Section 1
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chitin
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Last updated
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Date created
Mar 1, 2020
Cards (56)
Section 1
(50 cards)
chitin
a structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods.
nucleotide
the building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one or more phosphate groups.
fat/oil
a lipid consisting of three fatty acids lined to one glycerol molecule; also called a triacylglycerol or triglyceride. Function as energy storage.
amino acid
an organic molecule possessing both a carboxyl and an amino group. The monomers of polypeptides. There are 20 different forms. Distinguished by side chains.
steroid
a type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings with various chemical groups attached. Function as part of membranes or hormones.
carbohydrate
a sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides). Primarily C, H and O.
unsaturated
a faty acid that has one or more double bonds betwen carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton.
phospholipid bilayer
function as membranes
cellulose
a structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by B glycosidic linkages. A type of plant starch.
What are the functions of carbohydrates
function as energy source & structure
Four classes of biological macromolecules
Proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids
Functions of proteins
structural support, catalyst, transport, defense, movement, regulation
disulfide bridges
a strong covalent bond formed when the sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another cysteine monomer.
dehydration synthesis
a chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule.
hydrophobic
a type of weak chemical interaction caused when molecules that do not mix with water coalesce to exclude water.
nucleic acid
functions as storage, transmission & use of genetic material
monomer
the subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer.
polymer
a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds.
polynucleotide
a polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers in a chain. The nucleotides can be those of DNA or RNA.
monosaccharide
the simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also called simple sugars, they have formulas that are generally some multiple of CH2O (1:2:1).
glycosidic linkage
a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.
polypeptide
a polymer of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.
nucleic acid
a polymer (polynucleotide) consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities. the two types are DNA and RNA.
macromolecule
a giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a dehydration reaction.
hydrolysis
a chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water; functions in dis-assembly of polymers to monomers.
saturated
a fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that are attached to the carbon skeleton.
purines
one of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring. adenine (a) and guanine (G).
trans fat
an unsaturated fat, formed artificially during hydrogenation of oils, containing one or more trans double bonds.
lipids
any of a group of large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, if at all, with water (hydrophobic). No true monomers.
secondary structure
regions of repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bonding between constituents of the backbone (not the side chains). Helix or pleated sheet.
disaccharide
a double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage formed by a dehydration reaction.
pyrimidine
one of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring. cytosine (c), thymine (T), and uracil (U)
fatty acid
a carboxylic acid with a long carbon chain. Vary in length and __________ linked to a glycerol molecule form a fat molecule, also called triglyceride.
quaternary structure
the particular shape of a complex, aggregate protein, defined by the characteristic three-dimensional arrangement of its constituent subunits, each a polypeptide.
enzyme
a macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. most of them are proteins.
denaturation
loss of a proteins normal 3D structure; can possibly be caused by pH and temperature which affect the ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds & hydrophilic interactions
B pleated sheet
protein structure with two or more segments of the polypeptide chain link side by side (called B strands) connected by hydrogen bonds between parts of the two parallel segments of the polypeptide backbone.
triglyceride
a lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule
Primary structure
the level of protein structure referring to the specific linear sequence of amino acids.
amino acid side chains
types of bonds/interactions in __________ : hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds and disulfide bridges
What are the three types of lipids?
fats/oils, phospholipids & steroids
protein
a biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure.
catalyst
a chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.
starch
a storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by x glycosidic linkages. Used for energy storage.
peptide bond
the covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another, formed by a dehydration reaction.
polysaccharide
a polymer of many monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions.
phosphodiester linkage
bond between nucleotides in nucleotide chain to form polynucleotide
tertiary structure
the overall shape of a protein molecule due to interactions of amino acid side chains, including hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridges.
glycogen
an extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.
phospholipid
a lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. The hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as nonpolar hydrophobic tails, while the rest of the molecule acts s a polar, hydrophilic head. They form bilayers that function as biological membrane.
Section 2
(6 cards)