Section 1
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vasoconstriction
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Last updated
6 years ago
Date created
Mar 1, 2020
Cards (65)
Section 1
(50 cards)
vasoconstriction
the constriction of blood vessels, which increases blood pressure.
Necrosis
tissue death
scar remodeling
Fibrous tissue matures , epithelium thickens and result in fully generated epithelium Dehiscence- is when a healed wound is opened
Acute damage
Is hot/very warm to touch, several hours to a few days PT use RICE Compression and elevation good
Type 3 hypersensitivity
Immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity Antigens and antibodies form a complex and become embedded in certain tissues More examples are rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus, multiple sclerosis
Cytokines
Chemicals released by the immune system communicate with the brain. Which induce chemotaxis, releasing bradykinin, one of the worst irritants
stage 3 pressure ulcer
Full-thickness pressure ulcer extending into the subcutaneous tissue and resembling a crater. May see subcutaneous fat but not muscle, bone, or tendon.
New treatments for cancer
Cyber knife and gamma knife are localized treatment of radiation without damage to surrounding tissues
effusion
Accumulating fluid in joint capsule
Sub-acute
symptoms take longer to develop than acute but arise more quickly than chronic Decrease in redness, swelling and heat If not warm to palpitates then use E-stim, non- thermal ultrasound,
Our goal of physical therapy for inflammation is
Stimulate the healing process Simultaneously mediate, control, and limit functional disability
Type 4 hypersensitivity
Not due to histamines, some corticosteroids provide some relief Delayed type hypersensitivity reactions. T-cell and Macrophage mediated. Ex: Tuberculosis Also evident in allergic reactions to direct contact with cosmetics, jewelry, plant toxins
Histamine
Chemical stored in mast cells that triggers dilation and increased permeability of capillaries.
Type 2 hypersensitivity
Cytotoxic ANTIBODY mediated cell destruction Ex: Autoimmune hemolytic anemia In auto immune diseases it is such antigens that cause destructive damage to the body Myasthenia graves - muscle weakness due to running out of ATP and calcium at neuromuscular junction
inflammation
a localized response to an injury or to the destruction of tissues
chemotherapy
The use of drugs to treat diseases such as cancer Medication given to attack particular type of malignant cells. They interfere with the cycle of carcinogenesis. Problems are that it is no selective and normal cells are affected
Vasoconstriction
Allows the platelets to start "sticking" at site of damage, forming temporary blood clot
Stage 1 pressure ulcer
intact skin with nonblanchable redness
edema
puffy swelling of tissue from the accumulation of fluid
stage 2 pressure ulcer
partial thickness skin loss involving epidermis, dermis, or both
Bradykinins (kinins)
activation is triggered by one of the proteins in the blood coagulation cascade Act as chemotactic agent for neutrophils
Mast cells release
histamine and heparin
Basophils
A circulating leukocyte that produces histamine. Histamine is a vasodilator Heparin is an anti-coagulant Secretes other inflammatory chemical mediators
Diapedesis
passage of blood cells (especially white blood cells) through intact capillary walls and into the surrounding tissue
Metaplasia
Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type
Hyperplasia
increase in number of cells
Organization stage of healing
Debris is phagotized Laying down collagen framework of fibroblasts Angiogenesis - new blood supply
Eosinophils
WBC WHICH COUNTERACTS HISTAMINE AND IS INCREASED DURING HEALING PROCESSES. Represent 1-3% of the WBC population Kills parasites and bacteria chemically Part of the Sub-acute phase
Ischemia
an inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body, especially the heart muscles.
Type 1 hypersensitivity
IgE mediated hypersensitivity Ex: Allergies Mast cells release histamine into affected area
noscomial infection
Most common infections occur in the ICU because of : catheters, IV lines, MRSA and VRE
Circulating platelets
They degranulate and release chemical mediators which further enhance the clotting process
Stages of healing
1. Hemostasis 2. Inflammation 3. Proliferation (fibrosis scar, granulation tissue) 4. Remodeling (contractile fibroblasts, wound strength). Myofibroblasts - contraction of wound; mostly collagen Angioblasts - from granulation tissue, set up new blood supply; creates a red dotted effect Fibroblasts- form a mesh of fibrin, collagen - still need bandage
Monocytes
An agranular leukocyte that is able to migrate into tissues and transform into a macrophage. Mobile and actively clean-up debris, Also crucial against viruses and Tb
Chemical mediator : prostaglandin
Are particularly irritating to nerve ends
goal of inflammatory response
To respond immediately to infection or damaged tissue to inhibit the spread to other areas of the body
Chronic
Long-standing, constant. Opposite of acute If prolonged has potential for scarring and affect tissue function All PT intervention ok
Neoplasia
the new and abnormal development of cells that may be benign or malignant
hypertrophy
increase in cell size
hypoplasia
incomplete development of an organ or tissue
stage 4 pressure ulcer
Full-thickness tissue loss with exposed bone, muscle, or tendon
effect of cancer
Tumor grows and develops its own blood supply and release factors that stimulate angiogenesis and starts diverting nutrients from surrounding tissue Patient loses weight and muscle mass
5 cardinal signs of inflammation
heat, redness, swelling, pain, loss of function
malignant neoplasms (cancer)
composed of cells that tend to become invasive and spread to remote regions of the body Have suffix of "sarcoma" or "carcinoma"
Heterotropic ossification
Abnormal calcifications at shoulder, elbow, hip, or knee joints. - results in redness, swelling, limitations in ROM, and pain
Gangrene
death of tissue associated with loss of blood supply
Scar tissue formation
Type 1 collagen replaces type 3 collagen
Neutrophils
A type of white blood cell that engulfs invading microbes and contributes to the nonspecific defenses of the body against disease. Releases more cytokines which increase inflammatory response
Leukocytosis
increase in the number of white blood cells from damaged tissue. Increases numbers of Neutrophils, then eosinophils, next basophils
Antalgic gait
A persons manner of walking that develops as a way to avoid pain while walking, "limping'
Section 2
(15 cards)