign tumors can be damaging even though they do not spread to other parts of the body.
True
Section 10
(50 cards)
How does oral administration of activated charcoal aid in the removal in the toxins?
It absorbs the toxins
Rabies
Viral disease that infects the central nervous system
Complete blood cell count (CBC)
Test that evaluates red blood cell (RBC) count (often a packed cell volume is a part of this testing), size of RBSs, amount of hemoglobin, number of platelets, total white blood cell coun, and a breakdown of the types of cells present
What group of viruses, mentioned in the text, cause brain inflammation?
RNA viruses
Visceral larva migrans
Condition in humans which roundworm larvae migrate through the body, causing damage to internal organs
Serology
Measurement of the presence of antibodies against a specific organism
Describe the appearance of a calf with Schistosomus reflexus
Turned inside out, lengthwise
What shape does a ringworm infection take?
Circular
Anthrax
A bacterial infection with skin, intestinl, and respiratory forms
________ is produced as red blood cells are destroyed.
Bilirubin
Can a stethoscope be used to evaluate intestinal sounds?
Yes
Ringworm
Fungal infection of the skin
The third step in diagnosing a diseae is performing a ________.
Physical examination
In order to prevent food poisoning, red meat should be cooked to an internal temperature of ______.
160F
What kind of disease is arthritis?
Degenerative
What does the suffix -oma mean?
Tumor
Can stress interfere with blood test results in cats?
Yes
To confirm a diagnosis with seroloy, the animal in question is usually tested ______ with several weeks between samples.
Twice
Describe the technique mentioned in the text for stimulating urination in sheep.
By holding their nostrils shut
What causes salmonellosis?
The bacteria Salmonella
Mad cow disease
A transmissible spongiform encephalopathy disease condition in cattle that degeneration of the brain to a sponge-like appearance
What animal serves as the definitive host of Toxoplasma gonii?
Cats
Ophthalmoscope
Instrument used to observe the structures in the interior of the eye, such as the optic nerve, retina, and retinal blood vessels
What is another name for rabies?
Hydrophobia
True or False: Establishment of home remedies previously give is irrelevant when diagnosing a disease condition.
False
What is the best defense for prevention of E. coli infection?
To prepare food properly
What is another name for listeriosis?
Circling disease
Cutaneous larve migrans
Disease condition resulting from the infestation of hookworm larvae into the body (also called creeping eruption)
Is rabies a viral or bacterial disease?
Viral
Pasteurization
A process used to sterilize milk by heating it to a high temperature for a short time
Scrapie
A transmissible spongiform encephalopathy disease condition in sheep and goats that causes the degeneration of the brain to a sponge-like appearance
Name the disease associated with roundworm larvae invasion.
Visceral larva migran (VLM)
Cat scratch fever
Bacterial disease resulting from cat scratch, which causes soreness at the inflicted site, fever, and enlarged lymph nodes
Toxoplasmosis
Protozoal parasitic disease in which cats serve as the definitive host; of concern to human, especially pregnant women and persons with compromised immune systems
What disease is caused by the Gram-negative Bortonella henselae?
Cat scratch fever
Borborygmi
The normal noise made within the intestinal tract as gas and fluid move through the tract (this is the noise that in humans is commonly described as stomach growling; singular is borborygmus)
Q fever
A disease condition caused by coxiella burnetii, which causes abortions in sheep and goats and a sudden onset of flu-like symptoms in humans
Tuberculosis
A bacterial disease that affects the lungs and respiratory system
RNA virus
group of viruses that cause inflammation in the brain
Chemistry panel
Test that often evaluates blood sugar, electrolytes, protein, liver and pancreatic enzymes
Brucellosis
A bacterial disease that causes abortions in cattle and flu-like symptoms in humans (human presentation is called undulant fever)
What is the first step a veterinarian must take in diagnosing a disease?
Obtain a history
Signalment
Basic discription of an animal presented for evaluation
What treatments are available for a person who has presented with clinical signs of rabies?
No treatment is available
West Nile fever
A viral disease causing flu-like symptoms in humans (mosquitoes often act as a vector)
True or False: The problem-oriented approach is one means that veterinarians use to arrive at a diagnosis.
True
Packed cell volume
Rapid test that provides the percentage of the blood composed of red blood cells
What problems can arise for pregnant women who contact toxoplasmosis?
Miscarriage, stillbirth, or birth defects
In an animal is dehydrated, will the specific gravity of urine be high or low?
Very high
What is another name for creeping eruption?
Cutaneous larva migrans (CLM)
Section 11
(50 cards)
Subluxate
Partially dislocate
Intervertebral disk disease
Occurs when the center of the disk becomes less pliable and pressure between the vertebrae causes the disk cener to rupture through the fibrous outer layer
How can dead space be prevented in surgery?
Suture the tissue together
List specific information found in the signalment.
Name or number of the animal, age, breed, sex (including spay/neuter status), reproductive status (for example, whether the animal could be pregnant, time since last delivery), and use or activity (such as indoor/outdoor cats and dogs, training status or a horse).
X-rays
Electromagnetic radiation, which can pass through living tissue
Does gastric torsion occur most typically in larger deep-chested dogs or toy-type canines?
Large deep-chested dogs
Antiseptic
Germicides that can be used on the skin of animals
What should surgeons hold their hands higher than their elbows during scrubbing?
This principle is to hold the cleanest part the highest. In this manner, if the elbows have a higher bacterial count, water does not run from the elbows to conaminate the hands.
Herd Check
Reproductive exams and health maintenance work routinely done by veterinarians
Proud flesh
Overgrowth of granulation tissue that prevents epithelial cells from growing across the wound
Sterilization
Procedures such as application of pressurized steam and chemicals in which all microorganisms are destroyed
Seroma
Accumulation of fluid in a dead space between tissues; similar to serum , with a small number of red blood cells
Autoclave
Piece of equipment used to sterilize instruments with pressurized steam
Radiology
Study of radiographs
Intestinl anastomosis
Procedure in which two regions of intestine are joind
Appendicular skeleton
Skeletal portion consisting of limb bones
Necrotic
Dead
Hematoma
Accumulation of blood in the dead space between tissues
What is the primary reason to perform biopsies?
The biopsy helps not only to predict the nature of the tumor but also to evaluate whether tumor cells are present at the margins of the specimen
What are hemostatic forceps used for in surgery?
To clamp blood vessels
How can an enlarged prostate be determined in a dog?
A rectal examination
Dehiscene
The breaking of wound edges
Golden period
Time during the first 6 to 8 hours after trauma when bacterial mumbers remain at moderate level, allowing the wound to be closed
True or False: Disinfectants can safely clean surgeons' hands prior to surgery.
False
Granulation tissue
Combination of capillaries and connective tissue in an open wound that takes on a fleshy red appearance
Simple fracture
Clean bone break
Cranial drawer sign
Diagnostic test for a torn cruciate ligament
Disinfectants
Germicides that are too harsh to be used on skin but can be used on inanimate objects or surfaces
First intention healing
Wound closure that occurs when repaired during the first 6 to 8 hours after trauma, when bacterial levels at site remain low, allowing wound to heal
Debridement
Process in which damaged and contaminated tissue is removed from a wound prior to the suturing process
Second intention healing
Wound closure occuring after the first 6 to 8 hours after trauma, when granulation tissue must first fill the gap between the skin edges and subsequently allow epithelial cells to grow
List two means of sterilization.
Pressurized steam and chemicals
What species mentiond in the text are especially prone to proud flesh?
Horses
List the two types of suture material.
Absorbable and nonabsorbable
How long does the golden period last?
6 to 8 hours
Abscess
An accumulation of fluid (pus) in a dead space between tissues containin bacteria, white blood cells, and dead tissue
After establishing a history, what is the second step in diagnosing a disease?
Discuss the chief complaint, the reason the animal is being presented for examination
Orthopedic surgeon
Veterinarian or doctor who specializes in surgery of the bones
List two problems that a lack of noise in the intestinal tract could represent.
Could represent a problem that has limited the activity of the intestines in that region. Examples include an impaction of feces or a twisted loop of intestin
What type of approach is used in the removal of bladder stones?
Ventral midline
High-rise syndrome
Occurs when cats fracture their lower jaws during falls from tall buildings
What is a scalpel?
A surgical knife used to make incisions
Name one toxic gas mentioned in the text that can be used to chemically sterilize surgical instruments.
Ethylene oxide
Radiograph
Photograph taken when streams of x-rays pass through the body and expose film
Ossification
Process in which bone is formed
Describe the mucous membran of an anemic animal.
Pale
Axial skeleton
Skeletal portion conisting of skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum
Gastric dilation-volvulus syndrome
Condition typically occurring in large deep chested dogs that have consumed a large meal and large volumes of water, which causes the accumulation of gas and rotation of the stomach; also called gastric torsion
Aseptic technique
general practices used to minimize the risk of infection that may occur following surgery
How high does the temperature rise in an autoclave when instruments are being sterilized?
250F to 275F
Section 12
(21 cards)