NPB110A

In the cytoplasm , the receptor releases (blank) and the (blank)

In the cytoplasm, the receptor releases ran-GDP  and the cargo

G-protein coupled receptors is a  _____ polypeptide 

G-protein coupled receptors is a single  polypeptide 

CAmp is the second messenger. It is produced using AC levels of camp determined by the enzyme that breaks down. Phosphodiesterase breaks down the camp 

CAmp is the second messenger. It is produced using AC levels of camp determined by the enzyme that breaks down. Phosphodiesterase breaks down the camp 

What are some medicated biological receptors associated with GPCR

1. embryogenesis 
2. taste 
3. smell 
4. vision
5. development 

What is RTK 

RECEPTOR TYROSINE KINASES

What is a NLS and where is it found?

• nuclear localization signal 
  • found in proteins 
  • contains many lysine and arginine residues 
  • proteins. can be transported into the nucleus completely intact

Ran-gtp promotes binding between the (blank ) and (blank)

Ran-GTP promotes binding between the nuclear export receptor  and cargo protein 

• also influences the receptor +cargo and pore filaments 

The binding of the g protein activates the ________

• second messenger 
• not a specific reaction 

What is paracrine signaling? 

• When the target cell is adjacent to the same cell that sent the signal 

G SUB ALPHA Q —> PATHWWAY 

THIS PROTEIN IIS A STIMULATORY PROTEIN . ACTIVATES A DOWN STREAM ENZYME 

• true

In order for a cell to respond to a signal molecule, what must it have?

• It must have a signal receptor 

Where do all proteins begin synthesis?

In the cytosolic ribosomes, some proteins end up in other places 

• organelles 
• cytosol 
• outside of the cell 
• organelle membrane 
• plasma. membrane 
•  

Explain the distinct complex of a nuclear pore. 

• pore complexes might contain water-filled channels tthat allow small molecule (5k daltons and smaller to diffuse.
• large molecules do not diffuse easily (60 kda and larger )
  • the pore might have plug that opens and closes. during transport 

what happens if a cell doesn't have a receptor ?

• The signal can not be completed!

Ga(alpha)+GTP= active

____affinity for by and ___ affinity to the enzyme 

low affinity for by and high affinity to the enzyme 

What are the steps of signal amplification? 

ex epinephrine 

1. epinephrine is released(ligand)
2. Goes up the bloodstream. 
3. Binds to a plasma membrane receptor 

What can the several molecular complexes do in the nucleus 

• They can move back and forth between the nucleus and the cytoplasm 

1. histones 
2. rna 
3. t-factors 
4. t-rna ,m-rna 

they move via pore complexes 

What does GPCR stand for ?

G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR)

CYCLIC AMP AMPLIFIES THE SIGNAL 

BIGGEST EFFECTOR OF CAMP IS PROTEIN KINASE A 

PRODUCES RISE IN PROTEIN KINASE AND THAT PRODUCES A WHOLE BUNCH OF STUFF IN SIDE OF CELLS 

PROTEIN KINASE A IS ACTIVATES WHEN CAMP TO ITS REGULATORY(INHIBITORY) SUBUNIT 

CYCLIC AMP AMPLIFIES THE SIGNAL 

BIGGEST EFFECTOR OF CAMP IS PROTEIN KINASE A 

PRODUCES RISE IN PROTEIN KINASE AND THAT PRODUCES A WHOLE BUNCH OF STUFF IN SIDE OF CELLS 

PROTEIN KINASE A IS ACTIVATES WHEN CAMP TO ITS REGULATORY(INHIBITORY) SUBUNIT 

The binding of the extracellular domain changes the _________

The binding of the extracellular domain changes the intracellular domain 

Signaling molecules can elicit a  _____  through  _____ or other covalent modification or a slow response through _____

• Signaling molecules can elicit a fast response through phosphorylation or other covalent modification or a slow response through gene expression 
  • Hours-days( slow response)

ex.Slow example: steroid hormone cortisol acts by activating transcription regulator (ebony)

FAST EFFECTS INVOLVE PRE-EXISTING PROTEINS 

IT DOESN'T LAST VERY LONG COMPARED TO SLOW EFFECTS

SLOW AFFECTS GENE TRANSCRIPTION AND THEN TRANSLATION OF A PROTEIN  

SLOW EFFECTS ARE LONG-LASTING  

what is the function of beta gamma subunits 

The nuclear membrane is continuous with 

• The RER

WHAT IS TRUE ABOUT G-PROTEIN  COUPLED RECEPTORS

THEY CROSS THE PLASMA MEMBRANE 7 TIMES

Why is a second messenger needed?

• Hormones are released in the blood in tiny amounts 
• Second messengers amplify or increase the message that the hormone is trying to send 

What is Endocrine signaling ?

A signal that travels some distance within the Blood before it meets its target. 

G-protein coupled receptors has the ability to zig-zag in the plasma membrane.. true or false  

true 

Ga(alpha)+GTP=

Ga(alpha)+GTP= active

What are the different types of receptors are there?

• Plasma Membrane-Bound Receptor stuck in the plasma membrane Often hydrophilic (water-soluble/water-loving) 
• Intracellular receptor- in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus

The nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by two membranes. This nuclear membrane consists of a water-impermeable phospholipid bilayer and various associated proteins. What is the name for this nuclear envelope 

Nuclear envelope

Where does second amplification not occur at?

• ligand binding to the receptor 
• receptor activation of g-protein

Cell surfaces have three basic classes what are they?

1. Ion-Channel Receptor
2. G-protein coupled Receptors 
3. Enzyme Coupled Receptoe  

What is the function of a Kinase?

• It adds the phosphate group 

CA2+ signaling is key for a large number of physiological effects such as 

• fertilization 
• learning and memory 

Ga (alpha )+ GDP = __________

Ga(alpha)+GDP= Inactive

What is vascular transport?

• vesicles or structures similar to vesicles 
• move proteins from one compartment to the other 
• the vesicles pinch off one organelle and fuse it with another 

What medicates nuclear import?

• Specific amino acid sequences
  • localization of T-antigen containing its normal nuclear import signal 
  • lys-lys-lys-arg-lys 

what is the function of beta gamma subunits 

1. ACTIVATES WITH POTASSIUM CHANNELS 
2. K+ EFFLUX 
3. HYPERPOLARIZES THE CELL 

What directs the signal sequence 

protein signal sequence 

What happens to a protein in the absence of a signal sequence 

• proteins are translated in the cytosol and remain there
• the protein folds due to cytosolic conditions 

What is Autocrine signaling?

• The signal is released by the cells and the receptor is on the very same cell that released it. 

What is protein transport limited to?

• Proteins in the cytosol

There are over 700 gpcrs in humans is this true or false

• True 
• gpcrs are involved in a wide variety of cell signaling 

The nucleus is bounded by a unique membrane structure what is it?

• The nuclear envelope

For GTP binding proteins, the process of deactivating /shutting off requires...

Hydrolysis of GTP 

Where is a signal molecule located? And is also considered as the _____ signal. 

A signal molecule is outside of the cell and is considered as a primary signal. 

What is gated transport ?

the proteins move between the cytosol and nucleus via pore complexes.

Can PKA phosphorylate enzymes 

PKA CAN PHOSPHORYLATE ENZYMES

• SOMETIMES THESE ENZYMES BECOME INACTIVE 
• PHOSPHORYLATION DOES NOT ALWAYS MEAN ACTIVATION

Signal molecules can...

•  bind to a receptor in the cell membrane 
• or in the cytoplasm nucleus → nature of the incoming signal 

Ga(alpha)+GDP= Inactive

 ____affinity for by and ___ affinity to the enzyme 

high  affinity for by and low  affinity to the enzyme 

What is a second messenger ?

Something inside of the cell that will serve as an intracellular messenger

• ions 
• molecules
• cleved phospholipid 
• cGMP
• dCAG-Diagycerol 

Where can signal molecules come from? Give an example ?

Cell signaling can come from anywhere. It also gets into the ECF.

ex. substance 

ex.enviorment 

how many membranes does the nucleus have 

• two 
• the nucleus has a double membrane

Steroid and other hydrophobic signals through what ?

• Nuclear Receptors

what is the purpose of a cytosolic fibral on a pore?

• it helps grab things and bring them inside the pore 
• it is a transport system 

In the nucleus ran GTP binds to ...?

• the import receptor + protein complex 
  • from there a cargo protein is released 

the nucleus is the (blank) location in the cell 

The nucleus is the primary storage location in the cell.

what happens when a cargo protein is released in the nucleus 

• empty import receptor +ran-gtp are transported out of the nuclues 

What is the function of the outer membrane of the nucleus?

• it is continuous with the er 

What is signaling by Plasma Membrane?

• cell to cell interaction – cells have to be right next to each other “contact-depending signaling”

G-proteins are capable of hydrolyzing ____

G-proteins are capable of hydrolyzing GDP

During nuclear import protein binds to ...?

• Nuclear import receptors 
  • Attaches to the nucleoporin finbrils 
  • gradually crawls into the nuclleus

IN THE ABSENCE OF CAMP THE PKA IS ___ AND HAS A LOW CAPACITY TO __ THINGS 

IN THE ABSENCE OF CAMP THE PKA IS NOT ACTIVE AND HAS A LOW CAPACITY TO PHOSPHORYLATE THINGS 

What is the transmembrane transport ?

• membrane-bound protein translocators directly transport-specific proteins across a membrane
• The transported protein. usually unfolds prior  

what is the function of the inner membrane of the nucleus?

• It contains binding proteins that hold genetic material in place 

G proteins can activate different messenger ____

• pathways 

What are the slow effects of PKA 

1. gene transcription
2.  process RNA 

adenylyl cyclase regulation by gpcr turns (blank) to (blank)

adenylyl cyclase regulation by GPCR turns ATP to CAMP

The most important thing in the signaling cascade is 

• signaling molecule 
• signal receptor 
  • receiving the molecule 

What do levels of cAMP depend on?

• synthesis of it
• Break down of it 
• Phosphodiesterase

When camp is broken down it is called amp