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Def. of Kinetic Energy
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Def. of Kinetic Energy
It is the energy due to the motion of an object
Def. of One Oscillation
It is a complete to-and-fro motion of an object.
Def. of Amplitude, A
It is the maximum displacement of a point from its rest position.
Def. of Specific Heat Capacity, c
Specific heat capacity of an object is the change of its internal energy per unit mass for each unit change in its temperature.
Def. of Waveform
It is the shape of the wave.
How does sound travel?
It transfers energy from one location to another in the form of longitudinal waves.
Def. of Echolocation
It is the use of reflection of sound to detect location of objects.
Def. of Velocity
Velocity is the rate of change of displacement.
What is the angle of incidence?
It is the angle between the incident ray and the normal.
For. of Energy, Q or L
Rearranging,
Q=mc (Delta)(Theta)
Lf=mlf
Lv=mLv
Def. of critical angle
It is defined as the angle of incidence in an optically denser medium for which the angle of refraction in the optically less dense medium is 90o.
Def. of Centre of gravity
It is an imaginary point where its entire weight seems to act.
Def. of Stability
Stability is a measure of its ability to return to its original position when displaced.
What are the 6 Types of Energy stores?
Chemical potential store
Elastic potential store
Gravitational potential store
Kinetic store
Internal store
Nuclear store
Def. of Physical quantity
A physical quantity is a quantity that can be measured and consists of a numerical magnitude and a unit.
Def. of Principle axis (in terms of light)
It is a horizontal line passing through the optical centre of the lens and is perpendicular to the plane of the lens.
Def. of Resultant force
It is a single force that produces the same effect as the forces combined.
Def. of Inertia
Inertia refers to the reluctance of the object to change its state of rest or motion, due to its mass.
Def. of Density
It is defined as the mass per unit volume.
Def. of Conduction
It is a process of energy transfer where energy is transferred through the passing on of vibrational motion from one particle to another.
- Particles gain energy
- vibrate more vigorously
- collide with adjacent particles
What is a longitudinal wave?
Longitudinal waves have a direction of vibration that is parallel to the direction the waves travel.
What is it meant by 1 watt (1W)?
It is defined as the rate of work done or energy conversion or 1J per second.
Def. of Wavelength, Lambda
It is the shortest distance between any two points in phase.
For. of Heat Capacity, C
heat capacity (J/K) = energy (J) / change in temperature (K)
C=Q/(Delta)(Theta)
What is Newton's first law of motion?
Newton's first law of motion states that every object will continue in its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line unless a resultant force acts on it.
What is Thermal Equilibrium?
It describes a state in which two or more objects have the same temperature and that there is no net transfer of energy between them.
For. of frequency, f (in terms of waves)
frequency (Hz) = 1 / period (s)
f=1/T
What is the Kinetic particle model of matter?
The Kinetic particle model of matter states that the tiny particles that make up matter are always in continuous random motion.
For. of Kinetic energy, KE
kinetic energy (J) = 1/2 x mass (kg) x velocity2 (m/s)
KE=1/2 (mv2)
Def. of Echo
It is a repetition of a sound due to the reflection of sound.
Def. of Luminous object
The object gives off light in its own.
For. of wave speed, v
wave speed (m/s) = frequency (Hz) x wavelength (m)
v=f(lambda)
Def. of Force
Force is a push or a pull.
For. of Specific Heat Capacity, c
specific heat capacity (J/K) = energy (J) / (mass (kg) x change in temperature (K))
c=Q/m(Delta)(Theta)
What is cooling by evaporation?
Cooling by evaporation is a process where energetic molecules escape the surface of liquid, resulting in a decrease in the average in the average kinetic energy of the particles remaining in the liquid.
What is diffused reflection?
It is where parallel light rays reflect in different directions forming an unclear image.
Def. of Renewable energy
It is energy derived from natural sources that can be replenished.
E.g. biofuels, wind, tides, hydropower, geothermal reservoirs, solar power
What is Radiation?
It is the process of energy transfer by electromagnetic waves. It does not require a medium.
Matt, rough and dark-coloured surfaces, good absorber/emitter of radiation.
Shiny, smooth, and light-coloured surfaces, poor absorber/emitter of radiation
Shiny and silvery surface, good reflector of radiation
Def. of Heat Capacity, C
It is the change of its internal energy per unit change in its temperature.
Def. of focal plane
It is the plane that is perpendicular to the principal axis, which passes through the focal point F.
Def. of Wave
It is a motion that transfer energy from one point to another without transferring the medium.
Def. of Uniform acceleration
Uniform acceleration is a constant rate of change of velocity.
Def. of Internal Energy
It is the sum of kinetic energy and potential energy in the substance.
Def. of Pressure
It is defined as the force acting per unit area
What is it meant by 1 Newton (1N)?
It is defined as the force that produces an acceleration of 1 m/s2 on a mass of 1 kg.
What is Newton's second law of motion?
Newton's second law of motion states that when a resultant force acts on an object of a constant mass, the object will accelerate in the direction of the resultant force.
For. of Period, T (in terms of waves)
period (s) = 1 / frequency (Hz)
T=1/f
What does it mean by a phase? (in terms of waves)
It refers to two points are in phase if they have the same direction, same speed and same displacement from their rest position.
Def. of Friction
Friction is the contact force that opposes motion between surfaces in contact.
Def. of Terminal velocity
It is where an object falling through air achieves maximum velocity when its weight is equal to the air resistance against it.
Def. of Infrasound
It is sound with frequencies below 20 Hz, the lower limit of the human range of audibility.
Def. of Acceleration
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.
Def. of Reflection
It is the bouncing of light rays off a surface.
For. of Work done, W
work done (J) = force (N) x distance moved (m)
W=Fd
What is ionising radiation?
It is high frequency electromagnetic waves and high energy particles.
Def. of Energy
It is the capacity to do work.
Def. of Ultrasound
It is sound with frequencies above 20000 Hz, the upper limit of the human range of audibility.
Def. of Latent heat of fusion, Lf
It is the amount of energy transferred to change a substance between the solid and liquid states, at constant temperature.
For. of Density, D
density (kg/m3) = mass (kg) / volume (m3)
D=m/v
Def. of Normal (in terms of light)
It is the line perpendicular to the reflecting surface at the point of incidence.
Def. of Work Done
It is the product of the force and the distance moved by the object in the direction of the force.
What is a transverse wave?
Transverse waves have a direction of vibration that is perpendicular to the direction the waves travel.
For. of Specific Latent Heat of Fusion, lf
specific Latent Heat of Fusion (J/kg K) = Latent mass (J) / mass (kg)
lf=Lf/m
What is the Principle of conservation of energy?
The Principle of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed. Energy can be transferred from one store to another. The total energy of an isolated system is constant.
For. of Resultant force, F
force (N) = mass (kg) x acceleration (m/s2)
F=ma
Def. of Wave speed, v
It is the distance travelled by a wave per second.
Def. of Displacement
Displacement is the length between two points measured in a straight line.
For. of refractive index, n
refractive index = speed of light in vacuum (m/s) / speed of light in medium (m/s)
n=c/v
n = sin i / sin r
What is Newton's third law of motion?
Newton's third law of motion states that if body A exerts a force FAB on body B, body B will exert an equal and opposite force FBA on body A.
Def. of Weight
Weight is the gravitational force acting on an object that has mass.
Def. of Specific Latent heat of vaporisation, lv
It is the amount of thermal energy required to change a unit mass of a substance from liquid state to gaseous state, without a change in temperature.
For. of Power, P
power (W) = work done (J) / time (s) = energy (J) / time (s)
P=W/t=E/t
For. of Weight, W
weight (N) = mass (kg) x g (N/kg)
W=mg
Def. of Latent heat
Latent heat is the energy released or absorbed by a substance during a change of state at constant temperature.
For. of critical angle, c
n = 1 / sin c
c = sin-1(1/n)
What is it meant by 1 pascal (1 Pa)?
It is defined as 1N acting per unit square metre.
For. of speed, v
speed (m/s) = distance (m) / time (s)
For. of Pressure (for hydraulic system)
P1 = P2
F1/A1=F2/A2
Def. of Trough
It is the lowest point of a transverse wave.
Def. of Period, T (in terms of waves)
It is the time taken to produce one complete oscillation.
Def. of Displacement (in terms of waves)
It is the distance of the particles away from its rest position.
For. of acceleration, a
acceleration (m/s2) = change in velocity (m/s) / time (s)
a = (v-u)/t
For. of depth by an echo, d
depth (m) = (speed (m/s) x time (s)) / 2
What is pitch related to in a sound wave graph?
It is related to the frequency of a sound wave.
What is regular reflection?
It is where parallel light rays reflect in the same direction forming a clear image.
What is it meant by 1 Joule (1J)?
It is defined as the work done by a force of 1N that moves an object through a distance of 1m in the direction of the force.
Def. of Crest
It is the highest point of a transverse wave.
For. of Efficiency
% efficiency = useful energy output / total energy input x 100%
Def. of Rarefaction (in terms of waves)
It is a region where air pressure is lower than surrounding air pressure.
What is the second law of refraction?
The second law of refraction states that for two given media, the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is a constant.
Def. of Real image
It is an image that can be captured on a screen and where light rays meet at the image position.
Def. of Wavefront
It is an imaginary line that joins all the crests of adjacent waves.
For. of Gravitational potential energy, GPE
GPE (J) = mass (kg) x g (N/kg) x height (m)
GPE = mgh
For. of pressure, P
pressure (Pa) = force (N) / area (m2)
P=F/A
For. of Principle of moments
Sum of anticlockwise moment = Sum of clockwise moment
F1 x d1 = F2 x d2
Def. of virtual image
It is an image that cannot be captured on a screen and where light rays do not meet at the image position.
Def. of Non-useful energy
It is energy that is dissipated to the internal store of the surroundings and cannot be harnessed.
What do materials have that makes them a good thermal conductor?
They have free electrons that also help to transfer energy to the less energetic particles.
What is the first law of reflection?
The first law of reflection states that the incident ray, reflected ray and the normal at the point of incidence all lie in the same plane.
For. of average speed
average speed (m/s) = total distance (m) / time (s)
Def. of Moment of force
It is the product of the force and the perpendicular distance from the pivot to the line of action of the force.
What is loudness related to in a sound wave graph?
It is related to the amplitude of a sound wave.
Def. of Clean Energy
It is energy that does not produce harmful gases.
Def. of Scalar Quantities
Scalar quantities are physical quantities that have a magnitude and unit only.
E.g. time, distance, speed
What are Converging (convex) lens?
The lens allows light rays to converge to a point after refraction.
Def. of Distance
Distance is the total length covered by a moving object.
What is Pressure? (in terms of KPT)
It is the average force exerted by the particles per unit area.
What is Temperature directly proportional to?
Temperature is directly proportional to the average kinetic energy of the particles in a body.
What is Brownian motion?
It refers to the random movement of particles in a fluid.
Def. of Non-luminous object
The object does not give off light in its own.
Def. of refraction
It is the bending of light as light passes from one optical medium to another.
What is the angle of reflection?
It is the angle between the reflected ray and the normal.
Def. of focal length
It is the distance between the optical centre and the focal point.
Def. of Vector Quantities
Vector quantities are physical quantities that have both magnitude and direction.
E.g. displacement, velocity, acceleration
Def. of Mass
Mass is the amount of matter in a body.
(Note: Mass is ALWAYS CONSTANT)
For. of Moment of force, M
moment (Nm) = force (N) x perpendicular distance (m)
M=Fd
What is Convection?
It is a process of energy transfer by means of convection currents of a fluid, due to a difference in density.
Hot water/ gas expands, becomes less dense, and rises.
Or
Cold water/ gas contracts, becomes denser, and sinks.
What are the 7 components of the Electromagnetic spectrum?
Radio waves, Microwaves, Infrared, Visible light, Ultraviolet, X-rays, Gamma rays
-------------------------------------------------------->
Wavelength decreases
Frequency increases
What is the angle of refraction?
It is the angle between the refracted ray and the normal.
Def. of Acceleration due to gravity, g
It is whereby objects accelerate constantly at 10 m/s2 on Earth. Its direction is always downward.
Def. of Period, T
It is the time taken for one complete oscillation.
Def. of Gravitational field
It is a region in which a mass experiences a force due to gravitational attraction.
For. of Period, T
period (s) = average time (s) / no. of oscillations
For. of Specific Latent Heat of Vaporisation, lv
specific Latent Heat of vaporisation (J/kg K) = Latent Heat (J) / mass (kg)
lv=Lv/m
For. of Pressure, P (for liquid column)
pressure (Pa) = height (m) x density (kg/m3) x g (N/kg)
P=h x rho x g
Def. of Total internal reflection
It is the complete reflection of a light ray inside an optically denser medium at its boundary with an optically less dense medium.
Def. of Internal energy
Internal energy is an internal store that is made up of the total kinetic energy associated with the random motion of the particles and the total potential energy between the particles in the system.
What is Pascal's principle or Pascal's law?
Pascal's principle states that if a pressure is applied to an enclosed liquid, the pressure is transmitted to all other parts to all other parts of the liquid undiminished.
Def. of Gravitational field strength, g
It is defined as the gravitational force acting per unit mass.
What is the second law of reflection?
The second law of reflection states that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
What is the first law of refraction?
The first law of refraction states that the incident ray, refracted ray and the normal at the point of incidence all lie in the same plane.
Def. of Principal focal point, F
It is the point on the principal axis at which all rays parallel to the principal axis converge after refraction by the lens.
Def. of Latent heat of vaporisation, Lv
It is the amount of thermal energy required to change a substance from liquid to gaseous state, without a change in temperature.
Def. of Optical centre, C
It is the midpoint of the Converging lens.
Def. of Frequency, f (in terms of waves)
It is the number of oscillations each point completes in one second.
Def. of Speed
Speed is the distance moved per unit time.
For. of velocity, v
velocity (m/s) = displacement (m) / time (s)
Def. of Gravitational Potential Energy
It is the energy due to the height of an object.
What is the Principle of moments?
The Principle of moments states that when a body is in equilibrium, the sum of clockwise moments about a pivot is equal to the sum of anticlockwise moments about the same pivot.
Def. of Specific Latent heat of fusion, lf
It is the amount of energy transferred per unit mass of a substance to change between the solid and liquid states, at constant temperature.
How does energy flow from one region to another?
Energy always flows from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature.
Def. of Compression (in terms of waves)
It is a region where air pressure is higher than surrounding air pressure.
Def. of Power
It is defined as the work done or energy transferred per unit time.
What are the 4 types of Energy transfer?
Mechanically by a force acting over a distance
Heating due to a temperature difference
Propagation of waves (electromagnetic or mechanical)
Electrically by an electric current
Def. of refractive index
It is defined as the ratio of the speed of light in vacuum to the speed of light in the medium.